9. Brooks, G. and Mercier, J. Balance of carbohydrate and lipid utilization during exercise: The “crossover” concept. Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 76, pp. 2253-2261, 1994.
10. Coyle, E. Substrate utilization during exercise in active people. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 61 (Suppl.), pp. 968s-979s, 1995.
11. Lipid metabolism during exercise. In Exercise Metabolism, M. Hargreaves and L. Spriet, eds. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 1995, pp. 99-130.
12. Powers, S. et al. A comparison of fat metabolism in trained men and women during prolonged aerobic work. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, Vol. 52, pp.427-431, 1980.
13. Williams, M. and Branch, J. Creatine supplementation and exercise performance: An update. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, Vol. 17, pp. 216-234, 1998.
Chapter 44 Eating for Enhanced Endurance and Speed
1. Karlsson, J. and Saltin, B. Diet, muscle glycogen, and endurance performance. Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 31, pp. 203-206, 1971.
2. Bergström, J. et al. Diet, muscle glycogen and physical performance. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, Vol. 71, pp. 140-150, 1967.
3. Costill, D. et al. The role of dietary carbohydrates in muscle glycogen resynthesis after strenuous running. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 34, pp. 1831-1836, 1981.
4. Sherman, W. and Costill, D. The marathon: Dietary manipulation to optimize performance. American Journal of Sports Medicine, Vol. 12 (1), pp. 44-51, 1984.
5. Diet and recovery processes. In Physiological Chemistry of Training and Detraining, P. Marconnet et al., eds., Basel: Karger Books, 1984, pp. 148-160.
6. Anderson, Owen, personal observation.
7. Willett, T. Eat, drink, and be healthy. Free Press: New York, 2001, pp. 18-19.
8. Influence of diet on recovery from prolonged exercise. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, Vol. 44 (1), p. 28A, 1985.
9. Anderson, O. Pasta or cakes, pies, and cookies. Running Research News, Vol. 2 (3), pp. 5-6, 1986.
10. Roberts, K. et al. Simple and complex carbohydrate-rich diets and muscle glycogen content of marathon runners. European Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 57, pp. 70-74, 1988.
11. Lemon, P. et al. The importance of protein for athletes. Sports Medicine, Vol. 1 (6), pp. 474-484, 1984.
12. Effect of protein intake and endurance exercise on daily protein requirements. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, Vol. 17 (2), 1985.
13. Tarnopolsky, M. Protein requirements for endurance athletes. Nutrition, Vol. 20 (7-8), pp. 662-668, 2004.
14. Perrottet, T. The naked olympics. New York: Random House, 2004.
15. Mullins, V. et al. Nutritional status of US elite female heptathletes during training. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, Vol. 11, pp. 299-314, 2001.
16. Greenhaff, P. et al. The metabolic responses of human type I and II muscle fibres during maximal treadmill sprinting. Journal of Physiology, Vol. 478, pp. 149-155, 1994.
17. Gaitanos, G. et al. Human muscle metabolism during intermittent maximal exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 75, pp. 712-719, 1993.
18. Maughan, R. et al. Diet composition and the performance of high-intensity exercise. Journal of Sports Sciences, Vol. 15, pp. 265-275, 1997.
19. The effects of glycogen exhaustion on maximal short-term performance. In Exercise and Sports Performance, P.V. Komi, ed. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 1982, pp. 103-108.
20. Balsom, P. et al. High-intensity exercise and muscle glycogen availability in humans. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, Vol. 165, pp. 337-345, 1999.
21. Rockwell, M. et al. Effects of muscle glycogen on performance of repeated sprints and mechanisms of fatigue. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, Vol. 13, pp. 1-14, 2003.
22. Fulcher, K. and Williams, C. The effect of diet on high-intensity intermittent exercise performance. Journal of Sports Sciences, Vol. 10, pp. 550-551A, 1992.
23. Nevill, M. et al. Effect of diet on performance during recovery from intermittent sprint exercise. Journal of Sports Sciences, Vol. 11, pp. 119-126, 1993.
24. Burke, L. Practical sports nutrition. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 2007, p. 178.
25. Lemon, P. Protein and amino acid needs of the strength athlete. International Journal of Sport Nutrition, Vol. 1, pp. 127-145, 1991.
26. Lemon, P. Effect of exercise on protein requirements. Journal of Sports Sciences, Vol. 9, pp. 53-70, 1991.
27. Millward, D. et al. Physical activity, protein metabolism and protein requirements. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, Vol. 53, pp. 223-240, 1994.
28. Burke, D. et al. The effect of whey protein supplementation with and without creatine monohydrate combined with resistance training on lean tissue mass and muscle strength. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, Vol. 11, pp. 349-364, 2001.
29. Nissen, S. and Sharp, L. Effect of dietary supplements on lean mass and strength gains with resistance exercise: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 94, pp. 651-659, 2003.
Chapter 45 Fueling Strategies During a Run
1. David L. Costill, personal communication.
2. Hargreaves, M. et al. Effect of carbohydrate feedings on muscle glycogen utilization and exercise performance. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, Vol. 16 (3), pp. 219-222, 1984.
3. Coyle, E. et al. Muscle glycogen utilization during prolonged strenuous exercise when fed carbohydrate. Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 61, pp. 165-172, 1986.
4. Coggan, A. and Coyle, E. Reversal of fatigue during prolonged exercise by carbohydrate infusion or ingestion. Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 63, pp. 2388-2395, 1987.
5. Bosch, A. et al. Influence of carbohydrate ingestion on fuel substrate turnover and oxidation during prolonged exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 76, pp. 2364-2372, 1994.
6. McConell, G. et al. Effect of carbohydrate ingestion on glucose kinetics during exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 77, pp. 1537-1541, 1994.
7. Tsintzas, O. et al. Carbohydrate ingestion and single muscle fibre glycogen metabolism during prolonged running in men. Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 81, pp. 801-809, 1996.
8. Tsintzas, O. et al. Influence of carbohydrate supplementation early in exercise on endurance running capacity. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, Vol. 28, pp. 1373-1379, 1996.
9. Davis, J. et al. Effects of carbohydrate feedings on plasma free tryptophan and branched-chain amino acids during prolonged cycling. European Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 65, pp. 513-519, 1992.
10. Below, P. et al. Fluid and carbohydrate ingestion independently improve performance during 1 h of intense exercise. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, Vol. 27, pp. 200-210, 1995.
11. Davis, J. et al. Carbohydrate drinks delay fatigue during intermittent, high-intensity cycling in active men and women. International Journal of Sport Nutrition, Vol. 7, pp. 261-273, 1997.
12. Jeukendrup, A. et al. Carbohydrate-electrolyte feedings improve 1h time trial cycling performance. International Journal of Sports Medicine, Vol. 18, pp. 125-129, 1997.
13. Nicholas, C. et al. Influence of ingesting a carbohydrate-electrolyte solution on endurance capacity during intermittent, high intensity shuttle running. Journal of Sports Sciences, Vol. 13, pp. 283-290, 1995.
14. Anderson, O. Glucose electrolyte solutions and the marathon. Running Research News Vol. 2 (2), pp. 4-5, 1986.
15. Wagenmakers, A. et al. Oxidation rates of orally ingested carbohydrates during prolonged exercise in men. Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 75, pp. 2774-2780, 1993.
16. Coyle, E. et al. Carbohydrate metabolism during intense exercise when hyperglycemic. Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 70, pp. 834-840, 1991.
17. Hawley, J. et al. Glucose kinetics during prolonged exercise in euglycemic and hyperglycemic subjects. Pflugers Archives, Vol. 426, pp. 378-386, 1994.
18. Anderson, O. Water is no longer the
drink of champions. Running Research News, Vol. 4 (4), pp. 1-3, 1988.
19. Malathi, P. et al. Studies on the transport of glucose from disaccharides by hamster small intestine in vitro. I. Evidence for a disaccharidase-related transport system. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, Vol. 307, pp. 613-626, 1973.
20. Jentjens, R. et al. High oxidation rates from combined carbohydrates ingested during exercise. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, Vol. 36(9), pp. 1551-1558, 2004.
21. Rehrer, N. et al. Gastric emptying with repeated drinking during running and bicycling. International Journal of Sports Medicine, Vol. 11 (3), pp. 238-243, 1990.
Chapter 46 Weight Control and Body Composition
1. Jeukendrup, A. and Gleeson, M. Sport nutrition: An introduction to energy production and performance. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 2004, p. 268.
2. Bouchard, C. The genetics of obesity. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1994, pp. 223-233.
3. Bouchard, C. et al. The response to exercise with constant energy intake in identical twins. Obesity Research, Vol. 2, pp. 400-410, 1994.
4. Rankinen, T. et al. The human obesity gene map: The 2001 update. Obesity Research, Vol. 10 (3), pp. 196-243, 2002.
5. Lohman, T. and Going, S. Multi-component models in body composition research: Opportunities and pitfalls. Basic Life Sciences, Vol. 60, pp. 53-58, 1993.
6. Sheppard, L. et al. Weight loss in women participating in a randomized trial of low-fat diets. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 54 (5), pp. 821-828, 1991.
7. Walberg-Rankin, J. Forfeit the fat, leave the lean: Optimizing weight loss for athletes. Sports Science Exchange, Vol. 13 (1), pp. 1-4, 2000.
8. Golay, A. et al. Similar weight loss with low- or high-carbohydrate diets. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 63, pp. 174-178, 1996.
9. Lose body fat safely. Sports Science Exchange, Suppl. Vol. 13 (1), 2000.
10. Walberg-Rankin, J. Dietary carbohydrate as an ergogenic aid for prolonged and brief competition in sport. International Journal of Sport Nutrition, Vol. 5, pp. S13-S28, 1995.
11. The myth of the “fat-burning zone”: You can exercise there, but don’t assume that you are breaking down more fat. Running Research News, Vol. 9 (2), pp. 10-11, Mar.-Apr. 1993.
12. Anderson, O. How the Kenyan cross-country system really works. Running Research News, Vol. 10 (4), pp. 1-4, July-Aug. 1994.
13. Broeder, C. et al. Assessing body composition before and after resistance or endurance training. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, Vol. 29 (5), pp. 705-712, 1997.
14. Ballor, D. and Keesey, R. A meta-analysis of the factors affecting exercise-induced changes in body mass, fat mass, and fat-free mass in males and females. International Journal of Obesity, Vol. 15 (11), pp. 717-726, 1991.
15. Dulloo, A. and Jacquet, J. Adaptive reduction in basal metabolic rate in response to food deprivation in humans: A role for feedback signals from fat stores. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 68 (3), pp. 599-606, 1998.
16. Owen Anderson, personal observation.
17. Drinkwater, B. et al. Bone mineral content of amenorrheic and eumenorrheic athletes. New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 311 (5), pp. 277-281, 1984.
18. Myerson, M. et al. Resting metabolic rate and energy balance in amenorrheic and eumenorrheic runners. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, Vol. 23 (1), pp. 15-22, 1991.
19. Lebenstedt, M. Reduced resting metabolic rate in athletes with menstrual disorders. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, Vol. 31 (9), pp. 1250-1256, 1999.
20. Anderson, O. The Science of Kenyan eating. Running Research News, Vol. 21 (1), pp. 1, 5-8, Jan.-Feb. 2005.
Chapter 47 Ergogenic Aids for Running
1. Supplements, Part 1: Bitter Pills Swallow Sports. July 15, 2001. www.privatelabelnutra.com/supplement-manufacturer-blog/sports-performance-supplements-2013-gowth-and-market-tends/
2. O’Rourke, M. et al. Caffeine has a small effect on 5-km running performance of well-trained and recreational runners. Journal of Science & Medicine in Sport, Vol. 11 (2), pp. 231-233, 2008.
3. Bridge, C. and Jones, M. The effect of caffeine ingestion on 8 km run performance in a field setting. Journal of Sports Sciences, Vol. 24 (4), pp. 433-439, 2006.
4. Birnbaum, L. and Herbst, J. Physiologic effects of caffeine use on cross-country runners. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, Vol. 18 (3), pp. 463-465, 2004.
5. Wiles, J. et al. Effect of caffeinated coffee on running speed, respiratory factors, blood lactate, and perceived exertion during 1500-m treadmill running. British Journal of Sports Medicine, Vol. 26 (2), pp. 116-120, 1992.
6. Doherty, M. The effects of caffeine on the maximal accumulated oxygen deficit and short-term running performance. International Journal of Sport Nutrition, Vol. 8 (2), pp. 95-104, 1998.
7. Anderson, O. More buzz about joe. Running Research News, Vol. 11 (1), pp. 10-11, Jan.-Feb.1995.
8. Desbrow, B. and Leveritt, M. Well-trained endurance athletes’ knowledge, insight, and experience of caffeine use. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, Vol. 17 (4), pp. 328-339, 2007.
9. Spriet, L. Caffeine and performance. International Journal of Sport Nutrition, Vol. 5 (Suppl.), pp. S84-S99, 1995.
10. Van Soeren, M. et al. Caffeine metabolism and epinephrine responses during exercise in users and non-users. Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 75 (2), pp. 805-812, 1993.
11. Van Soeren, M. and Graham, T. Effect of caffeine on metabolism, exercise endurance, and catecholamine responses after withdrawal. Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 85 (4), pp. 1493-1501, 1998.
12. Bell, D. et al. Effect of ingesting caffeine and ephedrine on 10-km run performance. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, Vol. 34 (2), pp. 344-349, 2002.
13. Bell, D. et al. Effects of caffeine, ephedrine, and their combination on time to exhaustion during high-intensity exercise. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, Vol. 77 (5), pp. 427-433, 1998.
14. The 2008 prohibited list, international standard. www.wada-ama.org/rtecontent/document/2008_List_En.pdf.
15. Katz, A. et al. Maximal exercise tolerance after induced alkalosis. International Journal of Sports Medicine, Vol. 5 (2), pp. 107-110, 1984.
16. Anderson, O. Baking soda: An ergogenic aid? Running Research News, Vol. 1 (3), pp. 3-4, 1986.
17. Costill, D. et al. Acid-base balance during repeated bouts of exercise: Influence of HCO3. International Journal of Sports Medicine, Vol. 5 (5), pp. 228-231, 1984.
18. Bishop, D. and Claudius, B. Effects of induced metabolic alkalosis on prolonged intermittent-sprint performance. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, Vol. 37 (5), pp. 759-767, 2005.
19. Wilkes, D. et al. Effect of acute induced metabolic alkalosis on 800-m racing time. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, Vol. 15, pp. 277-280, 1983.
20. Effect of orally administered sodium bicarbonate on performance of high intensity exercise. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American College of Sports Medicine, May 26-29, 1985.
21. Spriet, L. et al. Legal pre-event nutritional supplements to assist energy metabolism. Essays in Biochemistry, Vol. 44, pp. 27-43, 2008.
22. Bemben, M. and Lamont, H. Creatine supplementation and exercise performance: Recent findings. Sports Medicine, Vol. 35 (2), pp. 107-125, 2005.
23. Hirvonen, J. et al. Breakdown of high-energy phosphate compounds and lactate accumulation during short supramaximal exercise. European Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 56, pp. 253-259, 1987.
24. Harris, R. et al. Elevation of creatine in resting and exercised muscle of normal subjects by creatine supplementation. Clinical Science, Vol. 83, pp. 367-374, 1992.
25. Hultman, E. et al. Muscle creatine loading in men. Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 81, pp. 232-237, 1996.
26. Nissen, S. and Sharp, R. Effect of dietary supplements on lean mass and strength gains with resistance exercise: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 94, pp. 651-659, 20
03.
27. Izquierdo, M. et al. Effects of creatine supplementation on muscle power, endurance, and sprint performance. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, Vol. 34 (2), pp. 332-343, 2002.
28. Preen, D. et al. Effect of creatine loading on long-term sprint exercise performance and metabolism. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, Vol. 33 (5), pp. 814-821, 2001.
29. Anderson, O. Creatine propels british athletes to olympic gold medals: Is creatine the one true ergogenic aid? Running Research News, Vol. 9 (1), pp. 1-5, Jan.-Feb. 1993.
30. Anderson, O. Creatine supplements linked with slower 6-k performances. Running Research News, Vol. 10 (3), pp. 12-13, May-June 1994.
31. Jeukendrup, A. and Gleeson, M. Sport Nutrition: An Introduction to Energy Production and Performance. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 2004, p. 263.
32. ConsumerLab.com finds that not all creatine supplements meet label claims. August 7, 2000. http://www.consumerlab.com/news/Creatine_Tests/8_7_2000/.
Chapter 48 The Brain and the Experience of Fatigue
1.Fatigue and exercise part I A: The pacing strategy—why the “obvious” is crucially important. Dec. 21, 2008. www.sportsscientists.com/2008/05/fatigue-and-exercise-part-i.htmlhttp://www.sportsscientists.com/2008/05/fatigue-and-exercise-part-i.html.
2. The mystery of fatigue and the limits of performance. Dec. 21, 2008. www.sportsscientists.com/search/label/fatigue.
3. Nybo, L. and Nielsen, B. Hyperthermia and central fatigue during prolonged exercise in humans. Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 91, pp. 1055-1060, 2001.
4. Nybo, L. and Nielsen, B. Perceived exertion is associated with an latered brain activity during exercise with progressive hyperthermia. Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 91, pp. 2017-2023, 2001.
5. Nybo, L. et al. Inadequate heat release from the human brain during prolonged exercise with hyperthermia. Journal of Physiology, Vol. 545, pp. 697-704, 2002.
6. Marino, F. et al. Superior performance of African runners in warm, humid but not in cool environmental conditions. Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 96, pp.124-130, 2004.
7. Marino, F. Anticipatory regulation and avoidance of catastrophe during exercise-induced hyperthermia. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B–Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Vol. 139, pp. 561-569, 2004.
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