10. Steven Greenhouse, “Victor Gotbaum, 93, Dies; Labor Leader Helped Rescue New York City in the 1970s,” The New York Times, April 5, 2015.
11. Pad 25, October 3, 1977.
12. Pad 27, November 21, 1977.
13. Pad 28, January 9, 1978.
14. Pad 29, January 26, 1978.
15. Pad 29, January 27, 1978.
16. Pad 29, February 2, 1978.
17. Guy Kawaski, quoted in Tzvi Freeman, “What Is Chutzpah?” Chabad.org.
18. Pad 29, February 2, 1978.
19. Robert Abrams, interview with the author, April 10, 1991.
20. Manny Fernandez, “When Presidents Visited the South Bronx,” The New York Times, October 5, 2007.
21. Pad 30, February 12, 1978.
22. Robert C. Embry, Jr. (Assistant Secretary of HUD for Community Development), interview with the author, November 20, 2013.
23. Steven Greenhouse, “Victor Gotbaum, 93, Dies; Labor Leader Helped Rescue New York City in the 1970s,” The New York Times, April 5, 2015.
24. Pad 30, March 1, 1978.
25. Roger Altman interview, January 27, 2016.
26. Ibid.
27. Ibid.
28. Steven Greenhouse, “Victor Gotbaum, 93, Dies; Labor Leader Helped Rescue New York City in the 1970s,” The New York Times, April 5, 2015.
29. Public Papers of the Presidents, Jimmy Carter, 1978, II, “Remarks at the Signing Ceremony for HR. 12426,” August 8, 1397–1400; Collection Office of Staff Secretary; Series: Presidential Files; Folder, 8/8/78–8/9/78—President’s Trip to NYC [1]: Container 88.
30. Pad 39, September 15, 1978.
31. Pad 7, February 1, 1977; Pad 14, April 16, 1977.
32. Pad 40, September 22, 1978.
33. Pad 43, December 4, 1978.
34. Pad 43, December 4, 1978.
35. Pad 57, June 22, 1979.
36. Pad 62, August 8, 1979.
37. Pad 62, August 9, 1979; G. William Miller, interview with the author, July 28, 1979.
38. Pad 57, June 22, 1979.
39. Pad 62, August 9, 1979; G. William Miller interview, July 29, 1979.
40. Roger Altman interview, January 27, 2016.
41.Public Papers of the Presidents, Jimmy Carter, 1980–1981, I, January 8, 1980, 27–32.
PART V
17. The Clash of Peace and Politics
1. Lawrence H. Sharp, “Jimmy Carter and the Trilateral Commission: Presidential Roots,” excerpt from the book, Trilateralism, ed. Holly Sklar (Boston: South End Press, 1980).
2. Jerome Cohen, interview with the author, August 8, 2014.
3. Jimmy Carter speech, Elizabeth, New Jersey, June 6, 1976, The Presidential Campaign 1976, Volume I, Part One, 215–21 U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1978.
4. CBS poll cited in Peri Deveney, “The City Politics Column: Help for the Republicans,” New York, December 1, 1976.
5. Pad 1, December 9, 1976.
6. Pad 2, January 13, 1977.
7. Jimmy Carter, Keeping Faith: Memoirs of a President (New York, Bantam Books, 1982), 279.
8. Ibid.
9. Jimmy Carter, interviews with the author, June 4, 1991, and September 27, 2013.
10. Jimmy Carter interview, September 27, 2013.
11. Jimmy Carter interview, June 4, 1991.
12. Jimmy Carter interviews, June 4, 1991, and September 27, 2013.
13. William Quandt, interview with the author, September 12, 2013.
14. Jimmy Carter interview, September 27, 2013.
15. Zbigniew Brzezinski, interview with the author, September 16, 1991.
16. Zbigniew Brzezinski, François Duchêne and Kiichi Saeki, “Peace in an International Framework,” Foreign Policy, Summer 1975, 19, based upon a Trilateral Commission proposal.
17. Ian and Mark Brzezinski speeches at the June 9, 2017 memorial service for their father, Zbigniew Brzezinski.
18. Shlomo Avineri letter and Brzezinski’s response were published in “Exchange on the Middle East,” Foreign Policy, 21, Winter 1975.
19. Pad 7, February 7, 1977.
20. Pad 9, February 20, 1977.
21. Pad 9, February 24, 1977.
22. Yehuda Avner, The Prime Ministers (New Milford, CT: Toby Press, 2010), 324–7.
23. Pad 9, March 9, 1977.
24. Jimmy Carter interview, September 27, 2013.
25. Jimmy Carter, White House Diary (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2010), 31.
26. Cyrus Vance, interview with the author, April 28, 1992.
27. Yitzhak Rabin, interview with the author, July 14, 1991.
28. Pad 11, March 16, 1977; Press conference transcript, March 16, 1977, www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=7180.
29. Jimmy Carter news conference, May 12, 1977, Public Papers of the Presidents, Jimmy Carter, 1977, Vol. I, 86.
30. Kenneth Stein, Heroic Diplomacy (New York: Routledge, 1999), 194.
31. Mark Siegel, interview with the author, October 20, 1992.
32. William Quandt interview, September 12, 2013.
33. Jimmy Carter interview, June 4, 1991.
34. Pad 11, March 17, 1977.
35. Leon H. Charney, Special Counsel (New York: Philosophical Library, 1984); Robert Lipshutz, interviews with the author, June 4, 1991, June 29, 1992, and July 15, 1993.
36. Pad 10, March 14, 1977.
37. Jimmy Carter, Keeping Faith, 282.
38. Pad 13, April 5, 1977.
39. Jimmy Carter interview, September 27, 2013.
40. Personality profile of Anwar Sadat, August 23, 1978, www.foia.cia.gov/carter-camp-david/docs/carterPublication.pdf.
41. Ismail Fahmy, Negotiating for Peace in the Middle East (New York: Routledge, 2013), 13.
42. Pad 13, April 7, 1977.
43. Pad 14, April 15, 1977.
44. Ibid.
45. Pad 14, April 21, 1977.
46. Pad 15, May 16, 1977.
47. Jimmy Carter interview, September 27, 2013.
48. Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, 50.
49. Jimmy Carter, Keeping Faith, 286–7.
50. Pad 16, May 19, 1977.
51. Pad 15, May 11, 1977.
52. Pad 15, May 12, 1977.
53. Pad 15, May 16, 1977.
54. Jimmy Carter interview, October 30, 1991.
55. Yehuda Avner, The Prime Ministers (New Milford, CT: Toby Press, 2010), 345.
56. Yechiel Kadishai, interview with the author, June 23, 2013.
57. “Israel: Trouble in the Promised Land,” Time, May 30, 1977, unsigned, but phrase on Begin inserted by foreign editor John Elson.
58. Pad 16, May 19, 1977; Zbigniew Brzezinski, Power and Principle (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1983), 96.
59. Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, 55–6 for meeting of May 23, 1977.
60. Aharon Barak, interview with the author, May 12, 2013.
61. Pad 16, May 19, 1977.
62. Ibid.
63. Pad 17, June 3, 1977.
64. Pad 16, May 23, 1977.
65. Pad 17, May 17, 1977.
66. Pad 17, May 31, 1977.
67. Jewish Telegraphic Agency archive, www.jta.org/1977/06/14.
68. Pad 17, June 2, 1977.
69. Hamilton Jordan memorandum to President Carter, June 6, 1977, in author’s possession. Original is in the Jimmy Carter Presidential Library and Museum, Atlanta, Georgia, Office of the Chief of Staff Files, Series: Hamilton Jordan’s Confidential Files, www.jimmycarterlibrary.gov.
&n
bsp; 70. Letter of Reverend John F. Steinbruck, pastor of Luther Place Memorial Church in Washington, D.C., to Robert Lipshutz, White House Counsel. A copy is in author’s possession, the original in Robert Lipshutz’s papers at the Jimmy Carter Presidential Library and Museum, Atlanta, Georgia, www.jimmycarterlibrary.gov.
71. Pad 17, June 7, 1977.
72. Ibid.
73. Joseph Lelyveld, “Katz in the Mountains,” New York Times Magazine, July 10, 1977.
74. Sam Lewis (United States Ambassador to Israel), interview with the author, May 2, 1992.
75. Pad 19, June 25, 1977.
76. Pad 18, June 9, 1977.
77. Pad 18, June 10, 1977.
78. Pad 19, June 26, 1977.
79. Pad 19, June 28, 1977.
80. Pad 20, June 29, 1977.
81. Pad 20, July 6, 1977.
82. Pad 19, June 24, 1977.
83. Pad 22, July 19, 1977.
84. Cyrus Vance, Hard Choices (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1983), 81.
85. Yehuda Avner, The Prime Ministers (New Milford, CT: Toby Press, 2010), 437.
86. Sam Lewis, interview with Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training, Foreign Affairs Oral History Project (hereinafter referred to as “ADST” interview), August 9, 1998, 59.
87. Zbigniew Brzezinski, Power and Principle, 100.
88. Pad 24, September 12, 1977.
89. Ibid.
90. Jon B. Alterman, ed., “Sadat and His Legacy,” The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, www.washingtoninstitute.org/uploads/Documents/pubs/SadatandHisLegacy.pdf.pdf, 43.
91. Ephraim Evron (Israeli Ambassador to the United States), interview with the author, June 10, 1991.
92. Pad 25, September 29, 1977.
93. Meir Rosenne, interview with the author, June 13, 2013.
94. Ibid.
95. William Quandt interview, September 12, 2013.
96. Reuters, October 2, 1977.
97. Morris Amitay, interview with the author, July 29, 2014.
98. Pad 25, October 3, 1977.
99. Pad 25, October 6, 1977.
100. Mark Siegel interview, October 20, 1992.
101. Walter Mondale, interview with the author, September 11, 2014.
102. Zbigniew Brzezinski, Power and Principle, 110.
103. Pad 25, October 31, 1977.
104. Ibid.
105. Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, 112.
106. William Quandt interviews, September 12, 2013, and October 4, 2013.
107. Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, 113.
108. Ibid, 213.
109. Sam Lewis, ADST interview, August 9, 1998.
110. Pad 25, October 6, 1977.
111. Pad 25, October 3, 1977.
112. Pad 25, October 6, 1977.
113. Philip Habib memorandum to Cyrus Vance, October 18, 1977.
114. Hamilton Jordan, memorandums to President Carter, container 35, October 26, 1977, in author’s possession, originals in the Jimmy Carter Presidential Library and Museum, Office of the Chief of Staff Files, Series: Hamilton Jordan Confidential Files, www.jimmycarterlibrary.gov. President Carter’s handwritten notes are revealing. To Ham Jordan’s statement that there is some evidence the Syrians or PLO are playing a “disruptive role” in the Middle East, Carter’s comment was “I haven’t heard this before.” To Ham’s alternative of abstaining, Carter notes, “It will be unanimous” in the UN Security Council. When Ham asserts supporting the Egyptian resolution would add a “new variable at this critical stage of the negotiations,” Carter writes, “not a new variable.” When Ham states that a vote against Israel in the UN “could precipitate a political confrontation in the Congress that could be unfavorable to the Administration,” Carter responds, “No vote ‘against Israel’—the settlements are illegal.” This latter statement summarizes Carter’s position on Israel. He was not anti-Israel, as his critics asserted. He stood strong for Israel’s status as a Jewish state and provided an increased amount of military assistance, including some of our country’s most sophisticated warplanes and armaments, and civilian aide. But he strongly opposed the building of settlements on land Israel occupied after the 1967 War, an issue that prevails to this date.
115. Pad 25, October 26, 1977.
18. Sadat Changes History
1. Jon B. Alterman, ed., “Sadat and His Legacy,” The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, www.washingtoninstitute.org/uploads/Documents/pubs/SadatandHisLegacy.pdf.pdf.
2. Sam Lewis, ADST interview.
3. Zbigniew Brzezinski, interview with the author, September 16, 1991.
4. Mark Siegel, interview with the author, October 20, 1992.
5. Ibid.
6. Ahmed Aboul Gheit, interview with the author, October 2, 2013.
7. Sam Lewis, ADST interview.
8. Ahmed Aboul Gheit interview, October 3, 2013.
9. Jimmy Carter, interview with the author, September 27, 2013.
10. Yehuda Avner, The Prime Ministers (New Milford, CT: Toby Press, 2010), 467.
11. Zbigniew Brzezinski interview, September 16, 1991.
12. Pad 27, November 14, 1977.
13. Yitzhak Rabin, interview with the author, July 14, 1991.
14. Ahmed Aboul Gheit interview, October 2, 2013.
15. Abdel Raouf el-Reedy, interview with the author, October 3, 2013.
16. Yehuda Avner, The Prime Ministers, 458.
17. Sam Lewis, ADST interview.
18. Jimmy Carter interview, September 27, 2013.
19. Ephraim Evron, interview with the author, June 10, 1991.
20. Jimmy Carter, White House Diary (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2010), 137.
21. Boutros Boutros-Ghali, Egypt’s Road to Jerusalem (New York: Random House, 1997), 17–8.
22. Yehuda Avner, The Prime Ministers, 460.
23. Sam Lewis, ADST interview.
24. Yehuda Avner, The Prime Ministers, 461.
25. Ibid., 461–4.
26. Yitzhak Rabin interview, July 14, 1991.
27. Sam Lewis, ADST interview.
28. Ezer Weizman, The Battle for Peace (New York: Bantam Books, 1981), 44.
29. Prime Minister’s address, November 20, 1977, 43rd session of the Ninth Knesset, upon the visit of Egyptian President Anwar Sadat, Records of the Knesset.
30. Simcha Dinitz, top secret cable to Israeli Foreign Ministry, November 20, 1977, Archives of the Israeli Foreign Ministry.
31. Pad 27, November 21, 1977.
32. Dinitz, top secret cable to Foreign Office, November 4, 1977, Archives of the Israeli Foreign Ministry.
33. Ahmed Aboul Gheit interviews, October 2, 2013, and October 7, 2013.
34. Ibid.
35. Pad 27, November 29, 1977.
36. Abdel Raouf el-Reedy interview, October 3, 2013.
37. Meir Rosenne, interview with the author, June 17, 2013.
38. Ibid.
39. Sam Lewis, ADST interview.
40. Aharon Barak, interview with the author, May 23, 2013.
41. Zbigniew Brzezinski, Power and Principle (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1983), 115; Jimmy Carter, White House Diary (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2010), 150.
42. Jimmy Carter interview, September 27, 2013.
43. Zbigniew Brzezinski, Power and Principle, 117.
President Carter Page 114
