48. Richard White, “The Winning of the West: The Expansion of the Western Sioux in the 18th and 19th Centuries,” Journal of American History, September 1978, 319–43.
49. Paul A. Hutton, Phil Sheridan and His Army (Lincoln, NB: University of Nebraska Press, 1985).
50. Evan S. Connell, Son of the Morning Star: Custer and the Little Bighorn (San Francisco: North Point Press, 1984), 127.
51. Robert G. Athern, William Tecumseh Sherman and the Settlement of the West (Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1956).
52. Connell, Son of the Morning Star, 127.
53. Robert A. Trennert, Alternative to Extinction: Federal Indian Policy and the Beginnings of the Reservation System (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1975); Francis Paul Prucha, The Great Father (Lincoln, NB: University of Nebraska Press, 1984); Bernard W. Sheehan, Seeds of Extinction: Jeffersonian Philanthropy and the American Indian (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1973).
54. Schwantes, Pacific Northwest, 568.
55. Robert M. Utley, Frontier Regulars: The United States Army and the Indian, 1866–1891 (New York: Macmillan, 1973).
56. Connell, Son of the Morning Star, 126.
57. Clyde Milner, “National Initiatives” in Clyde A. Milner II, Carol A O’Connor, and Martha Sandweiss, eds., The Oxford History of the American West (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), 174.
58. Ray Allen Billington, Westward Expansion (New York: McMillan, 1974), 570.
59. J. W. Vaughn, Indian Fights: New Facts on Seven Encounters (Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1966).
60. Alexander B. Adams, Sitting Bull: An Epic of the Plains (New York: Putnam, 1973); Joseph Mazione, I Am Looking to the North for My Life: Sitting Bull, 1876–1881 (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1991).
61. John W. Bailey, Pacifying the Plains: General Alfred Terry and the Decline of the Sioux, 1866–1890 (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1979).
62. Doane Robinson, ed., “Crazy Horse’s Story of the Custer Battle,” South Dakota Historical Collections, vol. 6 (1912); Edgar I. Stewart, “Which Indian Killed Custer?” Montana: The Magazine of Western History, vol. 8 (1958).
63. Robert M. Utley, The Lance and the Shield: The Life and Times of Sitting Bull (New York: Holt, 1993).
64. Robert Utley, The Last Days of the Sioux Nation (New Haven: Yale, 1963); James Mooney, The Ghost Dance: Religion and the Sioux Outbreak of 1890 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1965).
65. Alyn Brodsky, Grover Cleveland: A Study in Character (New York: Truman Talley, 2000), 139.
66. Brodsky, Grover Cleveland, 139.
67. Peter Micelmore, “Uprising in Indian Country,” Reader’s Digest, reprint, November 1984; Andrew E. Serwer, “American Indians Discover Money Is Power,” Fortune, reprint from Choctaw tribe, April 19, 1993.
68. Schweikart, Entrepreneurial Adventure, 575–76.
69. Kent D. Richards, Isaac Ingalls Stevens: Young Man in a Hurry (Provo, UT: Brigham Young University Press, 1979), passim.
70. Leonard J. Arrington, The Mormon Experience: A History of the Latter-Day Saints (New York: Vintage, 1979), and his Great Basin Kingdom (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1958).
71. Ken Verdoia and Richard Firmage, Utah: The Struggle for Statehood (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1996).
72. Howard R. Lamar, The Far Southwest, 1846–1912 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1966).
73. Victoria Wyatt, “Alaska and Hawaii,” in Milner, ed., Oxford History of the American West, 565–601.
74. Noel J. Kent, Hawaii: Islands Under the Influence (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1983).
75. Harry N. Scheiber, “The Road to Munn,” in Bernard Bailyn and Donald Fleming, Perspectives in American History: Law in American History (Boston: Little, Brown, 1971); Robert C. McMath Jr., American Populism: A Social History (New York: Hill and Wang, 1993).
76. Jeremy Atack and Fred Bateman, “How Long was the Workday in 1880?” Journal of Economic History, March 1992, 129–60; Robert Whaples, “The Great Decline in the Length of the Workweek,” working paper, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 1988; Albert Rees, Real Wages in Manufacturing, 1890–1914 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1961); Clarence D. Long, Wages and Earnings in the United States, 1860–1890 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1960).
77. Milton Friedman and Anna J. Schwartz, A Monetary History of the United States, 1863–1960 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1963).
78. Schweikart, Entrepreneurial Adventure, chap. 5; Jac C. Heckelman and John Joseph Wallis, “Railroads and Property Taxes,” Explorations in Economic History, 34 (1997), 77–99; Albro Martin, “The Troubled Subject of Railroad Regulation in the Gilded Age—a Reappraisal,” Journal of American History, September 1974, 339–71; George H. Miller, Railroads and the Granger Laws (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1971); Jack Blicksilver, The Defenders and Defense of Big Business in the United States, 1880–1900 (New York: Garland, 1985).
79. George B. Tindall, “Populism: A Semantic Identity Crisis,” Virginia Quarterly Review, 48, 1972, 501–18.
80. William Jennings Bryan, “Cross of Gold,” July 9, 1896, in A. Craig Baird, American Public Address (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1956), 194–200.
81. Richard Hofstadter, The Age of Reform, From Bryan to F.D.R. (New York: Knopf, 1955).
Chapter 12. Sinews of Democracy, 1876–96
1. H. Wayne Morgan, From Hayes to McKinley: National Party Politics, 1877–1896 (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1969), 15–16.
2. Morgan, From Hayes to McKinley, 31.
3. Gillon and Matson, American Experiment, 774.
4. Morgan, From Hayes to McKinley, 39.
5. Ari Hoogenboom, Rutherford B. Hayes: Warrior and President (Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 1995), 366.
6. Morgan, From Hayes to McKinley, 33.
7. Ibid., 56.
8. Ibid., 117.
9. Justus D. Doenecke, The Presidencies of James A. Garfield and Chester A. Arthur (Lawrence, KS: University of Kansas Press, 1981).
10. See the Lincoln family website, http://home. att. net/~rjnorton/Lincoln66.html.
11. James C. Clark, The Murder of James A. Garfield: The President’s Last Days and the Trial and Execution of His Assassin (Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, 1993).
12. John G. Sproat, The Best Men: Liberal Reformers in the Gilded Age (New York: Oxford, 1968).
13. Harry Elmer Barnes, Society in Transition: Problems of a Changing Age (New York: Prentice-Hall, 1939), 448.
14. Barnes, Society in Transition, 449.
15. Ibid.
16. William P. Mason, Water-Supply (New York: Wiley and Sons, 1897), 466.
17. Earle Lytton Waterman, Elements of Water Supply Engineering (New York: Wiley and Sons, 1934), 6; Martin V. Melosi, The Sanitary City: Urban Infrastructure in America from Colonial Times to the Present (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000).
18. Robin Einhorn, Property Rules: Political Economy in Chicago, 1833–1872 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991), 16–19.
19. Paul Robert Lyons, Fire in America! (Boston: National Fire Protection Association, 1976), 52–54.
20. Stephen J. Pyne, Fire in America: A Cultural History of Wildland and Rural Fire (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1982), 92.
21. Martin Gilbert, A History of the Twentieth Century, 1900–1933, vol. 1 (New York: Avon, 1997), 182.
22. Joseph Wall, Andrew Carnegie (New York: Oxford University Press, 1970); Andrew Carnegie, Autobiography of Andrew Carnegie (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1920); Stuart Leslie, “Andrew Carnegie,” in Pascoff, ed., Encyclopedia of American Business History and Biography: Iron and Steel in the 19th Century, 47–41.
23. Schweikart, Entrepreneurial Adventure, 202–8.
24. Johnson, History of the American People, 554.
25. Allan Nevins, A Study in Power: John D. Rockefeller, 2 vols. (New York: Charles Scribner’s, 1953), 1:328.
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26. Leslie, “Andrew Carnegie,” 69.
27. Johnson, A History of the American People, 552.
28. Schweikart, Entrepreneurial Adventure, 207.
29. Joseph Dorfman, The Economic Mind in American Civilization, 5 vols. (New York: Augustus M. Kelly, 1969), 3:117; Ida M. Tarbell, The History of Standard Oil Company, abridged, David M. Chalmers, ed. (New York: Norton, 1969), 27.
30. Schweikart, Entrepreneurial Adventure, 250.
31. D. T. Armentano, The Myths of Antitrust: Economic Theory and Legal Cases (New Rochelle, New York: Arlington House, 1972), 77.
32. Nevins, Study in Power, 2:76; 1:277–79.
33. John S. McGee, “Predatory Price-cutting: The Standard Oil (N.J. ) Case,” Journal of Law and Economics, October 1958, 137–69, quotation on 138.
34. Alfred D. Chandler Jr., Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business (Cambridge: Harvard, 1977).
35. Ray Ginger, Age of Excess: The United States from 1877 to 1914, 2nd ed. (Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press, 1989), 34–35.
36. Joseph J. Fuchini and Suzy Fuchini, Entrepreneurs: The Men and Women Behind Famous Brand Names and How They Made It (Boston: G. K. Hall, 1985), 102–5; Lewis F. Smith and Arthur Van Vlissington, The Yankee of the Yards (New York: A. W. Shaw, 1928); Mary Yeager Kujovich, “The Refrigerator Car and the Growth of the American Dressed Beef Industry,” Business History Review, 44, 1970, 460–82; “Armour & Company, 1867–1938,” in N.S.B. Gras and Henrietta Larson, Case Book in American Business History (New York: F. S. Crofts, 1939), 623–43.
37. Alfried Leif, “It Floats,” The Story of Procter and Gamble (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1958); Alecia Swasy, Soap Opera: The Inside Story of Procter and Gamble (New York: Times Books, 1993).
38. Scott Derks, Working Americans, 1880–1999, vol. 1 (Lakeville, CT: Grey House Publishers, 2000), 12.
39. Derks, Working Americans, 1880–1999, I:26–27.
40. Dorothy and Thomas Hoobler, The Irish American Family Album (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995); James P. Mitchell, How American Buying Habits Change (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Labor, 1959); James Michael Russell, Atlanta, 1847–1890 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1988); Derks, Working Americans, 1880–1999, I:17–25.
41. Matthew Josephson, The Robber Barons: The Great American Capitalist 1861–1901 (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1934), 338 and chap. 14, passim.
42. Atack and Passell, New Economic View of American History, 414; James Stock, “Real Estate Mortgages, Foreclosures and Midwestern Agrarian Unrest, 1865–1920,” Journal of Economic History, 44, 1984, 89–105; David B. Danbom, Born in the Country (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995).
43. Schweikart, Entrepreneurial Adventure, 231; Stanley Lebergott, Manpower in Economic Growth: The American Record Since 1800 (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1964), 524.
44. Clarence D. Long, Wages and Earnings in the United States, 1860–1890 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1960); Paul Douglas, Real Wages in the United States, 1890–1926 (Boston: Houghton-Mifflin, 1930).
45. Kenneth L. Sokoloff and Georgia C. Villafor, “The Market for Manufacturing Workers During Early Industrialization: The American Northeast, 1820–1860,” in Strategic Factors in Nineteenth Century American Economic History: A Volume to Honor Robert W. Fogel (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992), 36.
46. Burton Folsom Jr., “Like Fathers, Unlike Sons: The Fall of the Business Elite in Scranton, Pennsylvania, 1880–1920,” Pennsylvania History, 46, October 1980, 291–309.
47. Daniel Aaron, Men of Good Hope (New York: Oxford, 1961).
48. Mark Alan Hewitt, The Architect and the American Country House (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990), 133; David M. Potter, People of Plenty: Economic Abundance and the American Character (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1954).
49. Johnson, History of the American People, 567.
50. McClellan, Changing Interpretations of America’s Past, 2:92.
51. Harold C. Livesay, Samuel Gompers and Organized Labor in America (Boston: Little, Brown, 1978), 8–9.
52. Ibid., 21.
53. Tindall and Shi, America, 2:918; Samuel Gompers, Seventy Years of Life and Labor, 2 vols. (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1925).
54. Livesay, Samuel Gompers, 50.
55. 1873 WL 8416 (Ill. ), otherwise known as Munn v. Illinois when it reached the United States Supreme Court.
56. William Michael Treanor, “The Original Understanding of the Takings Clause and the Political Process,” Columbia Law Review, May 1995, available online at http://www.law.georgetown. edu/gelpi/papers/treanor. htm; Anthony Saul Alperin, “The ‘Takings’ Clause: When Does Regulation ‘Go Too Far’?” Southwestern University Law Review, 2002, 169–235.
57. Lease quoted in A. James Reichley, The Life of the Parties: A History of American Political Parties (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 1992), 135.
58. Schweikart, Entrepreneurial Adventure, 120–25; Gregory J. Millman, The Vandals’ Crown: How Rebel Currency Traders Overthrew the World’s Central Banks (New York: Free Press, 1995); Jonathan Lurie, The Chicago Board of Trade, 1859–1905 (Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1979).
59. William “Coin” Harvey, Coin’s Financial School (Chicago: Coin Publishing Company, 1894).
60. Sarah E. V. Emery, Seven Financial Conspiracies That Have Enslaved the American People (Westport, CT: Hyperion Press, 1975 [1887]); Mary Elizabeth Lease, The Problem of Civilization Solved (Chicago: Laird and Lee, 1895).
61. Richard Hofstadter, The Age of Reform: Bryan to FDR (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1955); Walter T. K. Nugent, The Tolerant Populists: Kansas Populism and Nativism (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1963).
62. Gillon and Matson, American Experiment, 761.
63. Ibid.
64. Alexander B. Callow Jr., The Tweed Ring (New York: Oxford, 1966), 145.
65. Mabel Dodge Luhan, Edge of Taos Desert (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1937), 216–19.
66. Christopher Lasch, The New Radicalism in America, 1889–1963 (New York: Knopf, 1966), 9.
67. Lasch, New Radicalism, 17; Jane Addams, Twenty Years at Hull-house, With Autobiographical Notes (New York: Macmillan Co., 1910).
68. Lasch, New Radicalism, 260.
69. Phillip Shaw Paludan, “Religion and the American Civil War,” in Randall M. Miller, Harry S. Stout, and Charles Reagan Wilson, eds., Religion and the American Civil War (New York: Oxford, 1998), 24–40, quotations on 35.
70. The “Forgotten Man” is available at http://www.blupete.com/Literature/Essays/Best/Sumner Forgotten.htm.
71. http://www.blupete.com/Literature/Essays/Best/SumnerForgotten.htm.
72. Richard Hofstadter, Social Darwinism in American Thought, 1860–1915 (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1944).
73. See Staughton Lynd, “Jane Addams and the Radical Impulse,” Commentary, 32, July 1961, 54–59.
74. John P. Burke, The Institutional Presidency (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992).
75. Alyn Brodsky, Grover Cleveland: A Study in Character (New York: Truman Talley Books, 2000), 92.
76. Robert W. Cherny, American Politics in the Gilded Age, 1868–1900 (Wheeling, Illinois: Harlan-Davidson, 1997), 1.
77. Mary R. Dearing, Veterans in Politics: The Story of G.A.R. (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1974).
78. Brodsky, Grover Cleveland, 181–82.
79. Ibid., 182.
80. Paul Kleppner, The Cross of Culture: A Social Analysis of Midwestern Politics, 1850–1900 (New York: Free Press, 1970).
81. Homer E. Socolofsky and Allan B. Spetter, The Presidency of Benjamin Harrison (Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 1987), 33.
82. In the past twenty years, a number of studies have appeared that question both the efficiency and the legal basis for antitrust legislation. See James Langefeld and David Scheffman, “Evolution or Revolution: What Is the Future of Antitrust?” Antitrust Bulletin, 31, Summer 1986, 2
87–99; Robert H. Bork, The Antitrust Paradox: A Policy at War with Itself (New York: Basic Books, 1978); Harold Demsetz, “Barriers to Entry,” American Economic Review, 72, March 1982, 47–57; Yale Brozen, “Concentration and Profits: Does Concentration Matter?” Antitrust Bulletin, 19, 1974, 381–99; Franklin M. Fisher and John L. McGowan, “On the Misuse of Accounting Rates of Return to Infer Monopoly Profits,” American Economic Review, 73, March 1983, 82–97; Dominick T. Armentano, Antitrust and Monopoly (New York: Holmes & Meier, 1982).
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