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Books and pamphlets
A Barrister-at-Law, The Road Murder: Being a Complete Report and Analysis of the Various Examinations and Opinions of the Press on this Mysterious Tragedy, London, 1860
'Anonyma' (W. Stephens Hayward), Revelations of a Lady Detective, London, 1864
Braddon, Mary Elizabeth, Lady Audley's Secret, London, 1862
Cavanagh, Timothy, Scotland Yard Past and Present: Experiences of Thirty-Seven Years, London, 1893
Coleridge, Ernest Hartley, Life and Correspondence of John Duke, Lord Coleridge, London, 1904
Collins, Wilkie, The Woman in White, London, 1860
Collins, Wilkie, The Moonstone, London, 1868
Davies, James, The Case of Constance Kent, viewed in the Light of the Holy Catholic Church, London, 1865
Dickens, Charles, Bleak House, London, 1853
Dickens, Charles, The Mystery of Edwin Drood, London, 1870
House, Madeline and Storey, Graham, The Letters of Charles Dickens 1859–61, London, 1997
Hood, Edwin Paxton, The Case of Constance Kent, viewed in the Light of the Confessional, London, 1865
Forrester, Andrew, The Female Detective, London, 1864
Griffiths, Arthur, Secrets of the Prison House, London, 1894
Griffiths, Arthur, Mysteries of Police & Crime, London, 1899
Griffiths, Arthur, Fifty Years of Public Service, London, 1904
Hotten, John Camden, The Slang Dictionary; or, The Vulgar Words, Street Phrases, and 'Fast' Expressions of High and Low Society, etc, London, 1864
Huish, Robert, The Progress of Crime; or, The Authentic Memoirs of Maria Manning, London, 1849
James, Henry, The Turn of the Screw, London, 1898
Kenealy, Maurice Edward, The Tichborne Tragedy: Being the Secret and Authentic History of the Extraordinary Facts and Circumstances Connected with the Claims, Personality, Identification, Conviction and Last Days of the Tichborne Claimant, London, 1913
Kent, William, Guidebook to the Manchester Aquarium, Manchester, 1875
Kent, William, A Manual of the Infusoria: Including a Description of All Known Flagellate, Ciliate and Tentaculiferous Protozoa, British and Foreign, and an Account of the Organisation and Affinities of the Sponges, London, 1880–82
Lansdowne, Andrew, A Life's Reminiscences of Scotland Yard, London, 1890
Mayhew, Henry, London Labour and the London Poor, London, 1861
Mayhew, Henry, and Binny, John, The Criminal Prisons of London and Scenes of London Life, London, 1862
McLevy, James, The Casebook of a Victorian Detective, ed. George Scott-Moncreiff, Edinburgh, 1975, a selection from Curiosities of Crime in Edinburgh and The Sliding Scale of Life, Edinburgh, 1861
Poe, Edgar Allan, 'The Man of the Crowd' (1840), 'The Murders in the rue Morgue' (1841), 'The Mystery of Marie Roget' (1842), 'The Tell-tale Heart' (1843), reprinted in Complete Stories and Poems, New York, 1966
Saville-Kent, William, The Great Barrier Reef, London, 1893
Saville-Kent, William, The Naturalist in Australia, London, 1897
Stapleton, Joseph Whitaker, The Great Crime of 1860: Being a Summary of the Facts Relating to the Murder Committed at Road; a Critical Review of its Social and Scientific Aspects; and an Authorised Account of the Family; With an Appendix, Containing the Evidence Taken at the Various Inquiries, London, 1861
Ware, James Redding, The Road Murder: Analysis of this Persistent Mystery, Published in 1862, Now Reprinted, with Further Remarks, London, 1865
'Waters' (William Russell), Recollections of a Detective Police-Officer, London, 1856
'Waters' (William Russell), ed, Experiences of a Real Detective by Inspector 'F', London, 1862
SECONDARY SOURCES
Altick, Richard D., Victorian Studies in Scarlet, New York, 1970
Deadly Encounters: Two Victorian Sensations, Philadelphia, 1986
The Anatomy of Murder: Famous Crimes Critically Considered by Members of the Detection Club, London, 1936
Atlay, J.B., Famous Trials of the Century, London, 1899
Beer, Gillian, Forging the Missing Link: Interdisciplinary Stories, Cambridge, 1992
Boyle, Thomas, Black Swine in the Sewers of Hampstead: Beneath the Surface of Victorian Sensationalism, New York, 1988
Bridges, Yseult, Saint – with Red Hands?: The Chronicle of a Great Crime, London, 1954
Browne, Douglas G., The Rise of Scotland Yard: A History of the Metropolitan Police, London, 1956
Chesney, Kellow, The Victorian Underworld, London, 1970
Cobb, Belton, Critical Years at the Yard: The Career of Frederick Williamson of the Detective Department and the CID, London, 1956
Cobb, Belton, The First Detectives and the Early Career of Richard Mayne, Commissioner of Police, London, 1957
Collins, Philip, Dickens and Crime, London, 1962
Dilnot, George, Scotland Yard: Its History and Organisation 1829–1929, London, 1929
Emsley, Clive, The English Police: A Political and Social History, London, 1991
Frank, Lawrence, Victorian Detective Fiction and the Nature of Evidence: The Scientific Investigations of Poe, Dickens and Doyle, New York, 2003
Harrison, A.J., Savant of the Australian Seas, Hobart, 1997
Hartman, Mary S., Victorian Murderesses, New York, 1977
Hughes, Kathryn, The Victorian Governess, London, 1993
Kayman, Martin A., From Bow Street to Baker Street: Mystery, Detection and Narrative, Basingstoke, 1992
Knelman, Judith, Twisting in the Wind: The Murderess and the English Press, Toronto, 1998
Lehman, David, The Perfect Murder: A Study in Detection, New York, 1989
Lock, Joan, Dreadful Deeds and Awful Murders: Scotland Yard's First Detectives 1829–1878, Somerset, 1990
Maughan, Herbert Hamilton, Wagner of Brighton: The Centenary Book of St Paul's Church, Brighton, Loughlinstown, 1949
Miller, D.A., The Novel and the Police, Berkeley, 1988
Miller, Wilbur R., Cops and Bobbies: Police Authority in New York and London, 1830–1870, Chicago, 1999
Ousby, Ian, Bloodhounds of Heaven: The Detective in English Fiction from Godwin to Doyle, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1976
Porter, Dennis, The Pursuit of Crime: Art and Ideology in Detective Fiction, New Haven, 1981
Rhode, John, The Case of Constance Kent, London, 1928
Rogers, Kenneth, The Book of Trowbridge, Buckingham, 1984
Roughead, William, The Rebel Earl and Other Studies, Edinburgh, 1926
Shpayer-Makov, Haia, The Making of a Policeman: A Social History of a Labour Force in Metropolitan London, 1829–1914, Aldershot, 2002
Symons, Julian, Bloody Murder: From the Detective Story to the Crime Novel – a History, London, 1972
Taylor, Bernard, Cruelly Murdered: Constance Kent and the Killing at Road Hill House, London, 1979, revised 1989
Taylor, Jenny Bourne, In the Secret Theatre of Home: Wilkie Collins, Sensation Narrative, and Nineteenth-Century Psychology, London, 1988
Taylor, Jenny Bourne and Shuttleworth, Sally, eds, Embodied Selves: An Anthology of Psychological Texts 1830–1890, Oxford, 1998
Thomas, Ronald, Detective Fiction and the Rise of Forensic Science, Cambridge, 1999
Trodd, Anthea, Domestic Crime in the Victorian Novel, Basingstoke, 1989
Wohl, A., The Victorian Family: Structures and Stresses, London, 1978
Woodruff, John Douglas, The Tichborne Claimant: A Victorian Mystery, London, 1957
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I am very grateful to Bernard Taylor for directing me to his archive of papers on the Road Hill murder and for allowing me to use the images he gathered – he has been exceptionally generous. Thanks also to Stewart Evans, the custodian of the archive, for his guidance and hospitality, and to Cynthia
Yates for being such a welcoming and informative hostess at Langham (formerly Road Hill) House. For help on specific queries, thanks to Joseph Wisdom at St Paul's Cathedral, Susanna Lamb at Madame Tussaud's, Eleri Lynn at the Victoria & Albert Museum, Katherine White at Trowbridge Museum and Anthony J. Harrison in Australia. Thank you to Leslie Robinson for the maps. More generally, I am indebted to the staff of the National Archives, the Family Records Centre, Battersea Library, Southwark Local History Library, Trowbridge Museum, Frome Museum, the London Library, the British Library, the London Metropolitan Archives and the Metropolitan Police Historical Collection.
For their advice and their support, huge thanks to my family and friends, among them Ben Summerscale, Juliet Summerscale, Valerie Summerscale, Peter Summerscale, Robert Randall, Daniel Nogués, Victoria Lane, Toby Clements, Sinclair McKay, Lorna Bradbury, Alex Clark, Will Cohu, Ruth Metzstein, Stephen O'Connell, Keith Wilson and Miranda Fricker. In the early stages of my research, I was sent to excellent sources by Sarah Wise, Rebecca Gowers, Robert Douglas-Fairhurst and Kathryn Hughes. Towards the end, I had wonderful readers in Anthea Trodd and Peter Parker. My thanks also to PD James for her observations on this case and to former Detective-Inspector Douglas Campbell for his comments about detective work in general.
For putting so much into publishing the book, thank you to Alexandra Pringle, Mary Morris, Kate Tindal-Robertson, Meike Boening, Kathleen Farrar, Polly Napper, Kate Bland, David Mann, Phillip Beresford, Robert Lacey, and the rest of the brilliant people at Bloomsbury. Thank you to my terrific editors at Walker & Co, George Gibson and Michele Amundsen, and to the other publishers who have shown faith in the book, including Andreu Jaume of Lumen S.A. in Barcelona, Dorothee Grisebach of Berlin Verlag, Dominique Bourgois of Christian Bourgois Editeur in Paris, Andrea Canobbio of Giulio Einaudi Editore in Turin, and Nikolai Naumenko of AST in Moscow. I am grateful also to Angus Cargill and Charlotte Greig for their early interest and encouragement. My thanks to the excellent Laurence Laluyaux, Stephen Edwards and Hannah Westland of Rogers, Coleridge & White Ltd, to Julia Kreitman of The Agency, and to Melanie Jackson in New York. Special thanks to David Miller, my friend and agent, for always seeming to understand better than I did what it was that I was trying to do. His contribution to this book is immeasurable. My son, Sam, has already been rewarded (with a trip to Legoland) for being patient while I worked, but I'd like to thank him here for being altogether fantastic.
Samuel Kent, circa 1863
The second Mrs Kent, circa 1863
Sketch of Elizabeth Gough in 1860
Constance Kent, circa 1858
Edward Kent, early 1850s
Mary Ann Windus in 1828, a year before she became the first Mrs Kent
Road Hill House, front view
Road Hill House, back view, with the drawing-room windows to the right
Engraving of Road Hill House in 1860, bird's-eye view
Engraving of Road Hill House in 1860, back view
Adolphus 'Dolly' Williamson, police detective, in the 1880s
Richard Mayne, Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police, in the 1840s
A view of Trowbridge, Wiltshire, in the mid-nineteenth century
The centre of Trowbridge in the late nineteenth century
Gravestone in East Coulston churchyard, Wiltshire
* That month, according to the News of the World, a worker at a crinoline steel factory in Sheffield was killed by her crinoline when it caught in the revolving shaft of a machine and pulled her to her death.
* Though his name did not appear on the census of 1861, there are indications that Whicher was living in this house by 1860. In a police circular of 1858 he asked fellow officers to inform him, at Scotland Yard, if they saw a twenty-four-year-old gentleman who had gone missing, 'mind supposed affected'; two weeks afterwards a private advertisement appeared in The Times requesting news of this same young man, with his 'rather pale full face', and offering a £10 reward – it was presumably placed by Whicher, but it asked that information be passed to 'Mr Wilson' of 31 Holywell Street. The pseudonym concealed the fact that the police were looking for the wan gentleman. 'The tricks of detective police officers are infinite,' observes the narrator of The Female Detective. 'I am afraid many a kindly-disposed advertisement hides the hoof of detection.' A year later, in 1859, the Commissioner's office put out a request for information about a white, wolf-breed dog that had gone missing from 31 Holywell Street. A lost dog was not usually a matter for Scotland Yard – maybe the white wolfhound belonged to Whicher's landlady (Charlotte Piper, a widow of forty-eight with a private income) or to the detective himself.
* In the next decade Road Hill House was renamed Langham House (after the neighbouring farm). By 1871 the head of the house-hold was Sarah Ann Turberwell, a widow of sixty-six, who employed six staff: a butler, a lady's maid, a housekeeper, a housemaid, a kitchen maid and a footman. In the twentieth century the county boundaries were altered, so that the house now falls within Somerset, like the rest of the village, and the name of the village itself was changed, from Road to Rode.
* To demonstrate the weird logic of homicidal monomania, Stapleton recounted a horrible story about a mild-mannered young man who was so obsessed with windmills that he would gaze at them for days on end. In 1843 friends tried to distract him from his fixation by moving him to an area with no mills. There the windmill man lured a boy into a wood, then killed and mutilated him. His motive, he explained, was the hope that as punishment he would be taken to a place where there just might be a mill.
* James Willes separated from his wife in 1865 and moved to a house on the banks of the Colne, in Essex. Over the next few years, according to the Dictionary of National Biography, he walked his three dogs by the river and fed the trout. Though he had been a keen fisherman in his youth, he developed such a fondness for the fish that he banned the sport in his waters. In 1872, on becoming sleepless, forgetful and depressed, he shot himself in the heart with a revolver.
* In the event, Madame Tussaud's did not put the Constance Kent waxwork on show until after Samuel Kent's death – perhaps out of respect for his feelings. According to the museum catalogues, it was displayed from 1873 to 1877.
* Six years later, in 1887, Arthur Conan Doyle created the first of his hugely successful Sherlock Holmes mysteries. Unlike Jack Whicher, Conan Doyle's fantasy detective is an amateur and a gentleman, and he is always right – 'the most perfect reasoning and observing machine the world has seen', says his sidekick Dr Watson in 'A Scandal in Bohemia'.
* Mary Amelia had married an orchard-keeper in Sydney in 1899, and given birth to Olive, her only child, the next year. Eveline, known as Lena, married a doctor in 1888 and had a son and a daughter. Florence never married, and spent her last years living with her niece Olive.
* Henry James's novella was published in 1898, the heyday of the Sherlock Holmes series. The Turn of the Screw runs the detective story backwards, unravelling all its comforts: it refuses to dissolve the mystery of the children's silence; it implicates the detective-narrator in the nameless crime; and it ends, rather than begins, with the death of a child.
* Whicher's unfolding analysis of the murder was laid out in three reports to Sir Richard Mayne, the Metropolitan Police Commissioner: the first is missing; Whicher wrote the second on 22 July; and he started the third just over a week later. The surviving reports are in the Metropolitan Police file on the Road Hill murder at the National Archives – MEPO 3/61.
* Thirty-two years later, in the Sherlock Holmes short story 'Silver Blaze' (1892), Arthur Conan Doyle referred to 'the curious incident of the dog in the night-time', the curious incident being that the dog did not bark when he encountered an intruder, and the solution to the riddle being that the intruder was known to the dog. But the Road Hill murder, being fact rather than fiction, had messier, more ambiguous clues: the dog did bark on the night of the murder, but not a lot.
* There are many possible causes for this condition, including tumours, hernia
s, the use of narcotics (such as opium), metabolic imbalance and kidney disease.
* The press reported that Samuel Kent was paid £800 a year, a figure he did not correct; but the Home Office archives show that his salary was actually only £350 in 1860. He may also have had a small private income. In The Book of House-hold Management (1861) Mrs Beeton calculated that an income of £500 per annum was required to fund a three-servant house-hold (the average wage for a cook, according to the same book, was £20, for a housemaid £12 and for a nursemaid £10).
* In his reports to Mayne, Whicher underlined those phrases and sentences that he wished to emphasise. His underlined words are rendered here as italics.
* The abbreviation 'sleuth' was first used as a synonym for 'detective' in the 1870s.
* The biblical text runs: 'And the Lord said unto Cain, Where is Abel thy brother? And he said, I know not: Am I my brother's keeper? And He said, What hast thou done? the voice of thy brother's blood crieth unto me from the ground.'
* According to one implausible rumour, the Kents were illegitimate descendants of the royal family. Reporters occasionally remarked on Constance's resemblance to Queen Victoria.
* A defendant was not allowed to give evidence at his or her own trial until 1898.
The Suspicions of Mr Whicher Page 34
