121. George Bush’s address to the Iraqi people, broadcast on Towards Freedom TV, April 10, 2003, http://home.earthlink.net/~platter/speeches/030410-bush-tfreedom.html.
122. Office of the Undersecretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology, and Logistics, Report of the Defense Science Board Task Force on Strategic Communication (Washington, DC: September 2004), pp. 39-40.
123. See Frank Rich, “And Now: ’Operation Iraqi Looting,’” New York Times, April 27, 2003; Eleanor Robson, “The Collection Lies in Ruins, Objects from a Long, Rich Past in Smithereens,” Guardian, April 14, 2003, http://www.guardian.co.uk/arts/features/story/0,11710,936561,00.html.
124. Robert Scheer, “It’s U.S. Policy that’s ’Untidy,’” Los Angeles Times, April 15, 2003; reprinted in “Books in Flames,” TomDispatch.com,, April 15, 2003, http://www.tomdispatch.com/index.mhtmPpid-578.
125. John F. Burns, “Pillagers Strip Iraqi Museum of Its Treasures,” New York Times, April 13, 2003; Piotr Michalowski (University of Michigan), “The Ransacking of the Baghdad Museum Is a Disgrace,” History News Network, April 14, 2003, http://hnn.us/articles/1386.html; Fiachra Gibbons, “The End of Civilization,” Guardian, April 2, 2003, http://www.guardian.co.uk/arts/features/story/0,11710,927788,00.html.
126. Polk and Schuster, Looting of Iraq Museum, pp. 209-10; “Looters Trash Museum’s Treasures,” Observer, April 13, 2003, http://observer.guardian.co.uk/international/story/0935762,00.html.
127. Mark Wilkinson, “Looting of Ancient Sites Threatens Iraqi Heritage,” Reuters, June 29, 2005, http://famulus.msnbc.com/famulusintl/reuters06-29-050006.asp?reg-mideast8tvts=62920051945. See also Matthew Bogdanos, Thieves of Baghdad (New York: Bloomsbury USA, 2005).
128. Polk and Schuster, Looting of Iraq Museum, pp. 23, 212-13; Louise Jury, “At Least 8,000 Treasures Looted from Iraq Museum Still Untraced,” Independent, May 24, 2005; Stephen Fidler,” ’The Looters Knew What They Wanted. It Looks Like Vandalism, but Organized Crime May Be Behind It,’” Financial Times, May 23, 2003; Rod Liddle, “The Day of the Jackals,” Spectator, April 19, 2003, http://www.agitprop.org.au/nowrar/20030419_liddle_day_of_the_jackals.php.
129. Humberto Marquez, “Iraq Invasion the ’Biggest Cultural Disaster Since 1258,”’ Antiwar.com, February 16, 2005, http://www.antiwar.com/ips/marquez.php?articleid-4859.
130. Robert Fisk, “Library Books, Letters, and Priceless Documents Are Set Ablaze in Final Chapter of the Sacking of Baghdad,” Independent, April 15, 2003.
131. Polk and Schuster, Looting of Iraq Museum, p. 10.
132. Guy Gugliotta, “Pentagon Was Told of Risk to Museums; U.S. Urged to Save Iraq’s Historic Artifacts,” Washington Post, April 14, 2003; McGuire Gibson, “Cultural Tragedy in Iraq: A Report on the Looting of Museums, Archives, and Sites,” International Foundation for Art Research, http://www.ifar.org/tragedy.htm. See also Jeremy Grant’s interview with McGuire Gibson at the University of Chicago’s Oriental Institute, “Hidden Gems and Unexpected Links,” Financial Times, September 10–11, 2005.
133. Liddle, “Day of the Jackals”; Oliver Burkeman, “Ancient Archive Lost in Baghdad Blaze,” Guardian, April 15, 2003, http://www.guardian.co.uk/international/story/0936943,00.html.
134. See James A. R. Nafziger, “Art Loss in Iraq: Protection of Cultural Heritage in Time of War and Its Aftermath,” International Foundation for Art Research, http://www.ifar.org/heritage.htm.
135. Jonathan Steele, “Museum’s Treasures Left to the Mercy of Looters, U.S. Generals Reject Plea to Protect Priceless Artifacts from Vandals,” Guardian, April 14, 2003, http://www.guardian.co.uk/arts/news/story/0,11711,936557,00.html; Paul Martin, Ed Vulliamy, and Gaby Hinsliff, “U.S. Army Was Told to Protect Looted Museum,” Observer, April 20, 2003, http://www.guardian.co.uk/print/0,3858,4651740-102275,00.html; Rich, “Operation Iraqi Looting”; Paul Martin, “Troops Were Told to Guard Treasures,” Washington Times, April 20, 2003.
136. Said Arjomand, “Under the Eyes of U.S. Forces and This Happened?” History News Network, April 14, 2003, http://hnn.us/articles/1387.html. For the hypocrisy of marine colonel Matthew Bogdanos, who was put in charge of covering up or distracting from the failures of the American military to carry out its orders, see Christopher de Bellaigue, “Loot,” Granta, no. 83 (Fall 2003), pp. 193-211. For Bogdanos’s own attempt to conflate the looting in Iraq with the international trade in illegally obtained antiquities, see “The Terrorist in the Art Gallery,” New York Times, December 10, 2005.
137. Ed Vulliamy “Troops ’Vandalize’ Ancient City of Ur,” Observer, May 18, 2003, http://observer.guardian.co.uk/print/0,3858,4671554-102275,00.html; Paul Johnson, Art: A New History (New York: HarperCollins, 2003), pp. 18, 35; Polk and Schuster, Looting of Iraq Museum, p. 99, % 25.
138. “Tallil Air Base,” GlobalSecurity.org, http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/iraq/tallil.htm.
139. Max Mallowan, Mallowan’s Memoirs (London: Collins, 1977), p. 61.
140. Rory McCarthy and Maev Kennedy, “Babylon Wrecked by War,” Guardian, January 15, 2005, http://www.guardian.co.uk/print/0,3858,5104058-103550,00.html.
141. Owen Bowcott, “Archaeologists Fight to Save Iraqi Sites,” Guardian, June 20, 2005, http://www.guardian.co.uk/Iraq/Story/0,2763,1510061,00.html.
142. Zainab Bahrani, “The Fall of Babylon,” in Polk and Schuster, Looting of Iraq Museum, p. 214. See also Bahrani, “Looting and Conquest,” Nation, May 14, 2003, http://www.thenation.com/doc.mhtmPi-20030526 & s=bahrani.
143. Associated Press, “Hussein’s Gazelles Feed Marine Base,” San Diego Union-Tribune, April 19, 2003.
2: COMPARATIVE IMPERIAL PATHOLOGIES: ROME, BRITAIN, AND AMERICA
1. Cornel West is particularly interesting on the relationship between “prophetic Christians” and “Constantinian Christians.” See his Democracy Matters: Winning the Fight Against Imperialism (New York: Penguin, 2004), pp. 146-69.
2. Robert C. Byrd, The Senate of the Roman Republic (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1995), p. 41.
3. Anthony Everitt, Cicero: The Life and Times of Rome’s Greatest Politician (New York: Random House, 2001), p. 67.
4. Michael Parenti, The Assassination of Julius Caesar: A People’s History of Ancient Rome (New York: New Press, 2003), p. 191.
5. Ibid., p. 181.
6. Ibid., p. 221.
7. Ibid., p. 16.
8. Ibid., pp. 50, 204.
9. Tom Holland, Rubicon: The Last Years of the Roman Republic (New York: Doubleday, 2003), pp. 181-82.
10. Ibid., p. 8.
11. Patrick E. Tyler, “U.S. Strategy Plan Calls for Insuring No Rivals Develop,” New York Times, March 8, 1992.
12. Paul Wolfowitz, “Remembering the Future,” National Interest, Spring 2000, p. 36; David Armstrong, “Dick Cheney’s Song of America: Drafting a Plan for Global Dominance,” Harper’s Magazine, October 2002, pp. 76-83.
13. Holland, Rubicon, p. 177.
14. Ibid., p. 167.
15. Ed Harriman, “Where Has All the Money Gone?” London Review of Books, July 7, 2005, pp. 3-7; Pratap Chatterjee, Iraq, Inc.: A Profitable Occupation (New York: Seven Stories Press, 2004).
16. For a map showing the “Tiber River,” see James Sterling Young, The Washington Community, 1800-1828 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1966), p. 67. Also see Byrd, Senate of the Roman Republic, p. 183.
17. Holland, Rubicon, pp. xv-xvi.
18. Ibid., p. xvii.
19. Everitt, Cicero, p. 12.
20. See, for example, Dana Priest, “The CinCs: Proconsuls to the Empire,” in The Mission: Waging War and Keeping Peace with America’s Military (New York: Norton, 2003), pp. 61-77.
21. Byrd, Senate of the Roman Republic, p. 50.
22. Holland, Rubicon, p. 21.
23. Parenti, Assassination of Julius Caesar, pp. 54-55.
24. Everitt, Cicero, p. 14.
25. Ibid., pp. 321-22.
26. Ibid., p. 11.
27. Holland, Rubicon, pp. 161-62.
28. Everitt
, Cicero, pp. 126-27.
29. Suetonius, The Twelve Caesars, trans. Robert Graves (London: Penguin Books, 2003), p. 25.
30. Everitt, Cicero, pp. 16-17.
31. Byrd, Senate of the Roman Republic, pp. 111, 116.
32. Holland, Rubicon, p. 162.
33. Everitt, Cicero, p. 19.
34. Ibid., p. 45.
35. Suzanne Cross, “Gaius Marius, 157-86 B.C,” http://heraklia.fwsl.com/contemporaries/marius/.
36. Everitt, Cicero, p. 246.
37. Ibid., pp. 281, 296; Holland, Rubicon, p. 361; Parenti, Assassination of Julius Caesar, p. 201; Byrd, Senate of the Roman Republic, p. 34.
38. Everitt, Cicero, pp. 303-18.
39. Shasta Darlington, Reuters, “New Dig Says Caligula Was Indeed a Maniac,” San Diego Union-Tribune, August 16, 2003.
40. On Nero’s reputation, see Edward Champlin, Nero (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003).
41. Niall Ferguson, Colossus: The Price of America’s Empire (New York: Penguin, 2004), p. 208. Also see Vivek Chibber, “The Good Empire: Should We Pick Up Where the British Left Off?” Boston Review, February-March 2005, pp. 30-34.
42. Niall Ferguson, Empire: The Rise and Demise of the British World Order and the Lessons for Global Power (New York: Basic Books, 2002), pp. xxi, x.
43. Max Boot, “The Case for an American Empire,” Weekly Standard, October 15, 2001.
44. Review of Ferguson’s Colossus, Financial Times, May 15-16,2004.
45. See Mike Davis, Late Victorian Holocausts (London: Verso, 2001), pp. 7, 311-12.
46. Joshua Micah Marshall, “Power Rangers,” New Yorker, February 2, 2004.
47. Bernard Porter, The Absent-Minded Imperialists: Empire, Society, and Culture in Britain (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005); Ronald Steel, Pax Americana (New York: Viking, 1967), pp. 16-17.
48. Bernard Porter, Empire and Superempire: Britain, America and the World (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2006), p. 42.
49. Wikipedia, “Michael Ignatieff,” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Ignatieff; Peter C. Newman, “Q&A with Liberal Leadership Contender Michael Ignatieff,” Macleans.ca, April 6, 2006, http://www.macleans.ca/topstories/politics/article.jsp?content=20060410_124769_124769; and Michael Ignatieff, “Lesser Evils,” New York Times Magazine, May 2, 2004, http://www.ksg.harvard.edu/news/opeds/2004/ignatieff_less_evils_nytm_050204.htm.
50. Michael Ignatieff, “The Burden,” New York Times Magazine, January 5, 2003; reprinted in various places under the title “The American Empire (Get Used to It).”
51. Michael Neumann, “Michael Ignatieff, Apostle of He-manitarianism,” Counter-punch, December 8, 2003, which draws its quotations from Ignatieff’s book Empire Lite: Nation Building in Bosnia, Kosovo, Afghanistan (London: Vintage UK, 2003).
52. Ferguson, Colossus, p. 169; Empire, p. 267.
53. Quoted by Ferguson, Colossus, p. 220. Also see Roger Owen, Lord Cromer: Victorian Imperialist, Edwardian Proconsul (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004).
54. Quoted by Ferguson, Empire, p. 200.
55. Kevin Baker, “We’re in the Army Now,” Harper’s Magazine, October 2003, p. 43.
56. Eric Foner, “The Lie that Empire Tells Itself,” London Review of Books, May 19, 2005, p. 16.
57. Edward Said, “Jane Austen and Empire” (1990), in The Edward Said Reader, ed. Moustafa Bayoumi and Andrew Rubin (New York: Vintage Books, 2000), p. 349.
58. Hannah Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism (New York: Meridian, 1958), p. 216. The term comes from an unnamed British bureaucrat commenting on what was necessary to keep the population of India docile and under British control.
59. Quoted by Dinesh D’Souza, “In Praise of American Empire,” Christian Science Monitor, April 26, 2002.
60. See John W. Dower, Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II (New York: WW. Norton, 1999).
61. Foner, “Lie.”
62. The most important compilation of such campaign names is Arkin, Code Names.
63. Quoted by Tony Stephens, “According to the White House this Action is Anything but War,” Sydney Morning Herald, March 21, 2003, http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/03/20/1047749879550.html.
64. Sven Lindqvist, ”Exterminate All the Brutes”: One Mans Odyssey into the Heart of Darkness and the Origins of European Genocide, trans. Joan Tate (New York: New Press, 1996). Also see Tom Engelhardt, “The Cartography of Death,” Nation, October 23, 2000.
65. Charles S. Maier, “An American Empire?” Harvard Magazine, November-December 2002, http://www.harvardmagazine.eom/on-line/1102193.html.
66. Carl A. Trocki, Opium, Empire, and the Global Political Economy: A Study of the Asian Opium Trade, 1750-1950 (London: Routledge, 1999). Also see Ferguson, Empire, p. 139; Yoshie Furuhashi, “A New Opium War,” 2004, http://info.interactivist.net/print.pPsid-04/12/ll/2259233; James L. Hevia, “Opium, Empire, and Modern History,” China Review International 10, no. 2 (Fall 2003); and John Richards, “The Opium Industry in British India,” Indian Economic and Social History Review 39, no. 2-3 (2002), pp. 149-80. The classic studies are Maurice Collis, Foreign Mud: Being an Account of the Opium Imbroglio at Canton in the 1830’s and the Anglo-Chinese War that Followed (New York: Knopf, 1947); and Alfred W McCoy, The Politics of Heroin (Chicago: Lawrence Hill, 1991).
67. Arendt, Origins of Totalitarianism, pp. 183-84.
68. Davis, Late Victorian Holocausts, p. 292.
69. Ferguson, Empire, p. 22.
70. Lindqvist, ”Exterminate All the Brutes” pp. 81-88.
71. Ibid., p. 115.
72. Ferguson, Empire, p. 217.
73. Ibid., p. 219.
74. Ibid., p. 279.
75. P. J. Marshall, ed., Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), p, 373.
76. Ferguson, Empire, p. 169.
77. Katherine Bailey, “Edwina Mountbatten: India’s Last Vicerine,” British Heritage, April-May 2000, http://historynet.com/bh/blmountbatten/index.html.
78. Tapan Raychaudhuri, “British Rule in India: An Assessment,” in Marshall, History of the British Empire, p. 367.
79. Marshall, History of the British Empire, pp. 371-72.
80. Editorial, “Promises, Promises,” New York Times, August 22, 2005.
81. Anita Jain, “World Bank to Lend India $9bn to Help Improve Rural Areas,” Financial Times, August 22, 2005.
82. See Walden Bello, Dilemmas of Domination: The Unmaking of the American Empire (New York: Metropolitan, 2005).
83. Ferguson, Empire, p. 304.
84. Ferguson, Colossus, p. 25.
85. John Gray, “The World Is Round,” New York Review of Books, August 11, 2005, pp. 13-15.
86. Ferguson, Empire, p. 164.
87. Raychaudhuri, “British Rule in India,” p. 363.
88. See Chalmers Johnson, “Whatever Happened to Globalization?” in The Sorrows of Empire (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2004), pp. 255-81; Johnson, MITI and the Japanese Miracle (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1982); Meredith Woo-Cumings, ed., The Developmental State (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1999); and Johnson, “Economic Crisis in East Asia: The Clash of Capitalisms,” Cambridge Journal of Economics 22, no. 6 (November 1998), pp. 653-61.
89. Davis, Late Victorian Holocausts, p. 295.
90. Karl Polanyi, The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time (1944; repr. Boston: Beacon Press, 1957), pp. 159-60; quoted by Davis, Late Victorian Holocausts, p. 10.
91. Ferguson, Empire, p. 314.
92. Thomas L. Friedman, The Lexus and the Olive Tree (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1999), p. 381. The best study of globalization today is Manfred B. Steger, Globalism: The New Market Ideology (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Little-field, 2002). Also see Jeff Faux, “Flat Note from the Pied Piper of Globalization,” Dissent, Fall 2005, pp. 64-67.
93. Ferguson, Colossus, p. 196.
94. Ferguson, Empire, p. 302.
95. Marsh
all, History of the British Empire, pp. 372-73.
96. Caroline Elkins, Imperial Reckoning: The Untold Story of Britain s Gulag in Kenya (New York: Henry Holt, 2005), p. 11. Also see David Anderson, Histories of the Hanged: Britain s Dirty War in Kenya and the End of Empire (London: Weidenfeld, 2005); Daphne Eviatar, “In Cold Blood,” Nation, February 21, 2005; and Bernard Porter, “How Did They Get Away with It?” London Review of Books, March 3, 2005. An early study of Mau Mau had already discredited British propaganda that the insurgents were “heathen savages” and shown the revolt to have been in response particularly to settler land seizures. See Carl G. Rosberg Jr. and John Nottingham, The Myth of Mau Mau: Nationalism in Kenya (New York: Praeger, 1966).
Nemesis: The Last Days of the American Republic Page 39
