2. John Muir, Travels in Alaska (New York: Modern Library, 2002), pp. 277–278.
3. Harry Ritter, Alaska’s History: The People, Land, and Events of the North Country (Anchorage: Alaska Northwest Books, 1993), p. 98.
4. Charles Craighead and Bonnie Kreps, Arctic Dance: The Mardy Murie Story (Portland, OR: Graphic Arts Center, 2006), pp. 12–22.
5. William Henry Smith, The Life and Speeches of Hon. Charles Warren Fairbanks: Republican Candidate for Vice President (Indianapolis, IN: W.B. Burford), p. 199.
6. Dermot Cole, Historic Fairbanks: An Illustrated History (San Antonio, TX: Historical Publishing Network, 2006), p. 7.
7. Syun-Ichi Akasofu, The Northern Lights: Secrets of the Aurora Borealis (Anchorage: Alaska Northwest, 2009), p. 8.
8. Ibid., p. 16.
9. Craighead and Kreps, Arctic Dance.
10. Jeff Schultz, Dogs of the Iditarod (Seattle, WA: Sasquatch, 2003), pp. 12–15.
11. Peter A. Coates, The Trans-Alaska Pipeline Controversy (Bethlehem, PA: Lehigh University Press, 1991), pp. 47–48.
12. Craighead and Kreps, Arctic Dance, p. 29.
13. Ibid., p. 31.
14. Stephen R. Fox, The American Conservation Movement: John Muir and His Legacy (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1981), p. 267.
15. John F. Kauffmann, Alaska’s Brooks Range: The Ultimate Mountains (Seattle, WA: Mountaineers, 2005), p. 83.
16. Olaus J. Murie, Journeys to the Far North (Palo Alto, CA: Wilderness Society/American West, 1973), pp. 104–106.
17. Olaus J. Murie to Mardy Murie, December 23, 1922.
18. Craighead and Kreps, Arctic Dance, p. 51.
19. Jenks Cameron, The Bureau of Biological Survey (New York: Arno, 1974), pp. 118–121.
20. Tom Walker, Caribou: Wanderer of the Tundra (Portland, OR: Graphic Arts Center, 2008), p. 22.
21. Margaret E. Murie, Two in the Far North (Anchorage: Alaska Northwest, 1962), p. 217.
22. There is a photo of the carved motto in Craighead and Kreps, Arctic Dance, p. 113.
23. Stephen Haycox and Alexandra J. McClanahan, Alaska Scrapbook (Anchorage, AK: CIRI Foundation, 2008), pp. 109–110.
24. Melody Webb, The Last Frontier (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1985), p. 264.
25. Frank Dufresne, Alaska’s Animals and Fishes (New York: A.S. Barnes, 1946), pp. x–xv.
26. Fox, The American Conservation Movement, pp. 267–268.
27. Margaret and Olaus Murie, Wapiti Wilderness (New York: Knopf, 1966), p. 7.
28. John Bowlby, Charles Darwin: A New Life (New York: Norton, 1992), p. 174.
29. Adolph Murie, Ecology of the Coyote in Yellowstone, Fauna of the National Parks of the U.S. Bulletin No. 4 (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior, 1940).
30. Debbie S. Miller, Midnight Wilderness: Journeys in Alaska’s Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (Portland, OR: Alaska Northwestern, 2000), pp. 163–164.
31. Dyan Zaslowsky and T. H. Watkins, These American Lands: Parks, Wilderness, and the Public Lands (Washington, DC: Island, 1994), p. 293.
32. Wolves, Bears, and Their Prey in Alaska: Biological and Social Challenges in Wildlife Management (Washington, D.C.: National Academy, 1997), p. 55.
33. Aldo Leopold to Frederic Walcott, January 10, 1932, Leopold Papers, University of Wisconsin, Madison.
34. Edward Abbey, The Journey Home: Some Words in Defense of the American West (New York: Plume, 1991), p. 223.
35. William O. Douglas, Go East, Young Man (New York: Random House, 1974), p. 467.
36. William O. Douglas, “America’s Vanishing Wilderness,” Ladies’ Home Journal, Vol. 81 (July 1964), pp. 37–41.
37. Douglas, Go East, Young Man, p. 143.
38. Victor B. Scheffer, Adventures of a Zoologist (New York: Scribner, 1980), p. 15.
1. David L. Mech, The Wolf: The Ecology and Behavior of an Endangered Species (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1970), p. 348.
2. Adolph Murie, Ecology of the Coyote in Yellowstone, National Park Service Fauna Series, No. 4 (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior, 1940).
3. Adolph Murie, A Naturalist in Alaska (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1961), p. 208.
4. Michael J. Robinson, Predatory Bureaucracy: The Extermination of Wolves and the Transformation of the West (Boulder: University of Colorado Press, 2005), p. 1.
5. John McPhee, Coming into the Country (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1976), p. 242.
6. Linda S. Franklin, “Adolph Murie: Denali’s Wilderness Conscience,” MA thesis, University of Alaska, Fairbanks (May 2004), p. 5.
7. Jim Rearden, Alaska’s Wolf Man: The 1915–1955 Wilderness Adventures of Frank Glaser (Missoula, MT: Pictorial Histories, 1998), p. xii.
8. Charles Sheldon, The Wilderness of Denali: Explorations of a Hunter-Naturalist in Northern Alaska (New York: Scribner, 1960), p. 161.
9. Belmore Browne, The Conquest of Mount McKinley (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 1956), p. 210.
10. Robinson, Predatory Bureaucracy, p. 184.
11. Biological Survey, “Report of Chief of Bureau of Biological Survey, 1924,” Record Unit 717, Box 24, Smithsonian Institute Archives, Washington, DC.
12. Aldo Leopold, Game Management (New York: Scribner, 1933), p. 19.
13. Olaus Murie to Aldo Leopold, October 30, 1931, Aldo Leopold Papers, University of Wisconsin, Madison.
14. Barry Lopez, Of Wolves and Men (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2004), p. 3.
15. Concordia College diploma, granting Adolph Murie a bachelor of science degree (June 1925), Adolph Murie Collection, Box 3, Alaska and Polar Regions Collections, Elmer E. Rasmuson Library, University of Alaska, Fairbanks.
16. F. C. Evans, “Lee Raymond Dice,” Journal of Mammalogy, Vol. 59 (August 1978), pp. 635–644.
17. Robinson, Predatory Bureaucracy, p. 184.
18. Franklin, “Adolph Murie: Denali’s Wilderness Conscience,” p. 30.
19. David L. Mech, The Wolves of Isle Royale, Fauna Series No. 7 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1966), p. 22.
20. Adolph Murie, Mammals from Guatemala and British Honduras, Museum of Zoology Miscellaneous Publications No. 26 (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1935).
21. Adolph Murie, Following Fox Trails, University of Michigan Museum of Zoology Miscellaneous Publications, No. 32 (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1936), p. 44.
22. Louise Murie Macleod, “Adolph Murie 1899–1974” [n.d.], Adolph Murie Reference File, Denali National Park and Preserve Museum.
23. Victor H. Cahalane, “The Evolution of Predator Control Policy in the National Parks,” Journal of Wildlife Management, Vol. 3 (1939), p. 235.
24. Murie, A Naturalist in Alaska, p. 220.
25. Adolph Murie, The Wolves of Mount McKinley, U.S. National Park Service Fauna Series 5 (Washington, DC: U.S. National Park Service, 1944), p. 3.
26. Stanley P. Young and Edward A. Goldman, The Wolves of North America, Vol. 1 (New York: Dover, 1944).
27. Joan M. Antonson and William S. Hanable, Alaska’s Heritage: 1867 to Present (Anchorage: Alaska Historical Society, 1985), p. 286.
28. Terrence Cole, “Foreword,” in Brian Garfield, The Thousand-Mile War: World War II in Alaska and the Aleutians (Fairbanks: University of Alaska Press, 1995), p. xi.
29. Samuel Eliot Morison, “Aleutians, Gilberts, and Marshalls, June 1942–April 1944,” in History of United States Naval Operations in World War II, No. 1.7 (Boston, MA: Brown, 1951), pp. 3–4.
30. Herman E. Slotnick, Alaska: A History of the 49th State (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1987), p. 131.
31. Douglas Brinkley, “Introduction,” in Phillip J. Merrell (ed.), The World War II Black Regiments That Built the Alaska Military Highway (Jackson: University of Mississippi Press, 2002), pp. 5–12.
32. Harold L. Ickes to Harold W. Snell, September 25, 1944, Ickes papers.
33. Aldo Leopold, A Sand County Almanac with Essays on Conservation from
Round River (New York: Ballantine, 1970), p. 138.
34. Ibid., pp. 138–139.
35. Thomas R. Dunlap, Saving America’s Wildlife: Ecology and the American Mind, 1850–1990 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1988), p. 75.
36. Murie, A Naturalist in Alaska, p. 79.
37. Ibid.
38. Sale, A Complete Guide to Arctic Wildlife, p. 396.
39. Murie, A Naturalist in Alaska, pp. 79–80.
40. Douglas H. Chadwick, “Wolf Wars,” National Geographic, Vol. 217, No. 3 (March 2010), pp. 34–55.
41. William Brown, Symbol of the Alaskan Wild: An Illustrated History of the Denali–Mount McKinley Region, Alaska (Denali National Park: Alaska Natural History Association, 1993).
42. Franklin, “Adolph Murie: Denali’s Wilderness Conscience,” p. 50.
43. Brown, Symbol of the Alaskan Wild, p. 184.
44. Adolph Murie to Robert Sterling Yard, January 15, 1935, Adolph Murie Collection, Box 4, American Heritage Center, University of Wyoming, Laramie.
45. Olaus Murie to Adolph Murie, March 21, 1951, Martin Murie (personal papers), University of Alaska, Fairbanks.
46. Karsten Heuer, Being Caribou: Five Months on Foot with an Arctic Herd (Seattle, WA: Mountaineers, 2005).
47. Dunlap, Saving America’s Wildlife, p. 105.
48. Lopez, Of Wolves and Men, pp. 159–160.
49. “History of Wolf Control in Alaska” (Washington, DC: Defenders of Wildlife, March 2010).
1. William O. Douglas, The Autobiography of William O. Douglas: The Court Years, 1939–1975 (New York: Random House, 1980), p. 371; William O. Douglas, Go East, Young Man (New York, Random House, 1974), p. 206.
2. William O. Douglas, My Wilderness: The Pacific West (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1968), p. 10.
3. Henry David Thoreau, Walden or Life in the Woods (New York: New American Library, 1960), p. 10.
4. Douglas, My Wilderness, p. 199.
5. Ibid.
6. Bruce Allen Murphy, Wild Bill: The Legend and Life of William O. Douglas (New York: Random House, 2003), p. 454.
7. Reprinted in Christopher Stone, Should Trees Have Standing? Toward Legal Rights for Natural Objects (Palo Alto, CA: Tioga, 1988).
8. Sierra Club v. Morton, 405 U.S. 727 (1972).
9. “Mr. Justice Douglas, Dissenting,” Living Wilderness (Summer 1972), pp. 19–29.
10. Murphy, Wild Bill, pp. 454–457.
11. Author interview, June 14, 2010.
12. James O’Fallon, Nature’s Justice: Writings of William O. Douglas (Corvallis: Oregon State University Press, 2000), pp. 293–294.
13. Douglas, My Wilderness, p. 160.
14. Adam W. Sowards, The Environmental Justice: William O. Douglas and American Conservation (Corvallis: Oregon State University Press, 2009), pp. 10–13.
15. William Douglas, Of Men and Mountains: The Classic Memoir of Wilderness Adventure (Guilford, CT: Globe Pequot, 2001), pp. 33–34.
16. Ibid., p. 168.
17. O’Fallon, Nature’s Justice, p. 70.
18. Mark Wyman, Hoboes: Bindlestiffs, Fruit Tramps, and the Harvesting of the West (New York: Hill and Wang, 2010), p. 273.
19. Current Biography, Vol. 17 (New York: H.W. Wilson, 1942), pp. 233–235.
20. Douglas, Of Men and Mountains, p. 11.
21. O’Fallon, Nature’s Justice, p. 38.
22. Douglas, Of Men and Mountains, p. 15.
23. O’Fallon, Nature’s Justice, p. 5.
24. James F. Simon, Independent Journey: The Life of William O. Douglas (New York: Harper and Row, 1980), p. 72.
25. Ibid., p. 73.
26. Ibid., p. 75.
27. Douglas, Go East, Young Man, p. 137.
28. Ibid., p. 151.
29. O’Fallon, Nature’s Justice, pp. 8–12.
30. Douglas, Go East, Young Man, p. 309.
31. Ibid., pp. 310–311.
32. Stephen Fox, The American Conservation Movement (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1981), p. 212.
33. Stewart L. Udall, The Quiet Crisis (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1963), p. 155.
34. William O. Douglas, A Wilderness Bill of Rights (Boston, MA: Little, Brown, 1965), pp. 178–179.
35. Kesler E. Woodward (ed.), Painting in the North: Alaskan Art in the Anchorage Museum of History and Art (Anchorage, AK: Anchorage Museum of History and Art, 1993).
36. Claus-M. Naske and Herman E. Slotnick, Alaska: A History of the 49th State (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1994).
37. Glenn Holder, Talking Totem Poles (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1973), pp. 66–67.
38. “Glacier Bay National Monument,” National Park Service History Report, Gustavus, AK.
39. William S. Cooper, “A Contribution to the History of the Glacier Bay National Monument” (Gustavus, AK: Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve Archive, March 1954).
40. Stephen Haycox and Alexandra McClanahan, Alaska Scrapbook: Moments in Alaska History (Portland, OR: Graphic Arts Center, 2008), pp. 119–120.
41. David L. Lendt, Ding: The Life of Jay Norwood Darling (Iowa City, IA: Maecenas, 2000).
42. Eric Jay Dolin and Bob Dumaine, The Duck Stamp Story (Iola, WI: Krause, 2000), p. 49.
43. Roosevelt to Henry L. Stimson, November 28, 1941, in Edgar B. Nixon (ed.), Franklin D. Roosevelt and Conservation, 1911–1945, 2 vols. (Hyde Park, NY: General Services Administration, 1957), Vol. 2, pp. 540–541.
44. Fox, The American Conservation Movement, pp. 220–223.
45. Raymond Blaine Fosdick, John D. Rockefeller, Jr.: A Portrait (New York: Harper, 1956), p. 129.
46. Tom H. Watkins, Righteous Pilgrim: The Life and Times of Harold L. Ickes, 1874–1952 (New York: Holt, 1990), p. 829.
47. Douglas, A Wilderness Bill of Rights, p. 134.
48. Alden Whitman, “Vigorous Defender of Rights,” New York Times, January 20, 1980, p. 28.
49. George Bookman, “Wonderful World of Walking,” Living Wilderness, Vol. 20, No. 52 (Spring–Summer 1955), p. 1.
50. William O. Douglas, “The C&O Canal . . . 1959,” Living Wilderness, Vol. 24, No. 68 (Spring 1959), p. 2.
51. Thoreau, Walden, p. 40.
52. Timothy Egan, The Big Burn: Teddy Roosevelt and the Fire That Saved America (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2009), pp. 271–272.
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