by Mark Bowden
Rodríguez-Gacha and, 109;
in Somalia, 285;
technological wizardry of, 356;
U.S. presence in Colombia and, 345
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 13–15, 58, 98–9, 101–4, 108, 178, 180, 186, 187, 194–5, 208, 211, 217, 221, 225, 237, 256, 265, 273–4, 276, 279, 280, 289–93, 365–8, 371, 373;
airplanes of, 204, 206;
Cold War and, 96;
Falcon Aviation and, 102–3;
General Noriega and, 61;
Los Pepes and, 289–90;
overthrow of Salvador Allende and, 235;
personality assessment of Escobar, 211;
Marxist guerrillas and, 98;
rivalry with Centra Spike, 227–8, 298, 352;
speciality of, 187
Cheney, Dick, 186, 196
Chile, 235, 259, 349
Chispas (outlaw), 18
Christiani, Alfredo, 326
civil wars, 12, 17, 42
Clark, Dick, 290, 342
Clinton, Bill, 224, 258, 289
Clinton administration, 255–6, 260, 285, 287,
cocaine, 24, 29–39, 42–3, 45–9, 56–7, 59–61, 63, 66–7, 74, 76, 78, 84–5, 92, 94, 109–10, 113, 126, 128, 135–8;
Marxist guerrillas and, 58;
U.S. war on drugs and, 56, 73
cocoa, 20, 33, 58, 59, 63, 78
Cold War, 15, 96
Colombia, 11, 21, 29, 30, 37, 45, 47, 53–4, 60, 63, 66, 68, 69, 74, 78, 92, 93, 139, 360;
armed forces of, 44–5, 78, 85, 104;
elections in, 41;
history of, 13, 15–17, 42, 45, 47;
justice in, 40–41, 44, 72;
martial law in, 75;
national debt, 63;
reaction to Escobar's death, 341, 352;
ruling class of, 42, 45, 47, 51, 60, 120;
sovereignty of, 44, 60, 70;
treaties with United States, 43, 155;
U.S. policy toward, 37, 72, 85, 99;
violence as way of life in, 13, 17–19, 22, 127
communism, 10, 15, 58, 186, 196
Connolly, John, 101
Conservative Party, 13, 17, 18, 48, 64
contrabandistas, 24, 43
Contras (Nicaraguan rebels), 67
Corrales, Roberto, 278
Correa, Fernando, 276, 277, 279
Costa Rica, 259
counterterrorism, 80, 86, 107, 183, 187, 236
Cuba, 15, 235
"Dakota," 191
DAS (Departamento Administrativo de Seguridad), 32, 89, 98, 323, 348;
assassinations and, 33, 72, 77, 95;
bombing attack on, 106, 109;
Escobar's imprisonment and, 154;
telephone monitoring and, 110
de Jesus Alvero. See "Limon" (Escobar's bodyguard)
death squads, 236, 289
debt collection, 27–8
Delta Force, 187–8, 195–9, 201–4, 205, 206, 221, 225–6, 236, 260, 271, 286–8, 290, 340, 369, 370, 372–5;
Escobar's death and, 344;
Los Pepes and, 237, 289;
technological wizardry of, 356
Desquite (outlaw), 16
dictatorships, 18
DIFIN (Dirección Central de Policiá Judicial e Investigación), 89, 98, 110, 273, 313, 349
Doctor, El. See Escobar, Pablo
dons (powerful men), 25, 29, 39, 43, 61
Downing, Gen. Wayne, 188, 286
Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), 66, 67, 68, 73, 74, 181, 186, 357–9, 363, 366, 369–75;
activities in Colombia, 85, 86, 264;
Colombian police and, 98, 235;
Escobar family's flight and, 294, 297;
Escobar's escape and, 181;
informants and, 299, 356;
Los Pepes and, 237, 238, 260, 343;
specialty of, 187
Echavarria, Diego, 28–9
Echavarria, Adriana, 282
Ecuador, 32, 326
El Salvador, 236, 243, 326
ELN (Ejército de Liberación Nacional), 37, 45, 58, 73, 236, 237
Escobar, Abel de Jesús (father of Pablo), 21, 22, 68
Escobar, Juan Pablo (son of Pablo), 42, 76, 84, 209, 276, 297, 303–5, 316;
activities of, 297, 321–2;
arrested in Argentina, 352;
attempts to leave Colombia, 249–51, 303, 308–9, 311, 312, 325–7, 352;
Escobar family and, 277, 316;
Escobar's death and, 350–51;
Pablo's surrender and, 306, 323;
radio communications of, 278–9, 291, 293, 298
Escobar, Manuela (daughter of Pablo), 68, 76, 77, 84, 145, 297, 303–4, 316, 319;
attempts to leave Colombia, 249–51, 303, 308–9;
Escobar's death and, 350;
as Pablo's favorite child, 211;
police and, 313
Escobar, Maria Victoria (wife of Pablo), 32, 68, 77, 145, 303–4, 314, 319;
children's attempts to leave Colombia, 249, 251, 259, 305–6, 308–9, 311–12;
fears for family, 259, 297, 305;
letters to Pablo, 276–7, 297;
Pablo Escobar's death and, 350;
Pablo's efforts to protect, 316–17, 319–21;
police and, 84;
toll of life on the run, 352
Escobar, Nicholas (nephew of Pablo), 259
Escobar, Pablo:
birth of, 19;
childhood and youth of, 20–26;
as congressman, 41–2, 50, 52, 54;
death of, 3–5, 329–31, 335–53;
death of Rodríguez-Gacha and, 110–12;
escape from prison, 159–76;
fan mail to, 208;
imprisonment of, 124–31, 144–51;
indicted for murder, 95;
interviewed by press, 139, 212–17;
kidnappings ordered by, 111, 122, 124;
killings ordered by, 114–15, 223;
lawyers of, 72, 73, 75, 76, 77, 84, 115, 128, 130, 150, 190, 191, 193–5, 234, 252–6, 258;
leftist rhetoric of, 37;
life on the run, 318;
lifestyle of, 29–30, 35–6, 37, 39–40, 77, 209;
Marxist guerrillas and, 44–5, 65, 73;
offers of surrender, 231, 259, 306;
in Panama City, 61–3, 66, 122;
political ambitions of, 41–55;
as Public Enemy Number One, 80, 233;
radio communications with son, 278–9, 291, 293, 298;
as Robin Hood figure, 45, 217;
struggle against extradition, 55, 60, 62, 63, 69–71, 78, 122, 124, 155, 242;
surrender and imprisonment of, 121–2, 125, 129–39;
as threat to American citizens, 107, 108;
violence of, 27–8;
war with Cali cartel, 76, 78;
war with Colombian government, 60, 68, 70, 76, 112, 120, 294;
wealth of, 77
Escobar, Roberto (brother of Pablo), 130, 132, 144, 147, 190, 298, 305;
horse belonging to, 265;
La Catedral hostage situation and, 168;
surrender of, 234, 258
Escobar family, 77, 84, 210, 233, 249–50, 254, 259–60, 273, 276–7, 303–4;
arrests in Argentina, 352;
attempts/plans to leave Colombia, 249, 251, 259, 276, 305–6, 308–9, 311–12;
Escobar's death and, 350–351;
Pablo on, 135;
Pablo's efforts to protect, 297–8, 316–17, 319–21;
police and, 84;
visits to Pablo in prison, 305
Espectador, El (newspaper), 53, 59, 72, 88, 94, 343, 367, 368, 371
Estupinan, Maj. Luis, 346
Extraditables, The, 69, 70, 74, 106, 112, 123, 125, 191, 192, 247, 370
extradition, 43, 44, 45, 54, 60, 73, 114, 115, 121, 128, 129, 367;
Escobar's struggle against, 55, 60, 62, 63, 69–71, 78, 122, 124, 155, 242;
outlawed, 72, 127, 129, 165, 212;
unpo
pularity of, 69–70, 106, 127
Falcon Aviation, 102, 103
FARC (Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia), 37, 45, 58, 73, 88, 236, 237;
cocaine and, 236;
negotiations with Colombian government, 71
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 98, 186, 187
Ford, Gerald, 108
Franklin, Col. Waldemar, 84, 88, 95
Gaitán Jorge Eliécer, 11–15, 48, 79, 365, 366, 367
Galán, Luis, 41, 48, 54, 79–80, 94, 366, 369, 370;
assassination of, 80, 84, 85, 86, 121;
Escobar's responsibility for killing, 80, 84, 104, 133, 147;
judges' strike and, 95;
Rodríguez-Gacha and, 104;
successor of, 80, 106, 120
Galeano, Fernando, 155, 239
Galeano, Mario, 157,
Galeano, Mireya, 238, 246, 261
Galeano, Raphael, 238, 246, 261
Galeano brothers, 157, 192, 193, 237, 238, 239, 244
Galeano family, 155, 237, 238, 239, 240, 244, 245, 246, 261, 285
gangsters, 24, 35, 47
García, Father Fernando, 130
García, Eugenio, 246
García Márquez, Gabriel, 123, 125, 130, 209, 365
Garrison, Gen. William F., 196, 236, 243, 286, 287, 288
Gaviria, César (president of Colombia), 20, 50, 119–29, 138, 147–9, 179–80, 188–92, 195, 197, 205–6, 231, 263, 353, 354, 364, 366, 368, 369, 371, 372, 373, 374, 375, 377;
assassination plots and, 80, 106, 114–15, 178, 224;
Colombian constitution and, 126, 178;
Escobar family and, 306–7, 310;
Escobar's death and, 339, 343;
Escobar's first surrender and, 125, 133;
Escobar's imprisonment and, 151–7, 161, 164, 177–8, 192–3, 202;
Escobar's later surrender offers and, 259;
hostage crisis and, 172, 174;
hunt for Escobar and, 182–5, 187, 274, 290, 305, 310;
Los Pepes and, 258, 262;
Organization of American States (OAS) and, 353, 363
Gaviria, Fortunato, 129
Gaviria, Gustavo, 23, 112, 119, 135
Gaviria, Hermilda (mother of Pablo), 21–2, 24, 25;
death of Pablo Escobar and, 3–5, 346;
hacienda burned, 232
Germany, 309, 310, 311
Gillespie, Charles, 74
Giraldo, Hector, 94
Gómez, Juan Vicente, 17
Gonzáles, Andres, 156
Gonzáles, Felipe, 136
Gonzáles, Fernando, 23
Gonzáles, Martha, 95
Gonzáles, Norman, 239
Gorman, Gen. Paul, 67
Greiff, Gustavo de, 153, 189, 231, 232, 235, 240, 251, 255, 260–264, 299, 357, 364, 371, 372, 373, 374;
Escobar family and, 278, 303–7, 312–13;
Escobar's letter to, 256;
Escobar's surrender and, 191, 259, 303–6;
informants and, 245
Greiff, Monica de, 127, 371
Grenada, 235
Guevara, Ernesto "Che," 65, 145, 209, 364, 366
Guillermoprieto, Alma, 238, 285, 286, 294, 365, 374
Haiti, 235, 307
Hall, Keith, 288
Harrell, Gary, 198, 199, 201, 202, 203, 206
Henao, Carlos, 258
Henao, Hernan, 119, 252
Henao, Mario (Escobar's brother-in-law), 37, 39, 367
Henao Vellejo, Maria Victoria. See Escobar, Maria Victoria (wife of Pablo)
Hernandez, Gilberto, 33
Herrera-Puerta, Juan Carlos, 304
"hot money," 47–50, 53, 55, 59
Hoyos, Carlos, 74
indagatoria, 281–3, 353
Isaza, Luis, 248
Israel, 297–8
Jacoby, Maj. Steve, 95, 103, 104, 105, 111, 112, 118, 203, 205–6, 233, 257, 371, 372;
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and, 99, 227;
description of, 100;
Escobar's death and, 345;
hunt for Escobar and, 112, 113, 185–8;
U.S. armed forces in Colombia and, 105
James, Jesse, 20
Jaramillo, Alejandro, 126
Jaramillo, Bernardo, 115
Jesuits, 17
Jimenez Gómez, Carlos, 63
journalists, 181, 206
Kennedy, John F., 243
kidnappings, 27, 28, 44, 68, 74, 75, 77, 78, 94–5, 110, 111, 212–2, 124–5, 127, 133, 139, 146, 211, 231, 239, 240, 245–6, 252, 258, 262–3, 304
Kissinger, Henry, 79, 369
Koren, Eitan, 149
Lake, Anthony, 342, 364
Lara, Rodrigo, 47, 48, 49–55, 59, 60, 79;
murder of, 55, 56, 61, 63, 64, 69, 71, 72;
raids of, 59, 78
Ledwith, Bill, 264
leftists, 10, 13, 14, 15, 37, 43
Lehder, Carlos, 29, 34, 49, 51, 54, 55, 373;
Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) and, 66;
Escobar's betrayal of, 73;
in exile, 61;
extradition of, 242;
as informant in hunt for Escobar, 242–3, 245, 246
Liberal Party, 13, 17, 21, 22, 48;
candidates for president, 79;
Escobar kicked out of, 54, 79;
founders of, 62;
Liberal Renovation Front, 48;
power shared with Conservative Party, 18
"Limón" (Escobar's bodyguard), 329, 330, 335, 336, 374
Londoño, Diego, 252
López-Michelson, Alfonso, 34, 63
López Trujillo, Cardinal Alfonso, 54
Low, Enrique, 129
Lozano, Jose, 255
M-19 movement, 37, 44, 45, 58, 73;
negotiations with Colombian government, 71, 123;
Palace of Justice siege and, 71, 123, 173
McNamara, Thomas, 129
Magee, Kenny, 307, 308, 309, 311, 312, 355, 358
marijuana, 20, 23, 24, 29, 38, 61, 136, 216
Marin, Gonzalo, 258
Martinez, Col. Hugo, 83–4, 87–91, 119, 123, 206, 207, 221, 226, 229–32, 247, 260–261, 263–4, 269–72, 291, 295, 313–14, 356;
admiration for Escobar's talents, 231;
bribe offer from Escobar, 93;
Centra Spike and, 115, 117, 118, 228,–;
Escobar's death and, 331, 336, 337, 341, 345, 347;
Escobar's lifestyle and, 138;
informants and, 348;
life after Escobar, 347, 349–50;
Los Pepes and, 248, 262, 264, 297, 299, 347, 358;
son's radio efforts and, 291, 317;
warnings from Escobar, 248
Martinez, Gustavo,
Martinez, Hugo, Jr., 206, 207, 271, 273, 274, 280, 291, 317;
Escobar's death and, 328–9, 335, 344;
life after Escobar, 349
Marxists, 12, 18, 37, 44, 58, 59, 65, 209;
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and, 98;
in Nicaragua, 67, 101
Maza, Gen. Miguel, 77, 95, 109, 121, 136, 137, 369, 370
Medellín, city of, 22, 24, 35, 40, 42, 54, 64, 68, 192, 225, 280, 352;
bombings in, 118, 232, 239, 256;
criminal life in, 19, 26;
Escobar as fugitive in, 310, 314, 316, 317, 337;
gangsters in, 68, 234, 245;
Pablo's residences in, 3, 19, 20, 21, 29, 77, 84, 242;
police of, 88–9;
poor classes in, 28, 37, 41, 112, 120
Medellín cartel, 52, 58–9, 71, 76, 78, 84, 94, 98, 103, 107, 111, 237, 270, 348;
civil war within, 192, 238, 240, 252;
Escobar as head of, 103, 137;
Los Pepes and, 356;
war with Los Pepes, 248–9, 255
Medellín Cívica (newspaper), 43, 72
Medellín Without Slums, 43
Mendoza, Eduardo, 147–50, 151, 152, 153–62, 180–181, 189–90, 205, 363, 364, 371, 372, 373, 375, 377;
to build new priso
n, 148–9, 189, 193, 282;
Escobar's denial of taking hostage, 191;
Escobar's escape from prison and, 162–76;
life after Pablo Escobar, 353–4;
return to Colombia, 284–4;
in United States, 281–3
Mermelstein, Max, 137–8
Mesa, Gustavo, 114
Mexico, 38, 66, 98
middle class, 21, 22, 28
Moncada, Dolly, 238, 239, 246
Moncada, Gerardo, 155, 239
Moncada, Marta, 238, 246
Moncada, William, 155, 157, 238, 240
Moncada brothers, 157, 192, 193, 237, 238, 239, 240, 244, 245
Moncada family, 155, 237, 238, 239, 244, 245, 261, 285
Montenegro, Col. Luis, 197, 198
Montoya, German, 78
Montoya, Marina, 78, 122, 127, 133
Muerto de Sucuestradones (Death to Kidnappers), 44, 52, 247
Muñoz, Brance "Tyson," 221–3, 259
Muñoz, Dandeny, 147, 224
murder, 14, 27, 40, 72, 127, 237
Murillo, Diego, 246
Murphy, Steve, 99, 197, 208, 225, 226, 235, 247, 307, 358, 363, 364, 369, 371, 372, 373, 374, 375;
Escobar's death and, 336, 340–342;
on Escobar's surrender deal, 305;
Los Pepes and, 356;
reports, 238, 260, 298, 356, 357;
Search Bloc assaults and, 299
mutilations, 19
Nadaismo, 23
narcos (cocaine traffickers), 43, 46, 48, 49, 54, 60, 63, 64, 67, 73, 78, 84, 87, 107, 125–6, 156, 178–9, 181, 185, 235–6;
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and, 58;
communism and, 45;
extradition immunity deal and, 121;
Marxist guerrillas and, 44, 45, 58, 227;
police and, 235;
power and influence of, 42, 170;
trained by mercenaries, 95;
U.S. drugs war and, 56, 58, 85, 86
National Army of Liberation. See ELN (Ejército de Liberación Nacional)
National Security Agency (NSA), 96, 186
Navas, Col. Hernando, 158, 159, 160, 162, 163, 166, 167, 169, 190;
Escobar's denial of taking hostage, 191;
as prisoner of Escobar, 171, 172, 175
New Liberals, 41, 48, 54, 62, 79
News of a Kidnapping (García Márquez), 130
Nicaragua, 66, 67, 101, 236
Nieves Ochoa, Martha, 44
Ninth Inter-American Conference, 10
Noriega, Gen. Manuel, 61, 66, 165, 183, 365
North, Oliver, 61, 67
Notables, The, 122, 123, 124
Ochoa, Alonzo, 30
Ochoa, Doria, 249, 250, 251
Ochoa, Fabio, 30, 125, 245, 367
Ochoa, Jorge Luis, 31, 62, 63, 126, 130, 131, 245;
extradition of, 70;
indictment in Miami, 67
