Guy of Rochefort, and First Crusade 73, 75
Habsburgs: and crusading 288–90
and Ottoman empire 255–6, 285–6
Hadvide of Chiny 75
Hagenmeyer, 373
Haifa, Frankish capture 112
Al-Hakim, caliph (996–1021) 157, 159
Al-Harawi, qadi 219
Hartmann von Aue 101, 104
Harun al-Rashid 222
Hasan-i Sabah 214–15
Hattin, battle of (1187) 3, 100, 125, 147, 234
impact 108
and military orders 184, 187
Hebron, cathedral 160
Heeren, A.H.L. 373
Hélion of Villeneuve 325
Henrique, prince 329
Henry I of Cyprus (1218–53) 125, 127–8
Henry I, emperor (1206–16) 131
Henry II of Cyprus and Jerusalem (1285–1324) 137, 293–4, 313
and crusade treatise 259
Henry II of England (1133–89): and Latin East 123, 125
and taxation 57
and Third Crusade 50–1, 52
Henry III, emperor, and reform of papacy 26
Henry IV, emperor, and reform of papacy 26, 39
Henry IV of England, as crusader 331
Henry of Livonia 183
Henry VI, emperor (1165–97), and Cyprus 126
and Third Crusade 51
Henry VIII of England 284, 286
Herbert, Aubrey 369–70
Herbert of Thouars 80
Heredia, Juan Fernández de 325, 336
heretics: crusades against 4, 40, 280–2
in Islam 223, 239
and military orders 181; see also Albigensian Crusade
Het‘um I of Cilicia 168, 169
Het‘umids 168, 169
Heym, Stefan 383
Hillary, Sir William 372, 379
historiography: of the crusades v, 5–14, 15–16, 20–1, 364, 373
of military orders 340
Muslim 245
Hodeng, Ralph 74
Hohenstaufen dynasty, and papacy 40, 41, 65, 181–2, 268
Holy Cross, relics 141, 159
Holy League: seventeenth-century 290, 309–10
sixteenth-century 257, 289
Holy Places: and Crimean War 372, 384
and First Crusade 37, 138, 139
and First World War 380–2
and Frankish settlers 122
modern travel to 365–9
Muslim conquest 147, 148
and national rivalries 368
and nineteenth-century crusade ideals 372
pilgrimage to 29
and rebuilding 142–3
and recovery crusade 259–65
reoccupation (1229) 150
Holy Redeemer hospital, Teruel 180, 191
Holy Sepulchre Church, Jerusalem 77, 81, 112, 124
aedicule 140, 142
and coronation of Latin kings 134–5, 139, 141, 142
and crusader art 139–43, 144
crusader burials 150
destruction 157
as goal of crusades 1
Greek and Latin clergy 158
knights of 366, 373
rebuilding 142–3, 157, 158–9
and royal burials 139, 156
scriptorium 141, 147
Homedes, Juan de 347
Hompesch, Ferdinand von 357
Homs, battle 261
Honorius III, pope, and papal taxation 58
horses: shipping 62; see also cavalry
Hostiensis, Cardinal 10
houses, in Latin East 164, 165, 169–70
Housley, Norman 11
Hugh of Chaumont-sur-Loire 86–7
Hugh of Gallardon 75
Hugh II of Le Puiset 71
Hugh III of Cyprus (1267–84) 128–9, 137, 173
Hugh IV of Cyprus (1324–59) 173, 294–5
Hugh Rufus of Champallement 74
Hugh of St-Pol, and financing of crusades 55
Hugh of Troyes, as pilgrim 81
Hugh of Vermandois, and First Crusade 36
Hulegu, Mongol ilkhan 238
Humbert of Beaujeu 83
Humbert of Romans 46, 265
Hume, David 364
Hundred Years War, and crusades 258, 283
Hungary: and Hussites 280–1
and Mongols 39
and Ottoman Turks 252–3, 256, 257, 274, 278, 280, 284–5, 286
and Teutonic Knights 180–1, 206, 359
hunting: in Latin East 131, 231, 233
and military orders 203
Hunyadi, John 253, 277
Hurub al-Salibiyya 257
Hus, John 280
Hussites, crusades against 4, 280–2, 283
Ibelin castle 167
Ibelin family: in Cyprus 128
in Jerusalem 134
Ibn Abd al-Rahim, Hamdan 221
Ibn al-Abiwardi 219
Ibn al-Arabi 212
Ibn al-Athir 91, 188, 221, 226, 227
Ibn Iyas 246
Ibn Jubayr 117, 225, 233, 244
Ibn Kathir 211
Ibn Khaldun (1332–1406) 245, 257
Ibn al-Khashshab, qadi 219
Ibn Matruh 233
Ibn Tashfin 243
Ibn Taymiyya 246–7
Ibn Tumart 244
Ibn Unayn 236–7
Ibn Wasil 238
Ibn al-Wasiti 242
icons, crusader 139, 140, 151–3, 318
identity, western 66
ideology of crusades 7–10, 49–50
Ilghazi, Muslim leader 225
Imad al-Din al-Isfahani 147, 229, 232
images of crusades 363–84
Inab, battle 122
indulgence 9, 72, 82, 266
and Albigensian Crusade 109
and Granada crusade 283
and Livonian crusade 276
opposition to 286–7
and preaching of crusades 46, 80, 268, 278, 279, 288
printed 297
survival 290
and vow redemption 48
Inghirami, Jacopo 349
Inness, George 375
Innocent II, pope, and western crusades 39
Innocent III, pope; (1160–1216): and Cathars 40
crusade against opponents 39–40
and crusade treatises 259
and crusade vows 48, 68
and financing of crusades 58
and indulgences 46, 82
and power of papacy 65
and practicalities of crusade 60
and preaching of crusade 43, 44, 45–6, 148
and tithe 195
Innocent IV, pope (d.1254): and Cyprus 128
and preaching crusade 43
and Teutonic Knights 273
Innocent VIII, pope 278
Innocent XI, pope, and Holy League 309
Institut de France, and crusade research 372–3
intercession: for crusaders 73
by saints 29
intermarriage: in Latin East 114–15, 131, 317–18
in Livonia 333
Iraklion (Candia) 292, 309
Isaac Andronicus, emperor of Constantinople 125
Isaac Comnenus 125
Isabella of Achaea 300
Isabella of Castile, and Granada 282–3
Isabella I of Jerusalem 126
Isabella II of Jerusalem, and Frederick II 133
Islam 179, 210–57
and Byzantium 212, 218, 222
and Charlemagne 91–2
and Christianity 211–13, 221, 223, 234, 242, 257
in crusade-songs 105–7
and Cyprus 126, 127
and expansionism of Latin Christianity 18–20, 213
and First Crusade 19–20, 39, 212, 218–21
and forcible conversion 240, 242
and indigenous Christians 215, 248
joint alliance against 39
and kingdom of Jerusalem 114, 117, 120–5, 134–6, 149, 225, 230–1, 233–4
&nbs
p; and Last Days 211–12, 217, 223, 235
and military orders 176–7, 205, 207–8
reforms 226, 239, 244, 247
and relations with Latin East 114, 223, 224, 225, 237–8
and restriction on church building 157
schisms 213–18, 224
western interest in 364–6; see also Abbasid caliphate; Fatimids; Seljuks;
Shi‘i Muslims; Spain; Sunni Muslims; war, holy
Isma‘il, shah 255
Isma‘ili Muslims 214–15, 223
Italy: crusade against heretics 4, 88
and First Crusade 36
fourteenth-century crusades 265, 266, 268
maritime republics 61, 66
merchant communities in Latin East 116–17, 127, 132
and military orders 182, 354
nineteenth-century interest in crusades 376, 379–80
and opponents of papacy 4, 11, 40
and Ottoman Turks 254, 279
sixteenth-century conflicts 284; see also Genoa; Venice
Ivan the Terrible 358
Ivo of Chartres 71
Jacobites, and Franks 113, 114, 157, 215, 318
Jadwiga of Poland 276
James I of Aragon 185
James I of Cyprus 174–5, 312
James I of Mallorca 300
James II of Cyprus 296–7, 317
James III of Cyprus 297
James of Molay, Templar master 189, 208, 260
James of Vitry 10
Janah al-Dawla, atabak 216
Janissaries 251–2
Janus of Cyprus 173, 249, 296, 337
Jem (brother of Bayezid II) 254, 337
Jerosolimitanus 72
Jerusalem, city: capture by Khorezmians (1244) 3, 106, 136, 150
capture by Saladin (1187) 3, 37, 83, 147, 234–5
cathedral of St James 158
church of the Ascension 162
church of the Redeemer 367
church of St Mary Latin 157
church of St Mary Magdalen 157–8
church of St Mary of Mount Sion 147, 162
church of St Michael the Archangel 158
covered market 164
Dair al- ‘Adas 158
Fatimidcontrol 217–18
in Islamic thought 211–12, 217, 224
pilgrimage to 2, 20, 132, 217–18
as place to die 217
recovery (1099) 2, 37, 138–9, 168, 218–19, 224
recovery (1229) 3, 133; see also Holy Sepulchre Church
Jerusalem, kingdom of: and Acre 132
and architecture 157–68
and crusader art 139
defeat by Saladin 125, 147, 234–5
Frankish settlement 111–18
and Frederick II 133–5, 238
and Godfrey of Bouillon 36, 139
history 5–6
and military orders 181, 183, 342
and Muslims 114, 117, 120–5, 134–6, 149, 225, 230–1, 233–4
political development 118–24
and power of women 120–1
seneschal 136–7
and study of law 133–4
and Third Crusade 147–8; see also Acre
Jews: and effects of crusades 66
and First Crusade 35–6, 115
in Latin East 113, 114–15, 132–3
jihad 219, 220–7, 234–9, 241, 244–5, 247, 248, 385
against Muslims 250, 255–6
and Ottoman Turks 250, 252, 257
and Saladin 124; see also war, holy
Joanna of Naples 301–2
Joao I of Portugal 329
Jogailo of Lithuania 276
Johanniter Orde in Nederland 388
Johannitorden i Sverige 388
John of Boucicaut 274, 331
John of England, and declaration of crusade 40
John of France, and capture of Jerusalem 270
John of Gaunt, and Nicopolis crusade 274
John of Gravina 300
John of Ibelin 84, 128, 134, 153
John II of Cyprus (1432–58) 296
John of Joinville 50, 84, 85, 374
and costs of crusading 53
and supplies 63
and symbols of pilgrimage 70
John le Maingre (Marshal Boucicaut) 274, 331
John of Mâcon 55
John of Nevers 274–5
John of Sarrebruck 51, 63
John V Palaeologus, Byzantine emperor 310
John VI Cantacuzenus, Byzantine emperor 301, 306, 310–11
John of Würzburg 191
John XXII, pope 325
John XXIII, pope 337
Jones, Henry Arthur 378
Jubayl, cathedral 160
Julius II, pope, and Italy 284
Ka‘b ibn al-Akhbar 212
Kaffa, Crimea 305
Kahn Madonna 152
Al-Kamil, sultan 134, 150, 236–7
Karak, cathedral 160
Karbuqa, atabak of Mosul 216
Karlowitz, Peace of (1699) 257, 310, 363
Kenaan-Kedar, Nurith 160–1
Kettelet, Gotthard 358
khanqa 226
Khayr al-Din Barbarossa 255
Khorezmians 224
and capture of Jerusalem 3, 106, 136, 150
Kilij Arslan I, sultan 218
Kingsley, Charles 376–7
kinship, and recruitment 13, 50–2, 81, 85–7
Kipchaks, and Mamluks 238, 240, 247–8
Kirokitia, Cypriot defeat (1326) 296
knights: as armsbearers in East 85
in crusade-songs 95–8
and First Crusade 1, 24–6, 35–6, 47
in military orders 197, 201, 332–3, 341, 354–5, 362
as milites 24–6
and recovery crusades 274–5
and recruitment 49–53
and St George 273; see also chivalry
Knights Hospitallers of St John of Malta 5, 89
and Achaea 301–2, 336
archives 14
and Baldwin III 144
castles 145–6, 149, 167, 173–4, 184–7
charitable role 191, 196, 337, 388
church building 163
conventual life 204, 334, 353
and Corinth 302, 336
and corso 337–8, 339, 352–3
criticism 205, 341, 355
and crusader art 153
and Cyprus 126, 207–8, 294, 298, 324, 335
in Europe 181
fleets 184, 347, 351–2, 361
and frontier crusades 269
independence 183
langues 334, 344, 371–2, 388
and Malta 339–40, 347–8, 350–7, 361–2, 371, 387
masters 325, 329, 331, 334, 337, 340, 353, 356, 387
military role 344, 350–3, 361–2, 367
modern survival 387–9
numbers 186, 187–8, 334, 339, 354, 355, 360–1
organization 199–200, 201–2, 340–1
origins 178
and Ottoman Turks 286, 299, 311, 333–4, 335–6, 337–8, 347–8, 361
and papacy 324, 325, 336, 347, 354–5, 388
in Portugal 329–30
recruitment 196–8
resources 192–3, 194–6, 298, 324, 325, 335, 338–40
responsions 329, 332, 362
and Saladin 24
secularization 344
and sisters 202
in Spain 178–9, 185, 326–8
and survival of crusading 290; see also Rhodes
Knights of Malta see Knights Hospitallers of St John of Malta
Knights Templar: and Baldwin III 144
and castles 149, 184–7
charitable role 191
church building 163
conventual life 203–4
criticism 88–9, 205
and Cyprus 126, 207
discipline 188–9
in Europe 181
fleets 184
independence 183
moneylending role 191–2
&n
bsp; and Muslims 114
numbers 186, 187–8
organization 199–200, 201–2
origins 176–8
recruitment 196–8
resources 192–3, 195, 196, 324
revival attempt 371
and Saladin 234
and sculpture 146, 147
in Spain 178–9, 185, 188
suspension 323
and temporary service 182
trial 89, 191, 197, 204, 206, 208–10, 265, 324, 341
Kniprode, Winrich von 273, 331
Kolossi, castle 126, 174
Königsberg, and Teutonic Knights 343
Korykos, castle 169, 295
Kosovo, battle (1389) 252, 274
Kotzebue, August von 378
Kyrenia, castle 174, 296, 297–8
La Forbie, battle (1244) 136, 178
and military orders 187, 204
Ladislas of Naples 302, 304
laity: and monasticism 27–8, 33
and popular religion 30–4
and reform of Church 26; see also orders, military
Lamartine, Alphonse de 364
Lambert, Baldwin 172
Lampsakos, battle (1359) 335
lance, use by élite soldiers 24
land: mortgaging 55–6
reclamation 194
sales 55, 66, 86–7
Las Navas de Tolosa, battle (1212) 4, 244–5
Last Days, in Islam 211–12, 217, 223, 235
Lateran Councils: Fifth (1512-17) 283–4
First (1123) 71
Fourth (1215) 43
Latin East 66, 111–37, 291–322
and agriculture 115–16, 126–7, 131, 174, 319–20, 321–2
and architecture 142–4, 149, 154, 155–75
and art 138–54
and Byzantium 118, 119, 120–1, 123–4, 129–31, 144–5, 215, 291–2, 299–302, 310–12
and call for crusade 123
defeat by Saladin 3, 100, 125, 132, 147, 234–5, 293, 367
and First Crusade 2, 37, 111, 115
Frankish settlement 2, 111–16, 132–7, 161, 224–6, 227
and indigenous population 113–16, 129–30, 157, 292, 309, 316–22
and Islam 114, 218–19, 220–6, 230–1, 233–4, 237–8
and Mamluk sultanate 136–7, 153, 161, 168, 240, 241–2, 258, 291, 293, 294–5
and military orders 207–8
and Mongol invasion 136–7, 168, 238–9, 248
Muslim revolts 225
and Ottoman Turks 292, 297–8, 299, 302, 304, 308–13
Palestine and Syria 132–7
political development 118–24
and Second Crusade 121–2
see also Achaea; Antioch, principality; Athens; Cyprus;Edessa, county of; Greece; Jerusalem, kingdom of;Rhodes; Romania; Sicily;Tripoli, county of
law: and crusader privileges 71–2
Islamic 244
and kingdom of Jerusalem 6, 133–4
Lawrence, G.A. 371
Lawrence, Sir Robert 368
Lawrence, T.E. 367–8
leadership: and First Crusade 2, 35–6, 63–4, 70
and Hussite crusades 281–2
and recovery
crusade 260, 265, 274, 295–6
see also orders, military
leagues 9
A History of the Crusades Page 51
