Mackenzie King on, 245–46, 248, 358
Marshall keeps eye on, 254–55, 257–58
meets with British chiefs of staff, 246–47
meets with Combined Chiefs of Staff, 92, 101
meets with Stalin, 247–48
military background, 70, 211, 283
and North Africa landings, xiii, 69–71
North Africa mission, 254–55, 256–58
obsessed with Sumatra, 333–34
opposes Montgomery, xiii
opposes Normandy invasion (1944), xii, 200, 201–3, 209, 219, 229, 237, 246–47, 248, 250–51, 253–54, 272, 274, 282–83, 301, 308, 310, 313–14, 326–27, 334, 398–99
opposes proposed cross-Channel landing (1943), xi–xii, 73, 74–75, 220
overconfidence of, 301, 311, 358
and Pacific Theater, 76, 101, 237, 246, 333–34
at Pacific War Council meeting (1943), 245–46
Patton on, 110, 111
personal relationship with FDR, xiv, 199, 229, 244, 309, 313–14, 334–35, 359, 367–68, 383, 396, 399
and planning for postwar security, 370–72
and planning of United Nations, 21–22, 369–70
political acumen, xii–xiii, xiv, 106, 312, 334, 345, 369, 383
poor military judgment, xiv, 71, 155, 157, 201, 211–12, 239, 256, 272–73, 283, 302, 311–12, 329, 333–34, 344, 373, 383–84, 398
postwar reinterpretation of Anglo-American alliance, xii–xiii, 70, 256–57, 327
and postwar struggle with Soviet Union, 347–48
and postwar trusteeships, 26
predicts defeat of Normandy invasion (1944), 237–38, 246, 274, 327, 365
promotes closer U.S.-British ties, 368–72
promotes “soft underbelly” strategy, 42, 201, 208, 327
and proposed airborne assault on Rome, 354
and proposed invasion of Balkans, 155, 156, 201, 208–9, 218, 219, 237, 239–40, 244, 246, 251, 253, 256, 272–73, 297, 301, 307, 310, 311, 327, 334, 344, 385
proposes Allied invasion of Norway, 273–74, 301–2
proposes Versailles-type conference, 240, 244
and Quebec Conference, 277–78, 291, 300, 302, 314–15, 319, 326–28, 332, 333–34, 368, 396–97
racist attitudes, 26, 80, 245
realistic view of Soviet Union, xiv–xv, 346, 347, 368–69
reluctantly agrees to Normandy invasion (1944), 241–42, 245, 255, 272, 274, 313–14, 319, 326, 341, 353, 362, 383
reneges on Washington conference strategic agreement, 272–75, 278, 282–83, 311, 313
repudiates Casablanca strategic agreement, 209, 211–12, 217, 220–21, 229–31, 237–38, 240, 250–53, 254
and Salerno landing, 383–85
and Second Front strategy, 73, 83, 97, 201, 203, 207, 212, 219–20, 222, 229–31, 237, 244, 246–47, 257–58, 271–73, 282–83, 290
The Second World War, xiii, 71, 301
sense of entitlement toward India, 26, 80, 245, 349
at Shangri-la, 218–20, 232, 238, 265
and Stalin, 342, 345, 347, 353
Stimson confronts, 274–75
Suckley on, 309, 359
supports imperialism, 22, 26, 71–72, 79–80, 109, 153, 164, 245, 282, 333, 349, 356–57, 369, 372
takes large contingent to Casablanca Conference, 73–74, 83–84, 202
threatens Allied unity, xiv, 222, 231
and unconditional surrender, 128–29, 158, 246, 373
uncontrolled imaginative tendencies, 156, 199, 211, 236, 238, 241–42
underestimates German people, 283, 346
underestimates Wehrmacht, xii, xiv, 284–85, 320, 325, 346
uninterested in postwar world, 26–27, 33
Victorian worldview, 70–71, 282, 320, 344
visits Marrakesh, 198–200, 309
visits Turkey, 157–59
war strategy discussions with FDR, 74–75, 77–81
at Washington strategic conference (Trident) (1943), 200, 201–3, 204, 205, 206, 208–10, 217–19, 230, 231, 236, 241–42, 243–47, 250–54, 309, 313
Clark, Mark (general): at Casablanca Conference, 74, 91, 102, 110, 385
commands Salerno landing, 354, 359, 375–76, 377, 378, 380–81, 382, 383, 385, 391
on need for Allied combat experience, 86–87
in North Africa, 255
and North Africa landings, 85–86
opposes proposed cross-Channel landing (1943), 85–87
and projected airborne assault on Rome, 380
colonialism. See imperialism
combat experience: Allied lack of, 36–38, 40, 50, 51–52, 57–59, 82–83, 84, 86, 93, 98–99, 111, 139–41, 143, 145–46, 148, 169
Combined Chiefs of Staff, 34, 60, 205, 382
agree on Normandy invasion (1944), 99, 331
at Casablanca Conference, 75, 77–78, 82, 88, 125, 127
convene at Washington strategic conference (1943), 212–17, 231–33, 238, 240–41, 245, 250–51, 253
Eisenhower interrogated by, 88–90
and Italian campaign, 374
Leahy as chairman of, 14, 243
meet with Churchill, 92
meet with FDR, 77–78, 82, 92–93, 101, 240–41, 243
and Pacific Theater, 331
at Quebec Conference, 291, 315, 328–31, 334–35, 337, 354, 368, 392
Comintern: dissolution of, 151, 153, 343–44
command experience: Allied lack of, 89–90, 143–44, 210
Eisenhower on, 148
commander in chief: president as, 35–37, 68, 104, 169, 175, 292, 296, 368
communism: Bullitt on, 151–52, 223
Churchill and, 356
FDR and, 22, 30–32, 119, 229, 362–63, 364–65
Goebbels and, 132, 356
Stalin’s view of, 151–52, 154, 284
Cooke, Charles M. (“Savvy”) (admiral): rejects Washington conference strategy, 275
cross-Channel landing, proposed (1943). See also Normandy invasion (1944); Second Front strategy
British chiefs of staff oppose, 53, 73, 74–75, 146, 201–2
Brooke opposes, 98, 212
Churchill opposes, xi–xii, 73, 74–75, 220
Clark opposes, 85–87
expected losses in, 56–57
FDR opposes, xi–xii, 35–38, 40, 50, 84–85
Handy supports, 294
Hitler and, 322
Hopkins supports, 207
John Hull supports, 51, 53, 275
Joint Chiefs of Staff support, 51–53, 55–57, 75, 84, 143
Mackenzie King and, 35–36
Marshall supports, 52, 55–57, 84, 145
Portal opposes, 98–99
Pound opposes, 98–99
Stimson supports, 49–52, 57, 87, 143, 145, 221–22, 229
as unrealistic fantasy, 51–54, 57, 91–92, 97
and U.S. public opinion, 59
War Department expects failure of, 53–54, 58–59
D
D-day. See Normandy invasion (1944)
Dakar (Senegal): strategic value of, 63–64
Dardanelles campaign (1915): Churchill and, 155, 157, 201, 211, 223, 237, 384
Darlan, François (admiral), 63, 80, 90, 113, 148
assassinated, 6
Davies, Joseph: mission to Stalin, 230–31, 239, 271–72, 282–83, 289
Davy, G.M.O. (brigadier), 102–3
Dawley, Ernest (general), 391
De Gaulle, Charles (general). See also Free French
at Casablanca Conference, 104, 112–17, 120, 121, 124
Churchill and, 105, 111, 113, 122–23
Cordell Hull and, 107, 112
egocentric and obstructionist character of, 112–17, 120–21
on FDR, 116–17, 121
FDR on, 80, 118, 122
meets with FDR, 111, 112–17, 219
in North Africa, 63–64, 90
refuses to attend Casablanca Conference, 105–6
relationship with Giraud, 105–6, 111, 112, 1
14, 116, 117–18, 121–23, 124–25
and restoration of French colonies, 107
Deane, John (general), 55, 56, 207
Delano, Laura (“Polly”), 175, 176, 181
D’Este, Carlo, 329
Devers, Jacob L. (general), 273
Dieppe, Canadian raid on (1942), 35, 37–38, 51, 57, 85, 212–13, 237, 242, 246–47, 263, 294, 365, 379
Dill, Sir John (field marshal), 70, 73, 75, 167, 201, 329
at Washington strategic conference (1943), 205, 209, 232
Dönitz, Karl (admiral), 190
Donovan, William J. (colonel), 285
on Stalin, 364
Doolittle, James (general): bombs Rome, 320
Tokyo raid (1942), 178, 185
Dykes, Vivian (brigadier): killed, 167
E
Eastern Front: effects of Sicily and Italian campaign on, 264, 270, 353, 387
FDR on, 42–43
Goebbels on, 135, 267–68, 388–89, 395
Hitler gives priority to, 303
Soviet losses on, 22, 158, 228, 346–47, 386
supposed effect of invasion of Balkans on, 239, 244
Eden, Anthony: and proposed Allied invasion of Balkans, 273, 297, 307, 310
at Quebec Conference, 310
Eisenhower, Dwight (general), xiii, 6, 63, 105, 107, 112
as Allied commander in chief in Mediterranean, 6, 63, 88–90, 114, 147, 156, 166, 169–70, 207, 213, 241, 255, 256, 262–63, 298, 373, 375
Brooke on, 89–90
Brooke’s view of, 213
cancels airborne assault on Rome, 378, 380, 382
character and personality, 147–48, 170
commands Italian campaign, 273, 311, 354, 373, 380, 381, 382, 384, 385, 391
FDR on, 169–71
on Giraud, 90
interrogated by Combined Chiefs of Staff, 88–90
and invasion of Sicily, 261–63
on lack of command experience among Allies, 148
Marshall and, 141, 257
and media, 148, 171
meets with FDR, 88, 90–93
negotiates for Italian surrender, 319, 333, 358, 375
Patton and, 89–90
on rank and status, 147
strategy in North Africa, 52, 64, 70, 88–90, 97, 114–15, 140, 144, 171, 189, 196–97, 213
Elsey, George (lieutenant), 65, 277–78, 398
and Quebec Conference, 331, 332
Embick, Stanley (general): fears German counterattack through Spain, 52
opposes Italian campaign, 51
opposes North Africa landings, 50
supports proposed cross-Channel landing (1943), 51–53
Europe: FDR on postwar division of, 365–66
postwar security of, 153–54, 310
proposed demarcation line with Soviet Union, 154–55
Soviet Union as threat to, 148, 149–50, 153–55, 204, 222–23, 229, 279, 298, 301, 313, 334, 345–46, 360–66, 367–69, 372
F
Faïd Pass, Battle of (1943), 140
Fala (FDR’s dog), 11, 167, 328, 360, 383
Farley, James, 167
Ferdinand Magellan (presidential railroad car), 3, 10, 11–12, 169, 176–77, 178, 181–84, 187, 189, 280, 289, 315, 353, 381
flying: FDR and, 12–14, 64–67
Four Freedoms, 152, 347–48, 361, 369, 399
FDR on, 28, 44–45, 339
“Four Policemen.” See United Nations: proposed Security Council
France: British evacuate from, 54, 59, 77, 207, 212–13, 365
German Atlantic Wall defenses in, 36, 52, 57–58, 73, 86–87, 99, 213, 237–38, 303, 321, 389
and imperialism, 107, 114, 116, 117, 118–20
North Africa considered part of, 113–14
and postwar trusteeships, 107
U.S. wartime relationship with, 117
Vichy. See Vichy French
France, proposed Allied landings: in 1942, xiii, 34–35
in 1943. See cross-Channel landing, proposed (1943)
Franco-British Expeditionary Force (1940): in Norway, 274
Fredendall, Lloyd (general): dismissed from command, 146, 148, 169
in North Africa, 140–41, 143
Free French, 105, 121. See also De Gaulle, Charles (general)
timidity and desertion among, 90–91
U.S. political relationship with, 106–7, 113
G
Gandhi, Mahatma: hunger strike (1943), 245
German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact (1939), 149, 195, 228, 345, 361–62, 387
Germany: Allied air power against, 209, 247, 272, 296, 304, 306, 320–21, 324–25, 355, 388
Allies on offensive against, 295–96
Army. See Wehrmacht
Atlantic Wall defenses in France, 36, 52, 57–58, 73, 86–87, 99, 213, 237–38, 303, 321, 389
British chiefs of staff underestimate, 320, 325
Churchill expects rapid collapse of, 40, 59, 204, 208–9, 221, 239, 278, 283, 301, 353–54, 374
Churchill underestimates people of, 283, 346
commits atrocities, 133, 152, 177, 228, 300–301, 307, 347
on the defensive, 294
defensive war strategy, 303–7, 321–22, 355–57
develops jet fighter planes, 305, 356
FDR’s view of, 283–84, 338, 396
Hitler’s intuitive understanding of, 303, 305, 321–24
ignorance of Casablanca Conference, 65–66, 130–31, 170
Japan reaffirms ties with, 304
Joint Chiefs of Staff develop strategies for defeat of, 293–95
nationalism and racism in, 323–24
people’s loyalty to Hitler, 303, 305, 320–24, 355
possible separate peace with Soviet Union, 229, 306–7, 310, 342, 345, 356–57
prepares to occupy Vichy-controlled metropolitan France, 269
proclaims “total war,” 130, 132–33, 134–35, 142, 150, 284, 390
proposed disarmament of, 28–31, 60, 217, 283–84, 335, 365–66, 398
reaction to insistence on unconditional surrender, 129–30, 132
suppression of dissent in, 133, 135, 150
treats Italy as enemy, 285, 380, 382, 387–88
use of slave labor, 301, 304, 305
war production, 304, 305
“Germany First” strategy, 234, 275
FDR and, 29, 202, 211, 213, 217
Giraud, Henri (general): at Casablanca Conference, 121–23, 124–25, 155, 201
Eisenhower on, 90
in North Africa, 85, 90, 104, 105, 113, 115, 116
and proposed invasion of Balkans, 155–56, 201
relationship with De Gaulle, 105–6, 111, 112, 114, 116, 117–18, 121–23, 124–25
visits FDR, 261
Goebbels, Joseph, xiii, 65–66, 228, 321, 323, 361
on Battle of Kasserine Pass, 145–46
and communism, 132, 356
confers with Hitler, 302–7, 355–57, 389–90
delivers “total war” speech, 134–35, 142, 150, 284
on Eastern Front, 135, 267–68, 388–89, 395
on effects of Italian campaign, 387, 388–90, 391
on FDR’s Message to Congress, 395
on FDR’s Ottawa speech, 355
and Holocaust, 134–35, 150, 268
on North Africa landings, 69–70
reacts to Casablanca Conference, 130–34
reacts to invasion of Sicily, 267–69
and Second Front strategy, 146, 268, 389
Göring, Hermann (field marshal), 304
Grant, Ulysses: FDR on, 28–29, 284
Great Britain: Allied troop buildup in, 59
anti-American resentment, 314
Commander in Chief Page 52
