66. Frederick K. Vreeland to Dr. C. Hart Merriam, November 17, 1921, C. Hart Merriam Papers, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.
1. William T. Hornaday, Our Vanishing Wild Life: Its Extermination and Preservation (New York: New York Zoological Society, 1913), p. 15. (Reprint, New York: Arno, 1970.)
2. V. B. Scheffer, “The Weight of the Steller Sea Cows,” Journal of Mammalogy, Vol. 53, No. 4 (1972), pp. 912–914.
3. William G. Sheldon, “A History of the Boone and Crockett Club: Milestones in Wildlife Conservation,” Boone and Crockett Club Archives, Missoula, MT.
4. Hornaday, Our Vanishing Wild Life, pp. ix–x.
5. Quinn Hornaday and Aline G. Hornaday (eds), The Hornadays, Root and Branch (Los Angeles, CA: Stockton Trade, 1979), pp. 77–89.
6. Stephen Fox, The American Conservation Movement: John Muir and His Legacy (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1981), pp. 157–158.
7. Hornaday and Hornaday, The Hornadays, Root and Branch, p. 86.
8. Frank Graham, Man’s Dominion: The Story of Conservation in America (New York: M. Evans; distributed in association with Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, 1971), p. 188.
9. “No More Slaughtering of Seals for Five Years,” New York Times, September 1, 1912.
10. Hornaday, Our Vanishing Wild Life, p. 156.
11. Ibid., p. x.
12. Theodore Roosevelt, “Our Vanishing Wild Life,” Outlook (January 25, 1913).
13. Fran Mauer to Douglas Brinkley, September 27, 2010.
14. Roosevelt, “Our Vanishing Wild Life.” Also Arthur K. Willyoung, “Roosevelt the Great Outdoor Man,” Outing, Vol. 74, No. 5 (August, 1919). For the history of the American Game Protection Association, see Fox, The American Conservation Movement, pp. 151–157.
15. Hornaday, Our Vanishing Wild Life, p. 269.
16. Nathan Miller, Theodore Roosevelt: A Life (New York: Morrow, 1992), p. 532.
17. Theodore Roosevelt, “The Conservation of Womanhood and Childhood,” Outlook (December 23, 1911), p. 13.
18. Madison Grant to Dr. E. Lester Jones, January 11, 1915, Boone and Crockett Club Archive, Missoula, MT.
19. Roosevelt, “Our Vanishing Wild Life,” p. 161.
20. Jennifer Price, “Hats Off to Audubon,” Audubon (November–December 2004), p. 50.
21. Roosevelt, “Our Vanishing Wild Life,” p. 161.
22. Ira N. Gabrielson, Wildlife Refuges (New York: Macmillan, 1943), p. 56.
23. Hornaday, Our Vanishing Wild Life, p. 150.
24. Ibid., p. 63.
25. David R. Klein and Robert G. White, “Parameters of Caribou Population Ecology in Alaska,” Biological Papers of the University of Alaska, No. 3 (Fairbanks: University of Alaska, 1978).
26. Ibid., pp. 330–345.
27. Gabrielson, Wildlife Refuges, p. 67.
28. Hornaday, Our Vanishing Wild Life, p. 64.
29. Ibid., pp. 178–179.
30. Ibid., p. 269.
31. Curt Meine, Aldo Leopold: His Life and Work (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1988), p. 287.
32. Charles Sheldon to George Bird Grinnell, December 23, 1918, Boone and Crockett Club Archives, Missoula, MT.
33. Peter A. Coates, The Trans-Alaska Pipeline Controversy: Technology, Conservation, and the Frontier (Bethlehem, PA: Lehigh University Press, 1991), p. 43.
34. William N. Wilson, Railroad in the Clouds: The Alaskan Railroad in the Age of Steam, 1914–1945 (Boulder, CO: Pruett, 1977), pp. 7–11.
1. Curt Meine, Aldo Leopold: His Life and Work (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1988), p. 128.
2. Aldo Leopold, Game Management (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1986), p. 19.
3. Neil B. Carmony and David E. Brown (eds.), The Wilderness of the Southwest: Charles Sheldon’s Quest for Desert Bighorn Sheep and Adventures with the Havasupai and Seri Indians (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1979), p. 12.
4. “Roosevelt to Cross Grand Canyon,” New York Times, July 15, 1913, p. 2.
5. Theodore Roosevelt, A Book-Lover’s Holidays in the Open (New York: Scribner, 1916), p. 7.
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid., pp. 1–10.
8. Lawrence W. Rakestraw, A History of the United States Forest Service in Alaska (Anchorage: Alaska Historical Commission, 1981), chap. 4.
9. Meine, Aldo Leopold, pp. 148–149.
10. Ibid.
11. The inscribed book is at the Leopold Library, University of California, Berkeley.
12. John Muir, The Yosemite (New York: Century, 1912), p. 257.
13. Robert W. Righter, The Battle over Hetch Hetchy: America’s Most Controversial Dam and the Birth of Modern Environmentalism (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), p. 133.
14. John Muir, John Muir: The Eight Wilderness Discovery Books (Seattle, WA: Mountaineers, 1992), p. 714.
15. John Muir, Steep Trails (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1974), p. 74.
16. Donald Worster, A Passion for Nature: The Life of John Muir (New York: Oxford University Press, 2008), p. 464.
17. Theodore Roosevelt, “John Muir: An Appreciation,” Outlook (January 6, 1915), p. 27.
18. Roderick Frazier Nash, Wilderness and the American Mind, 4th ed. (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2001), p. 358.
19. John Muir, Travels in Alaska (New York: Modern Library, 2002), p. 4.
20. Ibid., p. 13.
21. Ibid., p. 193.
22. Samuel Hall Young, Alaska Days with John Muir (Grand Rapids, MI: Fleming H. Revell, 1915), pp. 224–226.
23. Meine, Aldo Leopold, pp. 147–156.
24. Theodore Roosevelt to Aldo Leopold, June 18, 1917, Leopold Papers, University of Wisconsin, Madison.
25. Gene Fowler, William “Buffalo Bill” Cody’s obituary, Post (January 1917).
26. Roosevelt, Book-Lover’s Holidays in the Open, p. vii.
27. Bruce Woods, Alaska’s National Wildlife Refuges (Anchorage: Alaska Geographic Society, 2003), p. 13.
28. Quoted in Paul S. Sutter, Driven Wild: How the Fight Against Automobiles Launched the Modern Environmental Movement (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2002), p. 43.
29. Alfred Runte, National Parks: The American Experience (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1997), pp. 208–209.
30. Dian Olson Belanger and Adrian Kinnane, Managing American Wildlife (Rockville, MD: Montrose, 2002).
31. Frank Graham Jr., Man’s Dominion: The Story of Conservation in America (New York: M. Evans, 1971), p. 201; James B. Trefethen, An American Crusade for Wildlife (New York: Winchester and Boone and Crockett Club, 1975), pp. 206–208.
32. Tanana Valley Association History (Fairbanks, AK: Tanana Valley Association Archive, April 23, 2009).
33. Theodore Roosevelt, “Is Polar Exploration Worth While?” Outlook (March 1, 1913).
34. Elaine Rhode, National Wildlife Refuges of Alaska (Anchorage: Alaska Natural History Association, 2003), pp. 10–12.
35. Roosevelt, “Is Polar Exploration Worth While?”
36. Madison Grant, “The Conditions of Wildlife in Alaska,” in George Bird Grinnell (ed.), Hunting at High Altitudes (New York: Harper, 1913), p. 375.
37. Robert A. Jones, “Alaska Parks: Battle Lines Form Around Last Frontier,” Los Angeles Times, September 5, 1977, p. 5.
38. Aldo Leopold, A Sand County Almanac (New York: Ballantine, 1970), p. 278.
39. Grant, “The Conditions of Wildlife in Alaska,” p. 375.
40. John Muir, The Writings of John Muir: The Cruise of the Corwin (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1917), p. 258.
41. John Branson, historian of Lake Clark–Iliamna National Park, is writing a biography of John W. Clark. He greatly helped me understand the history of this beautiful part of Alaska.
42. John B. Branson, The Canneries, Cabins, and Caches of Bristol Bay, Alaska (Anchorage, AK: U.S. Department of the Interior, 2007), pp. 1–10.
43. Brian Fagan, “Where We Found a Whale”: A History of Lake Clark National Park and
Preserve (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior, 2008), pp. 118–122.
44. Frederick K. Vreeland to E. A. Preble, November 29, 1921, Smithsonian Institution, Archives Record Unit 7176, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
45. John Branson (ed.), Lake Clark–Iliamna, Alaska 1921: Travel Diary of Colonel A. J. Macnab (Anchorage: Alaska Natural History Association, 1996). (Booklet reprint.)
46. Ibid., p. 8.
47. Ibid., p. 27.
48. Colonel A. J. Macnab Diaries, August 18 and August 20, quoted in Branson, Lake Clark–Iliamna, Alaska 1921.
49. Branson, Lake Clark–Iliamna, Alaska 1921, p. 29. Special thanks to Branson for helping me get the expedition straight.
1. Rockwell Kent, Wilderness: A Journal of Quiet Adventure in Alaska (New York: Putnam-Knickerbocker, 1920), p. 191.
2. Ibid., p. 6.
3. Barry Lopez, Arctic Dreams (New York: Vintage, 2001), pp. 390–391.
4. Kent, Wilderness, p. 24.
5. Rockwell Kent, Wilderness: A Journal of Quiet Adventure in Alaska (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1996), p. xxxii. (From Los Angeles, CA: Wilderness, 1970.) Henceforth cited as Wesleyan University Press edition.
6. Kesler E. Woodward (ed.), Painting in the North: Alaskan Art in the Anchorage Museum of History and Art (Anchorage, AK: Anchorage Museum of History and Art, 1993). (From a plaque describing Sydney M. Laurence’s Mount McKinley, oil on canvas, 1929.)
7. Linda Cook and Frank Norris, A Stern and Rock-Bound Coast (Anchorage, AK: National Park Service, Kenai Fjords National Park 1998); Doug Capra, letter to Douglas Brinkley, May 29, 2010.
8. Grace Glueck, “Celebrating an Artist’s Spiritual Searches and Realist Findings,” New York Times, August 26, 2005.
9. Judith H. Dabrzynski, “Adirondack Vistas in the Artist’s Eye and the Visitor’s,” New York Times, July 23, 1999.
10. Rockwell Kent, It’s Me, O Lord: The Autobiography of Rockwell Kent (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1955), p. 204.
11. Constance Martin, Distant Shores: The Odyssey of Rockwell Kent (Chesterfield, MA: Chameleon, 2000), p. 23.
12. Rockwell Kent, N by E (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1966), p. xvi.
13. Kent, It’s Me, O Lord, p. 121.
14. Edward Hoagland, “Foreword,” in Kent, N by E, pp. xvi–xvii.
15. “Rockwell Kent’s Artistic Discovery of Alaska,” Current Opinion, Vol. 67 (1919), p. 52.
16. Kent, It’s Me, O Lord, p. 328.
17. Kent, Wilderness, p. 27.
18. Barry Lopez, Winter Count (New York: Vintage, 1999), p. 94.
19. “Historic Harrington Cabin” (Homer, AK: Homer Foundation, Pratt Museum, 2001). (Brochure.)
20. Kent, Wilderness, p. xi.
21. Bill Streever, Cold: Adventures in the World’s Frozen Places (New York: Little, Brown, 2009).
22. Martin, Distant Shores, p. 26.
23. Kent, Wilderness (Wesleyan University Press edition), p. xx.
24. Rockwell Kent to Christian Brinton, winter 1919, Rockwell Kent Papers, Smithsonian Archives of American Art.
25. Kent, Wilderness, p. 161.
26. Jenks Cameron, The Bureau of Biological Survey (New York: Arno, 1974), pp. 124–127.
27. Doug Capra, “Introduction,” in Kent, Wilderness, p. xi. (Wesleyan University Press edition.)
28. Martha Gruening, “The Freedom of Wilderness,” Freeman (April 28, 1920), pp. 165–166.
29. Kent, Wilderness, p. 217.
30. Grace Glueck, “Cast into the Wilderness by Choice, He Found a Friend in the Landscape,” New York Times, August 18, 2000.
31. Hoagland, “Foreword,” in Kent, N by E, p. viii.
32. Garnett McCoy, “The Rockwell Kent Papers,” Archives of American Art Journal, Vol. 12, No. 1 (January 1972), p. 6.
33. Scott R. Ferris, “Introduction,” in Rockwell Kent, Salamina (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 2003), p. xxi.
34. Kent, It’s Me, O Lord, p. 328.
35. Gail Levin, Twentieth-Century American Painting: The Thyssen-Bornemisza Collection (New York: Sotheby’s, 1987), p. 60.
36. Gary Snyder, “Raven’s Beak River at the End,” in Mountains and Rivers Without End (New York: Counterpoint, 1997), p. 65.
1. Nathan Miller, Theodore Roosevelt: A Life (New York: HarperCollins, 1992), p. 560.
2. Theodore Roosevelt, speech to Colorado Livestock Association, Denver, August 29, 1910.
3. Edmund Morris, Colonel Roosevelt (New York: Random House, 2010), p. 576.
4. Patricia O’Toole, When Trumpets Call: Theodore Roosevelt After the White House (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2005), p. 401.
5. “Stop City Work in Colonel’s Honor,” New York Times, January 9, 1919, p. 4.
6. Aïda DiPace Donald, Lion in the White House: A Life of Theodore Roosevelt (New York: Basic Books, 2007), p. 265.
7. Edward Wagen Knecht, The Seven Worlds of Theodore Roosevelt (New York: Longmans, 1958), p. 20.
8. Morris, Colonel Roosevelt, p. 577.
9. Frederick S. Wood (ed.), Roosevelt as We Knew Him (Philadelphia, PA: Winston, 1927), p. 380.
10. “Wants Roosevelt Spirit Perpetuated,” New York Times, February 19, 1919.
11. Hamlin Garland Diary, January 6, 1919, Huntington Library, San Marino, CA.
12. Natural History: The Journal of the American Museum, Vol. 19 (January 1919).
13. Michael J. Robinson, Predatory Bureaucracy: The Exterminators of Wolves and the Transformation of the West (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2005), p. 180.
14. “Want Park to Bear Name of Roosevelt,” New York Times, January 14, 1919, p. 6.
15. Douglas Brinkley, The Wilderness Warrior: Theodore Roosevelt and the Crusade for America (New York: HarperCollins, 2009).
16. Gifford Pinchot, “Overturning Roosevelt’s Work,” Christian Science Monitor, February 24, 1919, p. 3.
17. John B. Branson, The Canneries, Cabins, and Caches of Bristol Bay, Alaska (Anchorage, AK: U.S. Department of the Interior, 2007), p. vi.
18. John Morton Blum, The Republican Roosevelt (New York: Atheneum, 1962), p. 146.
19. David Brower, “Foreword,” in David Brower (ed.), Wilderness: America’s Living Heritage (San Francisco, CA: Sierra Club, 1961), p. viii.
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