and Prussian
Reisen 272–4, 331
recruitment 196, 204, 273–4, 331
secularization 343, 344, 358–9
sixteenth-century survival 287
and tree castle 358
and Venice 208, 330, 359
in Vienna 349, 359, 389
Zungen (tongues) 344; see also Livonia; Marienburg; Prussia
Thebes 321; and Navarrese Company 301, 304
Theodore Palaeologus 302
Thibaut III of Champagne, king of Navarre 51, 52, 64, 85
Thibaut IV of Champagne, and crusade-songs 94, 97–8
Thibaut of Ploasme 86
Thierry of Nicosia (1206–11) 173
Third Crusade (1189–92): command structure 64
and defence of Latin East 3, 125, 132, 147–8, 291
and Egypt 38
financing 57
and military orders 189, 205
and noncombatants 48
overland route 38
practical problems 59, 61–3
promotion and preaching 45, 84
and Saladin 235
sea route 38, 61–2
and songs 93
Thomas of Marle, and violence 15–16
Thomas, Peter 271
Thorn, Teutonic castle 186
timber, for building 156
tithe: and military orders 194, 195
and Muslims 225
Toledo, reconquest 18, 243
Toledo, García de 348
Tomar, and Order of Christ 330
TToros I of Cilicia 170
Torres, Camillo 386–7
Torsello, Marino Sanudo 260
Tortosa: castle 135, 167, 168
cathedral 160, 161
Templar chapel 163
Torun, tree castle 358
towers, in Latin East 131, 166
towns, in Latin East 116, 161, 163–5, 170
trade: and Cyprus 127, 293, 294–6, 305
and Egypt 270–1
and Genoa 116, 305–6, 310, 314–16, 321
and Greece 131
and kingdom of Jerusalem 116–18, 132
Muslim-Christian 233, 237, 247
and Rhodes 337
and Venice 116, 308, 310, 314–16, 319, 321; see also spice trade
Transjordan, lordship 113, 225
treatises, crusade 259–62, 278
and Erasmus 286–7
and military orders 341–2
Trenceval, Raymond Roger 109
Trent, Council: and crusades 289
and military orders 356
Trier, Karl von 330
Tripoli, county of: defeat 137
Frankish settlement 111, 135
and kingdom of Jerusalem 121, 125
Muslim control 217, 241
Ottoman conquest (1551) 255
and Raymond of Toulouse 36
Tripoli (North Africa): and military orders 346
Ottoman conquest (1551) 348
Trollope, Anthony 364
troubadours 93–4, 99, 101, 104, 108–9
trouvères 93, 100–1, 109
Troyes, Council (1129) , and Knights Templar 177
Trussel, William 74
Tukla, castle 156
Tumanbay, sultan 250
Tunis: battle (1270) 3, 38, 52
conquest (1535) 255, 285, 346, 347
Ottoman capture (1569) 288
Ottoman recapture (1574) 350, 351
and Spanish crusade 284–5
Tunisia see Mahdia; Tunis
Turanshah, son of al-Salih 238
turcoples (mercenaries) 182
Turkomans 216, 217, 224–5
and army of Saladin 229
and Mamluks and Ottoman Turks 249, 297
Qaraman 252
and Shah Isma il 255
Turks see Kipchaks; Mamluks; Ottoman Turks; Saladin; Seljuks; Turkomans
Twain, Mark 367
Tyerman, Christopher 13
Tynan, Katherine 381
Tyre: castle 167
cathedral 159
development 116, 132, 148
Fatimid control 217
Frankish capture 112, 125, 135, 168
and Third Crusade 235
Ubeda, siege (1233) 190
Umayyad caliphate, in Spain 243
Umur of Aydin 251, 335
Urban II, pope (1042–99): and Cluny 33
and Council of Clermont 1–2, 35
and Greek Orthodox 115
and indulgence 80
and launch of First Crusade 1–2, 19, 25, 27, 29, 33–4, 37, 73, 138
and leadership of First Crusade 35–6
and People’s Crusade 68
and promotion of First Crusade 42, 47, 78, 154
and reconquest of Spain 3, 38–9, 41
and taking of the cross 70
Urban V, pope, and capture of Jerusalem 271
Urban VIII, pope (1580–1644), and military orders 350
Urbanus (gun founder) 253
Urraca of León-Castile 120
Usamah ibn Munqidh; Kitab al-It‘ibar 230–1, 233
and Templars 114
Uzun Hasan 297
Valencia: conquest (1232–53) 4, 245
and military orders 185, 325, 326
Valletta, and Knights Hospitaller 14, 340, 350–1, 355, 357
Vallette, Jean de la 348, 350
Varna Crusade (1444) 4, 253, 277
Vasari, Giorgio 349
Venerable Order of St John 388
Venetian Crusade (1123) 62
Venice: and Byzantium 129, 130–1, 310–11, 314
and Cyprus 127, 174, 175, 271, 294, 297–8, 308
and Fourth Crusade 305, 306, 308
and frontier crusades 269
and Genoese 305–6, 307–8, 310, 315–16
and Holy League 309–10
and Knights Hospitallers 352
and Latin East 116, 132, 135, 168, 291–2, 319–22
and Mamluk sultanate 247, 338
and Ottoman Turks 257, 274, 277, 278–9, 284, 287–8, 290, 292, 302
and Romania 305, 306–10, 311, 316
and shipping contracts 61
and Turkish wars 352; see also Crete; trade
Verdi, Guiseppi 376, 380
Versailles, Salle des croisades 371, 379
Vidal, Peire 99
Vienna: siege (1529) 285, 286
siege (1683) 257, 290
and Suleyman the Magnificent 256
and Teutonic Knights 349, 359, 389
Vienne, Council (1311–12) 208–9, 259, 264
Vilhena, Antonio Manoel de 353
Villehardouin family 300
violence: against Jews 35–6
and the Church 8, 17–18, 77–80, 89
as endemic 17
and liberation 385–7; see also war, holy
Virgin, Tomb of 143, 162
Virgin and Child Glykophilousa 140
Voltaire, F.M.A. de 364
vows 9, 38, 50, 69–71, 72, 83
in military orders 200, 202, 323, 342, 355, 359
redemption 48, 58, 66, 68
Wallachia, Ottoman conquest 277
Walter of Brienne 303, 304, 313
Walter II of Brienne 304
war, holy 9, 218–20, 283
as devotion 77–80, 88, 89, 288
and Erasmus 287
and military orders 193, 324, 331, 333, 338, 346, 350, 352, 360, 362
see also jihad; violence
War of the Holy League (1684–97) 257
Ward, F.W. Orde 381
warfare: and military orders 183–4, 192
siege 262
in song 105–6
techniques 24–5, 60
weaponry 230
siege 230, 241
Wenceslas of Hungary 280
Wends: crusade against 3, 39
and taking of the cross 71
Wiffen, J.H. 374
Wigand von Marburg 273
Wignacourt, Adrien de 354
&nb
sp; Wilhelm II of Germany 367
Wilken, 373
William II of Achaea 299–300
William II ‘Rufus’ of England (1056–1100), and financing of crusades 55, 57
William II Villehardouin 131
William IX of Aquitaine 105
William of Nogaret, and crusade treatise 259
William Tête-Hardi of Burgundy 81, 86
William of Tyre (1130–85); chronicle 153, 167
and Melisende 142, 143
William V of Montpellier 85
Williams, Gertrude Alice Meredith 382
wills, as evidence 69
Winnington-Ingram, Arthur Foley 380–1
Winnoc, St, shrine 29–32
Wisconsin History 5
Wolthuss, Johann 333
women: and absent husbands and lovers 74, 75, 102–4
as accompanying husbands 68
and administration of property 75
and armies 25
influence 13
in Latin East 120–1
in military orders 176, 199, 201, 340, 362
and recruitment to crusades 87
Wordsworth, William 374, 377
Yaghi Siyan, emir 216
Yalbugha al-Khassaki 248
Yañez de la Barbuda, Martín 327
Zaccaria, Benedetto 305–6
Zaccaria, Centurione 302
Al-Zahir Jaqmaq 249
Zangi, Imad al-Din, atabak of Mosul 37, 96, 121–2, 221, 226–7, 228–9, 236
Zizka, John 281–2
A History of the Crusades Page 54
