39. Haycox and McClanahan, Alaska’s Scrapbook, pp. 29–30.
40. Kathie Durbin, Tongass: Pulp Politics and the Fight for the Alaska Rain Forest (Corvallis: Oregon State University Press, 1999), p. 12.
41. Borneman, Alaska: Saga of a Bold Land, p. 239.
42. Lynn Readicker-Henderson and Ed Readicker-Henderson, Inside Passage and Coastal Alaska, 4th ed. (Edison, NJ: Hunter, 2002), pp. 55–57.
43. Durbin, Tongass, p. 11.
44. Mike Miller, “Discovery and Development,” in Mike Miller and Peggy Wayburn, Alaska: The Great Land (San Francisco, CA: Sierra Club, 1974), p. 17.
45. Amy Gulick, Salmon in the Trees (Seattle, WA: Braided River, 2010), p. 13.
46. Lawrence Rakestraw (ed.), “A Mazama Heads North: Letters of William A. Langille,” Oregon Historical Quarterly (June 1975), p. 1010; W. A. Langille, “Proposed Forest Reserve on the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska,” in U.S. Senate, Construction of Railroads in Alaska, hearing before the Committee of Territories on 5.48 and 9.133 (63 Congress 1 session, GPO, 1913), pp. 681–699.
47. Peter A. Coates, The Trans-Alaska Pipeline Controversy: Technology, Conservation, and the Frontier (Bethlehem, PA: Lehigh University Press, 1991), p. 45.
48. Ira N. Gabrielson and Frederick C. Lincoln, Birds of Alaska (Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole, 1959), p. 10.
49. Elaine Rhode, National Wildlife Refuges of Alaska (Anchorage: Alaska Natural History Association, 2003), p. 53.
50. Bruce Woods, Alaska’s National Wildlife Refuges (Anchorage: Alaska Geographic, 2003), p. 70.
51. Theodore Roosevelt, Executive Order No. 1039, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Archive, Anchorage, AK.
52. Timothy Egan, The Big Burn: Teddy Roosevelt and the Fire That Saved America (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2009), p. 78.
53. William H. Dall, “Geographical Notes in Alaska,” Bulletin of the American Geographical Society, Vol. 28, No. 1 (1896), pp. 1–20.
54. Gabrielson and Lincoln, Birds of Alaska, pp. 14–15.
55. Aldo Leopold, Game Management (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1933), p. 17.
56. Ibid., pp. 17–18.
57. Aldo Leopold, A Sand County Almanac (New York: Ballantine, 1970).
1. Theodore Roosevelt, “Introduction,” in Robert E. Peary, The North Pole (New York: Cooper Square, 2001), p. xxxvii.
2. Ibid.
3. Theodore Roosevelt to William Robert Foran (September 12, 1909).
4. Barry Lopez, Arctic Dreams: Imagination and Desire in a Northern Landscape (New York: Vintage, 2001), pp. 377–386.
5. Roosevelt, “Introduction,” The North Pole.
6. Alan Anderson, After the Ice: Life, Death, and Geopolitics in the New Arctic (New York: Smithsonian Books, 2009), p. 12.
7. Charles Emmerson, The Future History of the Arctic (New York: Public Affairs, 2010), p. 982.
8. Robert E. Peary, “Roosevelt—the Friend of Man,” Natural History, Vol. 19, No. 1 (January 1919), p. 11.
9. Bill Streever, Cold: Adventures in the World’s Frozen Places (New York: Little, Brown, 2009), p. 179.
10. Peter Matthiessen, Oomingmak: The Expedition to the Musk Ox Island in the Bering Sea (New York: Hastings House, 1967).
11. Theodore Roosevelt, The Wilderness Hunter (New York: Putnam, 1893), p. 271.
12. Theodore Roosevelt, “Is Polar Exploration Worth While?” Outlook (March 1, 1913).
13. Theodore Roosevelt, A Book-Lover’s Holidays in the Open (New York: Scribner, 1916), pp. 336–337.
14. Hamlin Garland, The Trail of the Goldseekers: A Record of Travel in Prose and Verse (Norwood, MA: Norwood, 1899), p. 1.
15. Timothy Egan, The Big Burn: Teddy Roosevelt and the Fire That Saved America (New York: Houghton Mifflin-Harcourt, 2009), p. 81.
16. Archie Butt, Taft and Roosevelt (New York: Doubleday Doran, 1930), Vol. 1, pp. 244–257.
17. Roosevelt, quoted in Kathleen Dalton, Theodore Roosevelt: A Strenuous Life (Vintage Books, 2004), p. 357.
18. Theodore Roosevelt to Gifford Pinchot, June 17, 1910, quoted in The Selected Letters of Theodore Roosevelt (New York: Cooper Square, 2001), p. 529.
19. Dyan Zaslowsky and T. H. Watkins, These American Lands: Parks, Wilderness, and the Public Lands (Washington, DC: Island, 1994), pp. 287–288.
20. Nathan Miller, Theodore Roosevelt: A Life (New York: HarperCollins, 1993), p. 503.
21. Char Miller, Gifford Pinchot and the Making of Modern Environmentalism (Washington, DC: Island, 2001), p. 231.
22. Theodore Roosevelt to Gifford Pinchot, March 1, 1910, ibid., p. 231.
23. Edward J. Renehan Jr., The Lion’s Pride: Theodore Roosevelt and His Family in Peace and War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), pp. 105–106.
24. Dalton, Theodore Roosevelt: A Strenuous Life, p. 358.
25. Douglas Brinkley, The Wilderness Warrior: Theodore Roosevelt and the Crusade for America (New York: HarperCollins, 2009).
26. Elizabeth A. Tower, Icebound Empire: Industry and Politics on the Last Frontier, 1898–1938 (Anchorage, AK: Publication Consultants, 1996).
27. Egan, The Big Burn, p. 79.
28. Patricia O’Toole, When Trumpets Call: Theodore Roosevelt After the White House (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2006), pp. 82–83.
29. Gifford Pinchot to R. E. Prouty, February 14, 1930, in Martin Nelson McGeary, Gifford Pinchot: Forester-Politician (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1960), p. 116.
30. Katherine Hocker, Alaska’s Glaciers: Frozen in Motion (Anchorage: Alaska Natural History Association, 2006), p. 11.
31. Egan, The Big Burn, p. 79.
32. Lawrence W. Rakestraw, A History of the United States Forest Service in Alaska (Anchorage: Alaska Historical Commission, 1981), chap. 3, “The Chugach National Forest Through 1910.”
33. Edmund Morris, Colonel Roosevelt (New York: Random House, 2010), p. 44.
34. Henry Pringle, The Life and Times of William Howard Taft (New York: Farrar and Rinehart, 1939), p. 480.
35. Egan, The Big Burn, p. 81.
36. Richard Ballinger to William Hutchinson Cowles, December 9, 1909, Richard Ballinger Papers (microfilm), University of Washington, Seattle.
37. Charles Richard Van Hise, The Conservation of Natural Resources in the United States (New York: Macmillan, 1910), p. 12.
38. Tower, Icebound Empire, p. xi.
39. Peter A. Coates, The Trans-Alaska Pipeline Controversy: Technology, Conservation, and the Frontier (Bethlehem, PA: Lehigh University Press, 1991), p. 45.
40. McGeary, Gifford Pinchot, p. 134.
41. James Wickersham, Old Yukon: Tales, Trails, and Trials (Washington, DC: Law Book, 1938).
42. Coates, The Trans-Alaska Pipeline Controversy, p. 45.
43. McGeary, Gifford Pinchot, p. 133.
44. Stephen Haycox and Alexandra McClanahan, Alaska Scrapbook: Moments in Alaska History: 1816–1998 (Portland, OR: Graphic Arts Center, 2008), pp. 43–44.
45. Tower, Icebound Empire, p. 153.
46. Miller, Theodore Roosevelt, p. 503.
47. McGeary, Gifford Pinchot, p. 130.
48. Egan, The Big Burn, p. 86.
49. Major-General A. W. Greely, Handbook of Alaska: Its Resources, Products, and Attractions (New York: Scribner, 1909), pp. 54–55.
50. Egan, The Big Burn, p. 86.
51. Ibid., p. 98.
52. “Are the Guggenheims in Charge of the Department of Interior?” Collier’s (November 13, 1909).
53. George Edwin Mowry, Theodore Roosevelt and the Progressive Movement (Madison: University of Wisconsin, 1938), p. 86.
54. Gifford Pinchot, Breaking New Ground (Washington, DC: Island, 1998), pp. 498–500.
55. Rakestraw, A History of the United States Forest Service in Alaska, chap. 4.
56. Theodore Roosevelt to Gifford Pinchot, March 1, 1910, in Martin L. Fausold, Gifford Pinchot, Bull Moose Progressive (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1961), p. 36.
57. Theodore Roosevelt to Henry Cabot Lodge, March 4, 19
10, in Miller, Gifford Pinchot, p. 176.
58. Elting E. Morison (ed.), The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt, Vol. VII (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1954), p. 52.
59. Dalton, Theodore Roosevelt, p. 357.
60. McGeary, Gifford Pinchot, p. 176.
61. O’Toole, When Trumpets Call, p. 84.
62. Gifford Pinchot Diary, April 11, 1910, Library of Congress, Washington, DC.
63. Pinchot, Breaking New Ground, p. 502.
64. Gifford Pinchot, The Fight for Conservation (New York: Doubleday, Page, 1910), p. 6.
65. Miller, Gifford Pinchot and the Making of Modern Environmentalism, pp. 228–230.
66. Pinchot, The Fight for Conservation, first page of Introduction.
67. Ibid., p. 146.
68. Dalton, Theodore Roosevelt, p. 360.
69. Miller, Theodore Roosevelt, p. 508.
70. Joseph Bucklin Bishop, Theodore Roosevelt and His Time: Shown in His Own Letters (New York: Scribner, 1920), p. 122.
71. Theodore Roosevelt to David Grey, October 5, 1911, in Morison, The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt, Vol. VII, p. 407.
72. Viscount Grey of Fallodon, Recreation (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 1920), p. 32.
73. Jerome Jackson, William Davis Jr., and John Tautin (eds.), Bird Banding in North America: The First Hundred Years (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008), p. 3.
74. “History of Bird Banding,” Auk, Vol. 38, No. 1 (January 1921), p. 220.
75. Curt Meine, Aldo Leopold: His Life and Work (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1988), p. 148. Also H. W. Henshaw, Report of the Chief of the Bureau of Biological Survey (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1910), p. 11.
76. John F. Reiger, American Sportsmen and the Origins of Conservation, 3rd, rev. expanded ed. (Corvallis: Oregon State University Press, 2001), pp. 186–187.
77. Ibid.
78. Rakestraw, A History of the United States Forest Service in Alaska, chap. 4.
79. Samuel Trask Dana, Forest and Range Policy: Its Development in the United States (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1956), pp. 178–197; E. A. Sherman, “The Supreme Court of the United States and Conservation Policies,” Journal of Forestry (December 1921), pp. 928–930.
80. Hamlin Garland, Cavanaugh, Forest Ranger: A Romance of the Mountain West (New York: Harper, 1910), p. 29.
81. Keith Newlin and Joseph B. McCullough (eds.), Selected Letters of Hamlin Garland (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1998), p. xvi.
82. Gifford Pinchot to Hamlin Garland, March 14, 1910, Pinchot Papers, Library of Congress, Washington, DC.
83. Susan Kollin, Nature’s State: Imagining Alaska as the Last Frontier (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001), pp. 62–63.
84. John Helper, “Michigan’s Forgotten Son: James Oliver Curwood,” Midwestern Miscellany, Vol. 7 (1979).
85. James Oliver Curwood, The Alaskan (Allison Park, PA: ARose, 2008), pp. 5–14.
86. Ibid., pp. 13–44. Also see G. Edward White, The Eastern Establishment and the Western Experience: The West of Frederic Remington, Theodore Roosevelt, and Owen Wister (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1968).
87. James Wilson, letter to Gifford Pinchot, February 1, 1905, Pinchot Papers, Library of Congress, Washington, DC.
88. Gifford Pinchot, testimony before the U.S. House Committee on the Public Lands, House of Representatives, 63rd Congress, 1913.
89. Robert W. Righter, The Battle over Hetch Hetchy: America’s Most Controversial Dam and the Birth of Modern Environmentalism (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2005), pp. 1–28.
90. Quoted in Roderick Nash, Wilderness and the American Mind (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1967), p. 168.
91. John Muir, The Yosemite (New York: Century, 1912), p. 262.
1. “Roosevelt Puts in a Strenuous Day,” New York Times, June 23, 1910.
2. “Jungle Barks at Camp Fire Dinner,” New York Times, January 10, 1914.
3. “Camp Fire Dinner for Buffalo Jones,” New York Times, December 5, 1909.
4. Aldo Leopold, Game Management (New York: Scribner, 1933), p. 18.
5. “Roosevelt Puts in a Strenuous Day.”
6. “Pinchot to Inspect Adirondack Forests,” New York Times, July 21, 1911.
7. Briton Cooper Busch, The War Against the Seals: A History of the North American Seal Fishery (Kingston, ON: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1987), p. 96.
8. Ibid.
9. Gary Murphy, “ ‘Mr. Roosevelt Is Guilty’: Theodore Roosevelt and the Crusade for Constitutionalism, 1910–1912,” Journal of American Studies, Vol. 36, No. 3 (December 2002), Part 1: “Looking Backward, Looking Forward: From the Gilded Age to the 1930s,” p. 444.
10. Theodore Roosevelt Cyclopedia (New York: Roosevelt Memorial Association, 1941), p. 102.
11. David C. Scott and Brendan Murphy, The Scouting Party: Pioneering and Preservation, Progressivism and Preparedness in the Making of the Boy Scouts of America (Dallas, TX: Penland, 2010), p. 7.
12. Quoted in Paul Russell Cutright, Theodore Roosevelt: The Making of a Conservationist (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1985), p. 238.
13. Kathleen Dalton, Theodore Roosevelt: A Strenuous Life (New York: Random House, 2002), p. 352.
14. Theodore Roosevelt, “Foreword,” in African Game Trails (New York: Scribner, 1910).
15. Neil Edward Stubbs, “Theodore Roosevelt and Ernest Hemingway,” Theodore Roosevelt Association Journal, Vol. 25, No. 2 (2002), pp. 9–14.
16. Sean Hemingway, “Introduction,” in Hemingway on Hunting (Guilford, CT: Globe Pequot, 2001), pp. xxv–xxvi.
17. “Millions in the Toy Trade,” New York Evening Post, December 19, 1909, p. M2.
18. Dalton, Theodore Roosevelt, p. 356.
19. Ibid., pp. 352–358.
20. Roderick Frazier Nash, Wilderness and the American Mind (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2001), p. 143.
21. Dan Beard, “The Boy Scouts,” Outlook (July 23, 1916), p. 696.
22. Theodore Roosevelt to James Edward West, February 10, 1911, in Elting Elmore Morison (ed.), The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt, Vol. VII, The Days of Armageddon, 1909–1914 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1954), p. 306.
23. “Boy Scout Leaders Dine Baden-Powell,” New York Times, September 24, 1910, p. 8.
24. David C. Scott to Douglas Brinkley, February 18, 2010.
25. Nash, Wilderness and the American Mind, p. 148.
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