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Svensson, Frances. “Liberal Democracy and Group Rights: The Legacy of Individualism and Its Impact on American Indian Tribes.” Political Studies 27 (September 1979): 421–439.
Trennert, Robert A., Jr. Alternative to Extinction. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1975.
Turner, Frederick Jackson. “The Problems of the West.” The Atlantic Monthly 78 (September 1896): 289–297.
Tyler, Samuel L. A History of Indian Policy. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1973.
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Washburn, Wilcomb E. The American Indian and the United States. 4 vols. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1973.
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Index
Abenaki tribe, 242–243
aboriginal title to Indian lands, 144, 146–165, 168, 171, 176, 177, 179–180, 179, 185
Abourezk, James (senator), 187, 246
affirmative delegation doctrine, 299
African American experience, 8, 14–15, 49–50, 122
Agriculture, Department of, 246, 248
Alaskan Cession Treaty (1867), 170
Alaskan Native Claims Settlement Act, 345n.261
Alaskan Organic Act (1884), 184
Alaska Territory, 62, 168
Alcohol and Drug Abuse Prevention and Treatment (ADAPT), 260, 262
Aleut people, 168
Alfred, Gerald, 20–21
allotment policy of Congress, 24, 81, 118, 123, 124–133, 189, 221–222, 239, 281–283, 292. See also General Allotment Act
amendments to U.S. Constitution. See Constitution, U.S.
American Indian Policy Review Commission, 187–188
American Indian Religious Freedom Act (1978), 239–240, 255–256, 265, 271; amendments to (1994), 273
amicus curiae briefs filed, 164, 173, 197, 288
Apache tribe, 105–117, 218
Arapaho tribe, 137, 147
Armstrong, William (Rep.), 51, 53
Arnold, Thurman, 2, 298
Articles of Confederation, 23
assimilation policy of Congress, 15–16, 65, 80, 128, 133–134, 281
balancing test, 261, 263
Ball, Milner, 16, 18, 152, 308
Barnette. See West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette
Bear Lake massacre (1863), 141
Beecher v. Wetherby, 113
Bill of Rights, Constitutional, 26, 201, 270, 324n.12
Black, Galen, 259–264, 301
Black, Justice Hugo, 146, 276; concurring opinion of, in Northwestern Shoshone, 156–161
Black Hills, 217–227, 229, 231–234
Blackmun, Justice Harry, 194, 217, 250, 261, 279; dissenting opinion by, in County of Yakima v. Confederated Tribes and Bands of the Yakima Indian Nation, 294–296; dissenting opinion by, in Employment Division, Department of Human Resources v. Smith, 263, 267–269, 271–272; majority opinion by, in U.S. v. Sioux Nation of Indians, 225–231
Board of Indian Commissioners (1869), 52, 68
Boudinot, Elias C., 54–56, 60–63
Bowen v. Roy, 251, 266–267, 274
Bradley, Justice Joseph, dissenting opinion by, in The Cherokee Tobacco, 60–62
Brendale v. Confederated Tribes and Bands of the Yakima Indian Nation, 279, 287, 294
Brennan, Justice William, 194, 197, 261–262, 271; dissenting opinion by, in Lyng v. Northwest Indian Cemetery Protective Association, 250–259
Brewer, Justice David J., 122
Breyer, Justice Steven, 305
Brown, Justice Henry, dissenting opinion by, in Ward v. Race Horse, 103–104
Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), 92–94, 101, 135, 137, 187, 236, 241, 281–282; agents of, 53–54
Burger, Justice Warren, 198, 213
Burke, Charles (Rep.), 281
Burke Act (1906), 64, 123, 124, 281, 291, 293, 295–296
Bushyhead, D. W, Cherokee principal chief, 84
Buster v. Wright, 199
Caddo tribe, 241
California v. Cabazon Band of Mission Indians, 278, 294
California Wilderness Act (1984), 248
canons of construction, 86, 156, 161, 163, 209, 293, 304–305
Cantwell v. Connecticut, 241, 264–266
cardinal rule, 292
Carter, President Jimmy, 245–247
Cartier, George, 123–124, 129
Catawba tribe, 216
Cayuga tribe, 216
certiorari, writ of, 145–146, 175, 189, 193, 225, 237, 249–250, 261–262, 287
Cherokee Commission, 106
Cherokee Nation v. Georgia, 21–22, 42, 54, 56, 76–77, 116, 126–127, 192
Cherokee Nation v. Southern Kansas Railway, 54, 81–91, 104, 302
Cherokee Tobacco, The, 7, 54–63, 71, 89, 114–115, 289, 293, 298–299, 301–303
Cherokee tribe, 13, 37–39, 41–43, 47–49, 54–60, 74, 82–91, 154, 242–243, 307
Cherokee v. Hitchcock, 128
Cheyenne tribe, 137, 242–243
Chickasaw tribe, 13, 289–290
Chitimacha tribe, 216
Choate v. Trapp, 60, 289–290, 295
Choctaw Nation v. U.S., 7
Choctaw tribe, 13, 202, 289–290
Christian role in Indian policy, 52, 64, 121, 129, 239
citizenship, Indian, 119–120, 126–132, 135, 136, 281, 295
civilizing/paternalistic. See legal consciousness
Civil Rights Cases, The, 80
Civil War, U.S., 14, 51, 55, 137, 140
Cleveland, Grover, 82
coalitions, anti-Smith, 272–273
Coeur d’Alene tribe, 173
Cohen, Felix S., 24, 60, 91, 118, 153, 158, 170, 174, 179, 214, 272, 275, 282, 286, 289
Collier, John, 118
Colville Reservation, 283
Comanche tribe, 105–117, 218
Commerce Clause. See Constitution, U.S.
Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 12, 35, 51–53, 68, 80, 84, 91, 93–94, 109, 199–200, 220, 282
Committee on Indian Affairs: House, 66, 207; Senate Select, 246
compelling interest test, 237, 244, 249, 252, 254, 258, 265–273
Comprehensive Elementary and Secondary Education Law (1990), 237
Congress, U.S., 140, 156; assimilation policy of (late 1880s), 119, 130; as considering
question of removal versus civilization, 35–36; as establishing Court of Claims (1855), 136; as holder of extraconstitutional plenary power over Indians, 25–27, 125, 134 (see also plenary power); as passing legislation favoring Indians, 238; political representation of tribes in, 323n.48; power of, to regulate sales of liquor to Indians, 131, 133; right of, to alter conditions of Indian citizenship, 132; unilateral abrogation of Indian treaties by, 336n.170, 229, 237–239, 304, 305; as withholding citizenship via Burke Act (1906), 123, 281
Connor, General P. Edward, 141–142
conquest doctrine, 31, 34, 149, 177–179, 183, 299, 303, 327n.62
consent, political principle of, 44, 87, 94, 309
Constitution, U.S.
—amendments: Eleventh, 305; Fifth, 64, 176, 180–181, 184–185, 214, 223–226, 228, 233, 290, 307; First, 64, 237, 241–243, 247–248, 250, 253, 256; Fourteenth, 23, 241
—clauses: Commerce, 21–24, 27, 44, 72, 74–75, 80, 102, 125, 131, 228, 275, 285, 302; Enumerative, 74; Establishment, 242–243, 255, 268; Free Exercise, 237, 242–243, 247, 250, 252–253, 255, 260, 263–269; Just Compensation, 228; Property, 125, 302; Religion, 271; Supremacy, 100; Treaty, 72, 100, 115, 302
constitutional/treaty. See legal consciousness
Continental Congress, 205
Cotton Petroleum Corporation v. New Mexico, 278
County of Yakima v. Confederated Tribes and Bands of the Yakima Indian Nation, 279–296, 303
Court, U.S. Supreme: as affirming pluralist legal tradition, 306–308; cases heard by (see names of cases); on congressional taking of Indian title, 179–180; conservative doctrines of, summary and case concordance, 299 (see also affirmative delegation; conquest; dependency-wardship; discovery; dual federalism; geographical incorporation; harmless error; implicit divestiture; incidental effects; plenary power; political question; preemption; public forum; purpose); as deferential to Congress (see deference, principle of judicial); on Indian sovereignty, 199, 324nn.7,12; justices (see names of justices); as taking away a power self-described as nonexistent, 208
—decisions of: ethnocentricity in, 212; implicit racial prejudice in, 211–212; judicial activism on the part of, 302; law without justice in, 297–298
—techniques used by: accretion, judicial, 151–156; alleged conflict yielding artificial impasse, 57–59, 72–73, 100, 302–303; appeals to fear and prejudice to deny human rights, 301; case-by-case approach, 271; construction of “what-if” scenarios, 269, 335n.146; reconstruction of history to create artificial precedent, 303; selectively broad and narrow interpretation, 301; selective use of precedent by, 72, 202, 204–207, 210, 293, 299–300; uneven questioning, 196
—tests applied by: balancing test, 261, 263; compelling interest test, 237, 244, 249, 252, 254, 258, 265–273; demonstrably serious test, 287, 294; good faith test (Three Tribes test), 227, 230, 235–236, 309; incidental effects test, 252–253, 258; strict scrutiny test, 268, 271
Court of Claims, 136–137, 143–144, 155–156, 165, 171, 175, 185, 216–217, 222–225, 227–228, 231, 233, 351n.148
Courts of Indian Offenses, 64
Crawford, T. Hartley, 51
Creek tribe, 13
criminal jurisdiction in Indian country. See jurisdiction
Crow Dog. See Ex parte Crow Dog
cultural relativism, 36
Curtis Act (1898), 64, 66–67, 290
Custer, George A., 218, 220
Daniel, Justice Peter, 40, 42
Davis, Justice David, 60
Dawes, Henry, 66
Dawes Severalty Act. See General Allotment Act
Debo, Angie, 67
DeConcini, Senator Dennis, 236
deference, principle of judicial, 5, 46, 64, 73, 133–134, 228, 298, 302, 304
Delaware Tribal Business Community v. Weeks, 229
Deloria, Vine, Jr., 1, 138–139, 217
demonstrably serious test, 287, 294
Department of Justice, U.S., 94, 101
Department of Taxation and Finance of New York v. Milhelm Attea & Brothers, 305
dependency/wardship doctrine, 299, 303
dicta (nonbinding opinions in a decision), 50
diminishment, theory of, 363n.15
discovery doctrine, 31–32, 34, 44, 76–77, 101, 149, 177–179, 299, 303, 309, 326n.47
Dole, William P., 35, 139
Donnelly v. U.S., 7
Doty, James D., 141
Douglas, Justice William, 146; dissenting opinion by, in Northwestern Shoshone, 161–162; dissenting opinion by, in Tee-Hit-Ton v. U.S., 184
Dred Scott v. Sandford, 42, 49–50, 116, 182
dual federalism doctrine, 102, 335n.146
Duniway, Ben C., 191–192, 209–210
Duro v. Reina, 238, 273
economic development issues, related to Indian policymaking, 14–16, 52, 57, 71, 81–90, 138–140, 168, 169, 170, 180, 183–184, 218–234, 242–243, 245–259, 282, 301
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 280
Elk, John, 120
Elk v. Wilkins, 7, 23, 119–120, 204
Elliott, James D., 124
eminent domain: federal right of, 82, 85, 87–91; versus plenary power, 226
Employment Division, Department of Human Resources v. Smith (Smith I, 1988), 237, 261–262
Employment Division, Department of Human Resources v. Smith (Smith II, 1990), 237, 258, 292, 298–299, 301–302
Enumerative Clause. See Constitution, U.S.
Environmental Impact Statement (G-O Road, 1977), 245, 247
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission v. ADAPT, 262
equal footing argument, 104
Ernstoff, Barry, 193–194, 196
Escanaba Company v. Chicago, 102
Eshitie, Comanche principal chief, 109
Establishment Clause. See Constitution, U.S.
exclusion, principle of. See inclusion
Ex parte Crow Dog, 11, 68, 212, 306
Ex parte Kenyon, 204
expatriation, of American citizens, 39, 41
Fahy, Charles, 145
Farr, H. Bartow III, 195
Farrell v. United States, 121, 127
Federal Water Pollution Control Act, 247
Five Civilized Tribes, 13, 64–69, 80–81, 322n.37
Flathead Indian Reservation, 282, 285
Forest Service, U.S., 171–172, 244–250
Fort Berthold Reservation, 137, 283
Fort Gibson military reservation, 43
Fort Hall Reservation, 92
Frankfurter, Justice Felix, 146, 161–163, 184
Free Exercise Clause. See Constitution, U.S.
Gamble, Robert, 120–121
gambling operations, Indian, 238, 278, 305, 363n.18
Garland, A. H., 61, 70
General Allotment Act (1887), 81, 106, 124, 129–130, 132–133, 135, 239, 275, 280–281, 285–293, 295; amendment to (1891), 64; major provisions of, 119
geographical incorporation doctrine, 41–42, 57, 89, 210, 299–300, 328n.96
Gibbons v. Ogden, 25
Giles, Grover A., 164–165
Gillette v. U.S., 266
Ginsburg, Justice Ruth, 305
Goldman v. Weinberger, 266
good faith: presumption of, 229; test (Three Tribes test), 227, 230, 235–236, 309
G-O Road, 246–259
Goudy v. Meath, 285
Graham, Thomas J., 28–30, 34
Grant, Ulysses, 52, 219
Great Sioux Reservation, 217–225
Grier, Justice Robert, 49
guardianship, federal, for Indians, 5, 14, 80, 113, 116, 125, 131, 136, 230. See also wardship
habeas corpus, 95, 191
Hague v. Congress of Industrial Organizations, 300
hanging judge. See Parker, Isaac C.
Harlan, Justice John Marshall, 128; unanimous opinion by, in Cherokee Nation v. Southern Kansas Railway Company, 85–91
harmless error doctrine, 299
Heff. See Matter of Heff
Hempstead, S
amuel H., 39
High Country, sacred Indian land called, 246–259
Holden v. Joy, 110
Hoopa Valley Indian Reservation, 69–70, 73, 77, 244, 248
Hopi tribe, 174, 242–243
Hudson, Judge Manley O., 164
Illinois tribe, 28–29
implicit divestiture doctrine, 208, 299incidental effects: doctrine, 299; test, 252–253, 258
inclusion, principle of, 55, 58, 61, 128
Indian Appropriation Acts (1876, 1885), 71–72, 221
Indian Civil Rights Act (1968), 26, 201, 211–212, 215, 301
Indian Claims Commission (1946) (ICC), 167, 172–174, 178, 185, 215–216, 223–225, 231, 233
Indian Gaming Regulatory Act, 305
Indian lands. See lands, tribal
Indian law, federal, 309–310; as a bilateral relationship between tribes and U.S., 207; as a body of policy, 2–18; inherent rights of criminal jurisdiction in, 199; interpretation of, as inconsistent, 193; introduction of race into, 42–50; mistakenly linked with common law, 72; in transactions with state governments, 216; two-tiered structure of, theory of, 303–304
Indian Peace Commission, 52, 106, 217
Indian policy, post–Civil War reforms in, 51–54
Indian Removal Act (1830), 35, 43, 81
Indian Reorganization Act (1934), 118, 169, 175, 190, 199, 283, 285–287, 289, 292–293, 295–296
Indian Revenue Act (1868), 57–58
Indian rights. See rights of Indians
Indian Rights Association, 109
Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act (1975), 187, 296; amendments to (1994), 353 n.2
Indian status: cultural, 31, 35, 45; political, 31, 44, 48, 50; with regard to land title and property rights, 31, 44
Indian Territory, Western, 217
Indian Trade and Intercourse Act: of 1790, 205, 216; of 1834, 42, 208
Indian tribes as not party to suits that affected them, 4, 30, 38
Inouye, Senator Daniel, 236, 273
In re Mayfield, 208
In re Sah Quah, 80
integration, political, national versus territorial, 15
intercourse laws (1790, 1834), 48, 75
Interior, Department of the, 82–83, 92, 123, 169, 187, 189–190, 216, 219, 237, 281, 286, 289
International Society of Krishna Consciousness v. Lee, 300
Inuit people, 168
Inupiat people, 242–243
Iowa tribe, 137
Jackson, Justice Robert, 146, 156–161, 183, 198, 270
Jackson Hole disturbance, 93
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