Austerity Britain

by David Kynaston

  6. Geoffrey Tweedale, Magic Mineral to Killer Dust (Oxford, 2001), pp 106, 184, 286; Laurence Thompson, Portrait of England (1952), p 121; Ashworth, History, pp 565–7; Ronald Johnston and Arthur McIvor, ‘“Dust to Dust”’, Oral History (Autumn 2001), p 53.

  7. Zweig, British Worker, pp 115–16.

  8. David Lascelles, Other People’s Money (2005), p 19; David Kynaston, Cazenove & Co (1991), p 167; John Griffiths, ‘“Give my Regards to Uncle Billy . . .”’, Business History (Oct 1995), pp 33–5; Adrian Smith, ‘Cars, Cricket and Alf Smith’, International Journal of the History of Sport (Mar 2002), p 144; Steve Humphries and John Taylor, The Making of Modern London, 1945–85 (1986), p 12. In general on Alfred Herbert, see: John McG. Davies, ‘A Twentieth Century Paternalist’, in Bill Lancaster and Tony Mason (eds), Life and Labour in a Twentieth Century City (Coventry, 1986?), pp 98–132; Ken Grainger, ‘Management Control and Labour Quiescence’, in Michael Terry and P. K. Edwards (eds), Shopfloor Politics and Job Controls (Oxford, 1988), pp 84–115.

  9. Merthyr Express, 3 Jul 1948; Independent, 8 Apr 2000 (Martin Kelner); Valerie A. Tedder, Post War Blues (Leicester, 1999), pp 98–9.

  10. Elizabeth Roberts, Women and Families (Oxford, 1995), pp 12, 119–20; Margaret Black, ‘Clerical Workers in the 1950s and 1960s’, Oral History (Spring 1994), p 54; Ferdynand Zweig, Women’s Life and Labour (1952), p 103; Joanna Bourke, Working-Class Cultures in Britain, 1890–1960 (1994), p 129.

  11. Elizabeth Wilson, Only Halfway to Paradise (1980), p 46; Lascelles, Other People’s Money, p 97; Patricia Hollis, Jennie Lee (Oxford, 1997), p 156; Simon Gunn and Rachel Bell, Middle Classes (2002), p 156; John Betjeman, Collected Poems (2001), p 181.

  12. Lascelles, Other People’s Money, p 98; Sue Bruley, ‘Sorters, Pressers, Pipers and Packers’, Oral History (Spring 1997), pp 79–81; McKibbin, Classes, p 133.

  13. Pearl Jephcott, Rising Twenty (1948), pp 72–4; Zweig, Women’s Life, pp 9, 11–12, 17–18, 22, 29, 34–6, 161–2.

  14. Zweig, British Worker, chaps 9–10.

  15. Geoffrey Tweedale, Steel City (Oxford, 1995), p 314; Stewart Dalton, Crashing Steel (Barnsley, 1999), p 7; McIvor, Work, p 249; Spectator, 23 Apr 2005 (interview with Field); Ferguson, 28 Aug 1950; The Times, 9 May 1997 (interview with Field).

  16. Watson, Celestial Glass, p 39; Norman Dennis et al, Coal is Our Life (Tavistock Publications edn, 1969), pp 29–30; News Chronicle, 21 Dec 1949; Abrams, Box 65 (‘Esso Surveys, 1952–3’ file); Zweig, British Worker, pp 100–101.

  17. Norah M. Davies, ‘Attitudes to Work’, British Journal of Psychology (Mar 1948), pp 110–17, 131, 126–7; Charlie Mayo, ‘King’s Cross Rail Diary, 1952–3’ (Archives, Ruskin College, Oxford, Ms 54).

  7 Stiff and Rigid and Unadaptable

  1. Picture Post, 5 Nov 1949; Listener, 19 Jan 1950; The New Yorker, 21 May 1949; Daily Telegraph, 6 Nov 1999 (John Keegan); Listener, 19 Jan 1950.

  2. Times Literary Supplement, 26 Oct 2001; Correlli Barnett, The Lost Victory (Pan edn, 1996), pp 3–5, 28–9, 52–5, 92, 111–12. For the case that the sterling area’s economic consequences for Britain were not necessarily adverse, see: Catherine Schenk, Britain and the Sterling Area (1994).

  3. Barnett, Lost Victory, pp 350, 347; Rodney Lowe, ‘The Second World War, Consensus and the Foundation of the Welfare State’, Twentieth Century British History, 1/2 (1990), p 172; Jim Tomlinson, ‘Welfare and the Economy’, Twentieth Century British History, 6/2 (1995), pp 194–219.

  4. Information from Lord Howe of Aberavon; S. N. Broadberry and N.F.R. Crafts, ‘British Economic Policy and Industrial Performance in the Early Post-War Period’, Business History (Oct 1996), p 77; Helen Mercer, ‘Anti-monopoly Policy’, in Mercer et al (eds), Labour Governments and Private Industry (Edinburgh, 1992), p 55.

  5. Dave Russell, Looking North (Manchester, 2004), p 59; Preston, 3 Jul 1949; Isis, 23 May 1951; Independent on Sunday, 4 Jun 1995 (Hazell interview).

  6. David Lascelles, Other People’s Money (2005), chap 4; David Kynaston, The City of London, Volume IV (2001), p 54; Lascelles, p 6; Kynaston, City, pp 159, 168.

  7. Geoffrey Owen, From Empire to Europe (1999), chap 15; Kynaston, City, p 52. 8. Kynaston, City, p 53; David Kynaston, Siegmund Warburg (2002), p 39; Streat,

  8. p 556; Gaitskell, p 227.

  9. Barnett, Lost Victory, pp 183–4; Kynaston, City, pp 9–10; Peter Clarke, The Cripps Version (2002), p 488; Mercer et al, Labour Governments, p 6.

  10. Barnett, Lost Victory, pp 183–4; Samuel Brittan, Steering the Economy (Penguin edn, 1971), p 69; Roy Denman, The Mandarin’s Tale (2002), pp 19, 23; Times Literary Supplement, 9 Jun 2006.

  11. J. D. Tomlinson, ‘The Iron Quadrilateral’, Journal of British Studies (Jan 1995), pp 107–9; Gaitskell, p 79; Jim Tomlinson, Democratic Socialism and Economic Policy (Cambridge, 1997), pp 119–20; Michael Burrage, ‘Nationalisation and the Professional Ideal’, Sociology (May 1973), pp 263–6; Martin Chick, Industrial Policy in Britain, 1945–1951 (Cambridge, 1998), chap 5; Financial Times, 18 Apr 2001 (John Kay).

  12. Socialist Commentary (Feb 1950), p 30; Correlli Barnett, The Verdict of Peace (2001), pp 285–9.

  13. Broadberry and Crafts, ‘Economic Policy’, p 70; Roy Lewis and Angus Maude, Professional People (1952); Owen, From Empire, pp 419–21; Dictionary of Business Biography, Volume 3 (1985), pp 690–93.

  14. Owen, From Empire, pp 189–90; Financial Times, 1 Mar 1991 (McDonald obituary); Daily Telegraph, 2 Mar 2001 (Bamford obituary); Independent, 4 Sept 2001 (Hamlyn obituary); Dictionary of Business Biography, Volume 4 (1985), pp 689–93.

  15. Papers of Lord Hinton of Bankside (Institution of Mechanical Engineers), A.3, p 242. In general on Portal, see: Denis Richards, Portal of Hungerford (1977); Dictionary of Business Biography, Volume 4 (1985), pp 759–62 (entry by Geoffrey Tweedale).

  16. Nick Tiratsoo, ‘“Cinderellas at the Ball”’, Contemporary British History (Autumn 1999), pp 105–20; Tiratsoo, ‘Limits of Americanisation’, in Becky Conekin et al (eds), Moments of Modernity (1999), p 110; Maurice Zinkin, ‘The Unilever Years III’, in Charles Wilson (ed), Geoffrey Heyworth (1985), p 27; Alec Cairncross, Living with the Century (Fife, 1998), p 182; D. C. Coleman, Courtaulds, Volume III (Oxford, 1980), pp 12–38.

  17. Derek H. Aldcroft and Michael J. Oliver, Trade Unions and the Economy (Aldershot, 2000), pp 46, 90; Richard Hyman, ‘Praetorians and Proletarians’, in Jim Fyrth (ed), Labour’s High Noon (1993), p 166.

  18. Economic Journal (Dec 1949), p 509; Robert Taylor, The TUC (Basingstoke, 2000), pp 104–21; Noel Whiteside, ‘Industrial Relations and Social Welfare, 1945–79’, in Chris Wrigley (ed), A History of British Industrial Relations, 1939–1979 (Chel-tenham, 1996), p 111.

  19. David Howell, ‘“Shut Your Gob!”’, in Alan Campbell et al (eds), British Trade Unions and Industrial Politics, Volume One (Aldershot, 1999), pp 122–3; John Callaghan, ‘Industrial Militancy, 1945–79’, Twentieth Century British History, 15/(2004), pp 388–401; The Times, 14 Apr 1953 (labour correspondent).

  20. Allan Flanders, Trade Unions (1952), pp 78–9; William Brown, ‘The High Tide of Consensus’, Historical Studies in Industrial Relations (Sept 1997), pp 135–49.

  21. Ferdynand Zweig, The British Worker (1952), pp 180, 185; Taylor, TUC, p 103; Joseph Goldstein, The Government of British Trade Unions (1953), pp 9, 239, 269; Flanders, Trade Unions, pp 57–8.

  22. Ferdynand Zweig, Women’s Life and Labour (1952), pp 126, 129–30; Chris Wrigley, ‘Trade Union Development, 1945–79’, in idem (ed), History, p 65; Pearl Jephcott, Rising Twenty (1948), pp 121–2.

  23. Brown, ‘High Tide’, pp 141, 144; Zweig, British Worker, pp 175–6.

  8 Too High a Price

  1. Roger Middleton, The British Economy since 1945 (Basingstoke, 2000), p 119; BBC WA, Any Questions?, 2 Mar 1951; New Statesman, 24 Nov 2003 (Gerald Crompton); Sunday Times, 12 Aug 2001 (Corelli Barnett); Charles Loft, ‘The Beeching Myth’, History Today (Aug 2004), p 39; Correlli Barnett, The Lost Victory (Pan edn, 1996)
, pp 265–6; Correlli Barnett, The Verdict of Peace (2001), p 138.

  2. Barnett, Verdict, p 464, 465; Roger Fieldhouse, ‘Education and Training for the Workforce’, in Jim Fyrth (ed), Labour’s High Noon (1993), pp 98–100, 107–8; Brian Simon, Education and the Social Order, 1940–1990 (1991), p 91; Kevin McCormick, ‘Elite Ideologies and Manipulation in Higher Education’, Sociological Review (Feb 1982), pp 59–60.

  3. Martin Daunton, Just Taxes (Cambridge, 2002), pp 221, 227; R. C. Whiting, ‘Income Tax, The Working Class and Party Politics, 1948–52’, Twentieth Century British History, 8/2 (1977), pp 202–3, 216; Geoffrey Thomas, Incentives in Industry (1953), p 24.

  4. Helen Mercer, ‘Anti-monopoly Policy’, in Mercer et al (eds), Labour Governments and Private Industry (Edinburgh, 1992), p 57; Peter Bird, The First Food Empire (Chichester, 2000), p 239; Geoffrey Tweedale, Steel City (Oxford, 1995), p 330.

  5. Ferdynand Zweig, Productivity and Trade Unions (Oxford, 1951), pp 16–25; S. N. Broadberry and N.F.R. Crafts, ‘The Post-War Settlement’, Business History (Apr 1998), p 75. For an antidote to the Broadberry/Crafts stress on the seriousness and pervasiveness of the problem, see: Nick Tiratsoo and Jim Tomlinson, ‘Restrictive Practices on the Shopfloor in Britain, 1945–60’, Business History (Apr 1994), pp 65–84.

  6. David Kynaston, The Financial Times (1988), p 298; Norman Tebbit, Upwardly Mobile (1988), p 15.

  7. Daily Mirror, 30 Sept 1949.

  8. Nick Tiratsoo, ‘Limits of Americanisation’, in Becky Conekin et al, Moments of Modernity (1999), pp 96–113; Ian Clark, Governance, the State, Regulation and Industrial Relations (2000), chap 6.

  9. M-O A, Directives for Aug 1950, Replies (Men A–E); Listener, 2 Feb 1950; Charles Barr, Ealing Studios (1977), pp 159–64, 166–70.

  9 Proper Bloody Products

  1. Gaitskell, p 121; Simon Courtauld, To Convey Intelligence (1999), pp 17–18. See also Michael Richardson, The Durham Miners’ Gala (Derby, 2001).

  2. Gaitskell, pp 60, 89, 93; Dictionary of Business Biography, Volume 3 (1985), pp 255– 60 (entry by Jenny Davenport).

  3. Coal Magazine (Jan 1949), p 7; William Warren Haynes, Nationalization in Practice (1953), pp 140–41; Neil K. Buxton, The Economic Development of the British Coal Industry (1978), pp 234–5; Listener, 23 Nov 1950.

  4. Coal Magazine (Jan 1949), p 7; Paul Routledge, Scargill (1993), pp 27–8; Michael P. Jackson, The Price of Coal (1974), p 81; William Ashworth, The History of the British Coal Industry, Volume 5 (Oxford, 1986), p 169; Stanislas Wellisz, ‘Strikes in Coal-Mining’, British Journal of Sociology (Dec 1953), pp 346–66; Observer, 3 Aug 1952.

  5. Jackson, Price, p 95; Norman Dennis et al, Coal is Our Life (Tavistock Publications edn, 1969), pp 14, 75–6, 78–83, 97–112; Ferdynand Zweig, The British Worker (1952), pp 34, 104; Routledge, Scargill, pp 21–2.

  6. Picture Post, 28 Feb 1948.

  7. Jim Phillips, ‘The Postwar Political Consensus and Industrial Unrest in the Docks, 1945–55’, Twentieth Century British History, 6/3 (1995), p 304.

  8. Correlli Barnett, The Verdict of Peace (2001), pp 251, 255; The Times, 8 Jul 1949; Correlli Barnett, The Lost Victory (Pan edn, 1996), pp 270–71; Fred Lindup, ‘Unofficial Militancy in the Royal Group of Docks, 1945–67’, Oral History (Autumn 1983), pp 21–33; Peter Turnbull, ‘Dock Strikes and the Demise of the Dockers’ “Occupational Culture”’, Sociological Review (May 1992), p 295; Dictionary of Labour Biography, Volume IX (Basingstoke, 1993), pp 59–63 (entry by Daniel Ballard and David E. Martin); Independent, 9 Jun 1989 (Dash obituary).

  9. Phillips, ‘Political Consensus’, p 305; Peter Turnbull et al, ‘Persistent Militants and Quiescent Comrades’, Sociological Review (Nov 1996), pp 708–9; Ballard and Martin, Dictionary of Labour, p 60; Colin J. Davis, ‘New York City and London, 1945– 1960’, in Sam Davies et al (eds), Dock Workers (Aldershot, 2000), pp 223–4.

  10. University of Liverpool (Department of Social Science), The Dock Worker (Liverpool, 1954), pp 56, 66, 68, 89–90, 125–6, 140, 174, 176–8, 185, 189, 202.

  11. The Times, 27 Oct 1948; Financial Times, 28 Oct 1948; Listener, 11 Nov 1948; Roy Church, The Rise and Decline of the British Motor Industry (Basingstoke, 1994), p 44; James Foreman-Peck et al, The British Motor Industry (Manchester, 1995), p 94; Political & Economic Planning, Motor Vehicles (1950), pp 36–40; Peter J. S. Dunnett, The Decline of the British Motor Industry (1980), pp 36–40.

  12. Political & Economic Planning, Motor Vehicles, pp 28–9; David Burgess-Wise, Ford at Dagenham (Derby, 2002?), pp 99, 102, 118; Graham Turner, The Car Makers (Penguin edn, 1964), p 35; Geoffrey Owen, From Empire to Europe (1999), p 219; Dictionary of Business Biography, Volume 3 (1985) (entry by David Burgess-Wise); Barnett, Lost Victory, pp 332–6.

  13. Burgess-Wise, Business Biography, p 169; Dave Lyddon, ‘The Car Industry, 1945– 79’, in Chris Wrigley (ed), A History of British Industrial Relations, 1939–1979 (Cheltenham, 1996), p 194; Peter Pagnamenta and Richard Overy, All Our Working Lives (1984), p 225; Huw Beynon, Working for Ford (Pelican edn, 1984), p 54; Steve Humphries and John Taylor, The Making of Modern London, 1945–1985 (1986), p 11; Turner, Car Makers, pp 130–35. In general on Ford, see also Steven Tolliday, ‘Ford and “Fordism” in Postwar Britain’, in Tolliday and Jonathan Zeitlin (eds), The Power to Manage? (1991), pp 81–114.

  14. Len Holden, Vauxhall Motors and the Luton Economy, 1900–2002 (Woodbridge, 2003), p 57, chap 6; H. A. Turner et al, Labour Relations in the Motor Industry (1967), p 347; Lyddon, ‘Car Industry’, pp 197–8.

  15. Roy Church, ‘Deconstructing Nuffield’, Economic History Review (Aug 1996), pp 561–83; Church, Rise and Decline, p 79; Graham Turner, The Leyland Papers (1971), pp 92–4; Barnett, Verdict, pp 387–8; Steven Tolliday, ‘Government, Employers and Shop Floor Organization in the British Motor Industry’ in Tolliday and Jonathan Zeitlin (eds), Shop Floor Bargaining and the State (Cambridge, 1985), pp 108, 118; Les Gurl Papers (Archives, Ruskin College, Oxford), 57/1.

  16. Mark Singlehurst and Kevin Wilkins, Coventry Car Factories (Coventry, 1995), p 12; David Thoms and Tom Donnelly, The Coventry Motor Industry (Aldershot, 2000), pp 128, 136; John Salmon, ‘Wage Strategy, Redundancy and Shop Stewards in the Coventry Motor Industry’, in Michael Terry and P. K. Edwards (eds), Shopfloor Politics and Job Controls (Oxford, 1988), p 189; Laurence Thompson, Portrait of England (1952), p 79.

  17. Jack Jones, Union Man (1986), p 123; Steven Tolliday, ‘High Tide and After’, in Bill Lancaster and Tony Mason (eds), Life and Labour in a Twentieth-Century City (Coventry, 1986?), pp 209–10, 215–16; Paul Thompson, ‘Playing at Being Skilled Men’, Social History (Jan 1988), pp 56–64.

  18. Thoms and Donnelly, Coventry, pp 157–8; Tolliday, ‘High Tide’, pp 210–12.

  19. Thompson, ‘Playing’, pp 61, 68–9; Barnett, Lost Victory, pp 388–90; Pagnamenta and Overy, Working Lives, p 229; Martin Adeney, The Motor Makers (1988), p 206. For a different perspective on Standard in the Black era, see: Nick Tiratsoo, ‘The Motor Car Industry’, in Helen Mercer et al (eds), Labour Governments and Private Industry (Edinburgh, 1992), pp 170–80.

  20. Barnett, Verdict, p 389; Holden, Vauxhall, p 57; Turner, Leyland, p 90; The Times, 23 Aug 1999 (Gerald Palmer obituary); Steve Jefferys, ‘The Changing Face of Conflict’, in Terry and Edwards, Shopfloor Politics, pp 61–6; Salmon, ‘Wage Strategy’, p 194; Dictionary of Business Biography, Volume 3 (1985), p 858 (entry by Richard Overy); Dictionary of Labour Biography, Volume IX (Basingstoke, 1993), p 79 (entry by Alistair Tough); John McIlroy, ‘“Every Factory Our Fortress”’, Historical Studies in Industrial Relations (Autumn 2001), pp 81–2; Etheridge Papers (Modern Records Centre, University of Warwick), 202/S/J/8/7, 202/S/J/8/5.

  10 Andy Is Waving Goodbye

  1. The Times, 21 Mar 1996, Independent, 22 Mar 1996 (Barry Appleby obituaries); Colin MacInnes, English, Half English (1986), p 41.

  2. Picture Post, 14 Apr 1950.

  3. Marcus Morris, The Best of Eagle (1977), pp 3, 65. See also Sally Morr
is and Jan Hallwood, Living with Eagles (1998).

  4. The Times, 31 Dec 1988 (John Bryant); Independent, 1 Apr 1996 (Jim White). See also Denis Gifford, The British Comic Catalogue, 1874–1974 (1975).

  5. Nick Clarke, The Shadow of a Nation (2003), pp 51–2; Hodgson, 14 May 1950; Theo Aronson, Princess Margaret (1997), p 113; Times Literary Supplement, 4 Oct 1996 (Anthony Howard); Daily Mail, 11 Feb 2002; Picture Post, 12 Aug 1950.

  6. Times Literary Supplement, 24 Mar 1950; Spectator, 7 Apr 1950; Humphrey Carpenter, The Angry Young Men (2002), p 50. For a subtle and convincing reappraisal of Cooper, see: D. J. Taylor, ‘Behind the Scenes’, Times Literary Supplement, 9 Jun 2006.