Webb, J. F., and D. H. Farmer, The Age of Bede, Penguin Classics, 1965, revised 1983
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Welch, M., The English Heritage Book of Anglo-Saxon England, Batsford, 1992
Whitelock, Dorothy, ed., English Historical Documents: I: c. 500–1042, Eyre & Spottiswoode, 2nd edn, 1979
—, From Bede to Alfred: Studies in Early Anglo-Saxon Literature and History, Variorum Reprints, 1980
Williams, Ann, The English and the Norman Conquest, Boydell, 1995
—, Kingship and Government in Pre-Conquest England, c. 500–1066, Macmillan, 1999
Williams, Gareth, ‘Military Institutions and Royal Power’, in Mercia:An Anglo-Saxon Kingdom in Europe, ed. Michelle P. Brown and Carol A. Farr, Leicester UP, 2001
Wilson, David, Anglo-Saxon Paganism, Routledge, 1992
Wilson, David M., The Anglo-Saxons, Thames & Hudson, 1960, 3rd edn, Penguin Books, 1981
—, Anglo-Saxon Art from the Seventh Century to the Norman Conquest, Thames & Hudson, 1984
—, The Bayeux Tapestry, Thames & Hudson, 1985, revised 2004
Wormald, Patrick, ‘Bede, the Bretwaldas and the Origins of the Gens Anglorum’, in Ideal and Reality in Frankish and Anglo-Saxon Society: Studies Presented to J. M. Wallace-Hadrill, ed. Patrick Wormald and others, Basil Blackwell, 1983, pp. 99–129
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Wroe-Brown, Robin, ‘Bull Wharf: Queenhithe’, Current Archaeology, 14/2, 1998, pp. 75–7
Yorke, Barbara, Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England, Routledge, 1990
—, Wessex in the Early Middle Ages, Leicester UP, 1995
—, ‘The Origins of Mercia’, in Mercia: An Anglo-Saxon Kingdom in Europe, ed. Michelle P. Brown and Carol A. Farr, Leicester UP, 2001
Yorke, Barbara, ed., Bishop Æthelwold: His Career and Influence, Boydell Press, 1988
INDEX
Abbo of Fleury 188, 282
Acca, bishop of Hexham 127
Aclea, battle of 164, 185, 207
Adela, Countess of Flanders 317
Adelard of Bath 236
Ælbert, archbishop of York 62, 152
Ælfgar of Mercia 329, 334
Ælfgifu (1st wife of Æthelred II) 292
Ælfgifu (2nd wife of Æthelred II) see Emma
Ælfgifu of Northampton 303, 309, 314–16
Ælfheah, bishop of Winchester, archbishop of Canterbury 280, 301, 304–5, 310, 313
Ælfhelm the Mercian 301, 303
Ælfhere, ealdorman of Mercia 289
Ælfric 244–7, 249, 283
Ælfthyth 276, 289–90, 292
Ælfwine, bishop of Durham 342
Ælfwine (brother of Ecgfrith) 97
Ælle, king of Deira 23, 62
Aelle, king of Sussex xxxiv, 12, 15–16, 26–7, 33, 99
Aesc see Oisc
Æthelbald, king of Mercia 57, 92–3, 98–100, 102, 110, 120, 142
Æthelbald, king of Wessex 208–9
Æthelberht I, king of Kent 8, 15, 17, 32, 33–6, 38–9, 43, 48, 51, 257
Æthelberht II, king of Kent 163–4
Æthelberht, king of Wessex 209
Æthelburga, abbess of Barking 143
Æthelburh, queen 65, 67, 70
Æthelflæd, Lady of the Mercians 118, 197, 226, 240, 264, 265–8, 271
Æthelfrith, king of Bernicia xxxix, 24, 37, 61, 62–4, 67
Æthelheard, archbishop of Canterbury 103, 107
Æthelnoth, ealdorman 192
Æthelred I, king of Wessex 188, 189, 206, 209, 263
Æthelred II ‘Unræd’, king of England 145, 198, 232, 235, 256, 276, 289, 290, 291–4, 298–307, 308, 316
Æthelred, ealdorman of Mercia 118, 215, 218, 226, 265
Æthelred, king of Mercia 82, 96, 97–8
Æthelred, king of Northumbria 85, 169
Æthelric, bishop of Selsey 347
Æthelstan, king of England 119, 193, 200, 202, 209, 220, 268–75, 284, 285–6, 289
Æthelstan (son of Æthelred II) 305–6
Æthelswih of Wessex 206
Æthelthryth, abbess of Ely 143–4
Æthelweard, ealdorman 161, 230, 233, 247, 270
Æthelwine, ealdorman of East Anglia 282, 295
Æthelwold, bishop of Winchester 245, 280, 281–2, 289, 290, 292, 304, 346
Æthelwold, ‘king of the Danes’ 199–200, 263–5
Æthelwold Moll, king of Northumbria 85
Æthelwulf, ealdorman 189
Æthelwulf, king of Wessex 118, 164–5, 185, 206, 207–9, 216, 289
æthlings 103, 263
afterlife 84, 246
Agilbert, bishop 49, 79, 80
Aidan 68–9, 71, 79, 278
Alaric (the Visigoth) 3
Alchfrith, sub-king of Deira 73, 74
Alcuin of York 10, 40, 61, 75, 85, 103, 104, 105, 106, 149, 150–4, 155, 157, 161, 162–3, 165–74
Aldfrith, king of Northumbria 56, 82, 83, 86, 254
Aldhelm, bishop of Sherborne xli, 55–6, 120, 235–6, 240–1, 253–4, 275
Alexander II, Pope 335, 339
Alfred the Great, king 41, 58, 96, 100, 117, 130, 149, 164–5, 174, 177, 184, 187, 189–95, 197, 199, 205–33, 263, 284, 286
character and attributes 214
and the Church 223
and creation of Anglo-Saxon Kingdom 205, 215, 287
cultural programme 215–18, 221–3
defence of realm 226–30
government and reform 218–23
justice and law 224–5
and Rome 207–10
Alfred Jewel 217–18
Alfred (son of Æthelred II) 299, 303, 309, 316–17, 320, 325, 326
Aluberht, bishop of the ‘Old Saxons’ 149
Ambrosianus Aurellianus 7
Angles 20, 23–4
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 212–14, 232, 235, 243–4, 247–8, 249, 260–1 and passim
Anglo-Saxon kingdom 205, 215, 233, 262–3, 287
consolidation of 263–9
under Æthelstan 269–75
Anglo-Saxons
ancestors 1–2
origin of term xxxii–xxxiii
settlement 11–24
Anna, king of East Anglia 95, 143
Annals of Ulster 204, 243, 273, 375
army, standing 229, 298, 311
Arthur, king 7–8
Ashdown, battle of 189, 194
Assandun, battle of 296, 309
Asser 58, 101, 174, 186, 188, 193, 194, 206, 207, 209, 210–12, 215, 223, 226
Augustine, archbishop of Canterbury 8–9, 32, 33–6, 37, 43, 123, 135, 138
Augustine of Hippo xxxviii, 5, 221, 222, 246
Baldred, king of Kent 114, 118, 206
Baldwin II, Count of Flanders 274
Baldwin V, Count of Flanders 232, 317, 323, 332
Balthidis, queen 40–1
Bamburgh 20, 71–2, 187, 204
Bath xxvi, 18, 105, 277, 289, 303, 304, 305
Bayeux Tapestry 332, 335, 354–60
Becket, Thomas 352
Bede xxxv–xli, 4–11, 62, 161–2, 238, 244, 254, 353 and passim
Benedict III, Pope 207
Benedict Biscop 47, 62, 75, 77–8, 79, 86, 91, 152
Benedict, Rule of St 139, 155, 280–1
Benty Grange 26
Beorhtric, king of Wessex 58, 102, 158, 181, 185
Beorhtwulf, king of Mercia 118, 185
Beornred, abbot of Echternach and archbishop of Sens 151
Beornwulf, king of Mercia 101, 117, 118
Beowulf xxxi, xli, 1, 24–6, 101, 151, 234, 235, 240, 249 and passim
Bernicia 20, 23–4, 32, 60, 62, 67, 72, 73, 204
Bertha of Paris 32, 33, 35, 48
Bewcastle 87–8
Birinus 44,
70, 253
Biscop Baducing see Benedict Biscop
Boethius 210, 221
Boniface, archbishop of Mainz see Wynfrith
Book of Kells 68
Brand, abbot of Peterborough 248, 341, 342
bretwalda xliii, 26, 97, 99, 185, 278
Britain
origin of name 2–3, 9
original inhabitants xxxiii–xxxiv, 3, 9
Brixworth, All Saints 110–11
Brunanburh, battle of 10, 200, 235, 244, 270, 275
building, Anglo-Saxon 110–11, 117, 218, 227–8
Burchard, bishop of Würzburg 136
Burgred, king of Mercia 117, 118, 185, 188, 195, 206, 215
burhs 218, 226–8, 230, 265–6, 298
Byrthnoth, ealdorman 193–4, 293, 296
Cadwallon, king of Gwynedd 67
Caedmon 238, 242
Cædwalla, king of Wessex 40, 49–50, 57
calligraphy, Anglo-Saxon 89–91, 148–9, 173, 176, 177, 221, 250, 313
Canterbury 13, 35, 36, 37, 38, 43–8
Capet, Hugh 272
Carloman 135–6, 153, 154
Carmen de Hastinge Proelio 338, 339
Carolingian dynasty 61, 127, 135, 136–7, 148, 153, 209, 217, 233
carvings, Anglo-Saxon 86–9
Ceawlin 17–18, 34
Cedd, bishop 74, 80, 278
Cenwalh, king of Wessex 49, 95
Ceolfrith, abbot 76, 78, 91
ceorls 42–3, 75, 297
Ceolwulf, king of Northumbria 84
Ceolwulf II, king of Mercia 117, 118, 191, 215, 225
Cerdic 12, 16–17, 53, 57, 205
Cerdic dynasty 205, 212–13, 214, 262–3, 272–3
Chad, bishop of Lichfield 81, 278
Charlemagne see Charles the Great
Charles II (the Bald) 164, 166, 168, 184, 186, 208, 217, 227
Charles III of West Francia 272
Charles the Great 61, 85, 92, 103, 105, 107, 108–9, 120, 127, 137, 139, 141, 150, 151, 153–4, 158, 162, 165–9, 171–4, 183, 223
Charles Martel 61, 127, 128, 132, 135
Chelsea, Council of 92
Chester 198, 206, 268, 277, 285, 335, 362, 363
Chester, battle of 63
Chester-le-Street 204, 249, 292
Childeric III 136–7
chirographs 259
Christianity 5, 8–9
Anglo-Saxon missions to Germany 120–49
Canterbury and organization of 43–8
and kingship 28
Vikings and 202
see also under individual kingdoms
Church, Anglo-Saxon 32–7, 43–8, 68–9, 105–8, 223, 278–82, 313–14, 324–5, 345–6
church building 110–11, 279, 325, 345
see also Christianity
Clofesho 47, 106–7
Clovis, king of the Franks 28, 33, 61, 121
Cnut, king 144, 182, 256, 278, 283, 291, 297, 300, 302, 303–4, 305, 306, 307, 308–15, 319, 321
Coenwulf, king of Mercia 107, 113–14
Coifi (pagan high priest) 65–6
coinage, Anglo-Saxon 113–17, 206, 215, 278, 284–7, 297, 312–13, 317
Colman, bishop of Lindisfarne 80
Columba, St 32, 68
Columbanus, St 68, 131
concubines 276–7, 303
Conrad II, Emperor 315
Constans II, Emperor 46–7, 48
Constantine II, king of Scots 267, 269
Countisbury Hill, battle of 191
crowning, tradition of 104–5
culture, Anglo-Saxon
cultural legacy 353
under Alfred the Great 215–18, 221–3
see also building; calligraphy; carving; learning and scholarship; literature; music
Cumbria 202–3
Cuthbert, archbishop of Canterbury 106, 142
Cuthbert, St 46, 62, 75–7, 177, 192, 203–4, 271, 279
Cuthburg, abbess of Wimborne 56
Cuthred, king of Wessex 57
Cuthred, sub-king of Kent 114
Cyneburh 72, 96
Cynegils, king of Wessex 44, 49, 69–70
Cyneheard 58
Cynewulf, king of Wessex 57–8, 244
Cynric 16–17
Dagobert II, king of the Franks 121–2
Dál Riata (Dalriada) 10, 32, 63, 70
danegeld 302
Danelaw 118, 181, 187, 195–8, 262
Daniel, bishop of Winchester xxxviii, 129, 137
Deerhurst minster 112
defence and fortifications, Anglo-Saxon 226–32, 298
Degsastan, battle of 63
Deira 20, 21, 22, 23–4, 32, 60, 62, 67, 72, 73, 199, 200
Deusdedit, archbishop of Canterbury 45, 96
dialects xxxiv–xxxv, 242, 249
Domesday Book 342, 348–9
Dream of the Rood, The 88, 242, 250
Dryhthelm, vision of 84
Dublin 182, 199, 200
Dumnonia 32, 42
Dunstan, abbot of Glastonbury, archbishop of Canterbury 275, 276, 280–2, 289
Durham 204
Eadbald, king of Kent 43
Eadberht, king of Northumbria 85, 104
Eadberht Præn 103, 107
Eadburga, abbesss 137–8, 145
Eadburh of Mercia 58, 158, 185
Eadfrith, bishop of Lindisfarne 89–90, 249
Eadgifu 272, 273, 289
Eadgyth (daughter of Edward the Elder) 162, 272
Eadgyth of Wilton 260, 277
Eadhild 272
Eadmer 332
Eadred, king of England 200, 275–6, 281, 289
Eadric Streona 119, 301–2, 306, 307, 308, 309
Eadsige, archbishop of Canterbury 324
Eadwig, King of England 276, 281
ealdormen 54, 95, 96, 219, 229
Ealdred, bishop of Worcester, archbishop of York 112, 325, 330, 335, 340
Ealhmund, king of Kent 102
Eanbald II, archbishop of York 75, 153, 170
Eanflæd of Deira 65, 72, 74, 79, 80
Eardwulf, king of Northumbria 85, 151, 165
earls and earldoms 219, 310, 311, 314
East Anglia 31
Christianity in 36–7, 49
under the Vikings 197, 198
Easter, computation of 56, 79, 80–1
Ecclesiastical History of the English People (Bede) xxxv, xxxviii–xli, 238
Ecgberht, archbishop of York 62, 68, 85, 124, 143, 152
Ecgberht, king of Wessex 26, 59, 77, 86, 102–3, 104, 113, 117–18, 185, 205, 216
Ecgfrith, king of Bernicia xli, 37, 61, 75, 78, 82, 97–8, 144
Ecgfrith, king of Mercia 104, 105
Echternach 127, 151
Eddius 78
Edgar Ætheling 248, 334, 341, 343
Edgar the Peaceable, king of England 231, 276–8, 279, 281, 282, 283, 286, 287, 289, 290
Edington, battle of 194, 205
Edith, queen of England 311, 321, 323–4, 327, 330, 340, 343–4
Edith Swanneck 331, 334, 340
Edmund Ironside 291, 296, 302, 306, 307–8, 334
Edmund, king of the East Angles 188, 198
Edmund, king of England 203, 270, 275, 280, 289
Edward I, king of England 352
Edward II, king of England 352
Edward III, king of England 352
Edward, the Black Prince 352–3
Edward the Confessor 232, 239, 261, 291, 299, 303, 308, 309, 311, 316–17, 318–20, 321–8, 330, 333, 334, 343, 346, 351–2
Edward the Elder, king of Wessex 162, 164, 197, 199, 209, 216, 223, 226, 230, 262, 263–8, 271, 272, 284, 285
Edward the Exile 308, 309
Edward ‘the Martyr’ 276, 289, 290, 291, 292, 308
Edwin, Earl 336, 340
Edwin (half-brother of Æthelstan) 271
Edwin, king of Deira 25, 37, 43, 44, 61, 62, 63, 64–7, 79, 80
Egbert of Trier 161, 273
Einhard 173–4, 211, 214, 217
&
nbsp; Ellendun, battle of 114, 117, 206
Elmet 64, 73
Emma of Normandy 299–300, 303, 307, 309, 310, 312, 314, 315–20, 322
emporia, Anglo-Saxon 55, 111, 113, 115–16, 178, 201–2
English language 38, 205, 233, 234, 248–51, 254–61, 345, 353
Eorcenwold, bishop of London 55
Eormanric, king of the Ostrogoths 15, 237
Eric Bloodaxe 198, 200
Erigena, John Scotus 168
Essex 18–19, 31
Christianity in 36, 48
Ethelburga see Æthelburh
Eustace of Boulogne 326, 337
Exeter Book 239–41
Felix, bishop 44
FitzNigel, Richard 352 Francia 61, 135–7
Viking raids 183–4, 195, 208
Franks Casket 76, 84, 86–7
Frisia 121, 122, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 131, 156, 183
Fulco of Reims 215
Fulda 134–5, 154–5, 156, 157, 168, 174–5
Fuller Brooch 218
gafol see tribute
Gaimar, Geoffrey 260–1, 308, 343
Geats 24, 73
genealogy 103–4, 205
gentry 296–7
Geoffrey, count of Anjou 351
Geoffrey of Monmouth 8
Geraint, king of Dumnonia 53, 56
Germanus, bishop of Auxerre 4–6
gesiths 43, 50, 72, 75
Gewis 16, 17
Gewisse people 53
Gildas xxxv, 7, 8, 14, 256
Gloucester 18, 115, 118, 191, 326, 331
Godiva of Coventry 248, 310, 316
Godwine, Earl of Wessex 182, 232, 300, 310–11, 314, 316, 317, 318, 321–9
Godwine (son of Harold II) 340–1
gold 73, 114, 171, 177
Goscelin of St Bertin 260
Gospatric 333
government and administration, Anglo-Saxon xliii–xliv, 37–40, 53–5, 218–21, 258–9, 287–8, 310–15, 346–7
see also law
grave goods 19, 26, 36, 52, 114, 179, 196
Great Heathen army 86
Gregory, abbot of Utrecht 149
Gregory the Great, Pope 23, 32, 33–6, 40, 135, 215, 222, 278
Gregory III, Pope 106
Grimbald of St Bertin 215, 217
Gruffudd ap Llywelyn of Gwynedd and Powys 329, 331
Gumley, synod of 110
Gunnhild 315
Guthlac of Croyland, St 50, 98–9
Guthred 199, 203
Guthrum 117, 190, 191, 192, 194–5, 197
Gwynedd 275, 329, 331
Gyrth Godwinesson 311, 329, 337, 339
Gytha 311, 321, 337, 340–1
Hadrian I, Pope 108
Hæstan 229–30
Halfdan 186, 189, 190, 198–9
Halfdan II, king of York 200
Hamwic 54, 59, 115, 130, 159, 227
A Brief History of the Anglo-Saxons Page 45
