avoids offensive action against Japan, 234
evacuates from France, 54, 59, 77, 212, 365
FDR unable to visit, 12
and imperialism, xii, 22, 26, 71–72, 79–80, 109, 120, 161, 164, 217–18, 234, 239, 282, 362
loses world-power status, 362, 365, 369
occupies India, 217–18, 234
relationship with Soviet Union, 272
Great Britain, chiefs of staff
accused of avoiding battle, 297, 302, 310
at Casablanca Conference, 83–84
Churchill meets with, 246–47
dissent from Churchill’s proposed strategy, 231–35, 248–49, 250–51, 253, 333
and Italian campaign, 56, 59, 98, 280, 328–31, 384
lack victory strategy, 97–98
loss of confidence by, 212–18
oppose Normandy invasion (1944), 204–5, 208, 212, 213–14, 221, 230, 236, 292, 326
oppose proposed cross-Channel landing (1943), 58, 73, 146, 201–2
overconfidence among, 290
at Quebec Conference, 319
reject Casablanca strategic agreement, 212, 217
reluctantly support Normandy invasion (1944), 331
support Mediterranean strategy, 55–56, 75, 229, 236
underestimate Germany, 320, 325
undergo conversion on Allied strategy, 231–33, 235, 240
unwilling to risk major casualties, 215–16, 218, 229
at Washington strategic conference (1943), 204, 205, 207–10, 212–17, 231–33, 235, 240–41, 246–47, 250–54
Greece: Churchill and, 398
Guadalcanal, Battle of (1942–43), 25–26, 182–83
H
Halifax, Lord, 6, 31, 48, 246
as ambassador to U.S., 160–63, 164, 205, 245
on United Nations, 162
Hall, John L. (admiral), 68
Halsey, William (admiral): and ambush of Yamamoto, 184–85, 188
Hamburg: Allied bombing of, 320–21
Handy, Thomas T. (general), 83–84, 275, 276
critical of FDR’s war strategy, 293–94
supports proposed cross-Channel landing (1943), 294
underestimates Wehrmacht, 294
Harmon, E. N. (general), 102
Harriman, Averell, 77, 78, 164, 167, 200, 333, 334
on Stalin, 343, 345–46, 348
as U.S. ambassador to Soviet Union, 360
Hitler, Adolf: abandons Battle of Kursk, 265–66, 294, 308, 343–44, 387
abandons Italian alliance, 302–3, 310, 322, 324, 355
and Allied Italian campaign, 322, 391
character and personality, 78, 195, 303
defensive war strategy, 303–7, 321–22, 355–57, 361
fears Normandy invasion (1944), 307
German people’s loyalty to, 303, 305, 320–24, 355
gives priority to Eastern Front, 303
Goebbels confers with, 302–7, 355–57, 387–90
hopes for Allied invasion of Balkans, 305–6, 307
hopes to split Allied coalition, 356–57, 361
indifferent to Wehrmacht losses, 195–96
intuitive understanding of German people, 303, 305, 321–24
Mussolini refuses to meet with, 266, 267
orders fight to the death in North Africa, 195–96
physical and psychological decline, 78, 131, 133, 368
and proposed cross-Channel landing, 322
reacts to invasion of Sicily, 265–69, 271, 278, 294
reacts to Italian surrender, 353
in seclusion, 78, 131
secret meeting with Mussolini, 268–69, 273, 325, 368
strategic errors, 322
tenth anniversary of taking power, 130, 132–33, 134
and V-bomb weapons, 35, 304, 305–6, 322, 388
Holocaust, 177, 307
FDR on, 300–301
Goebbels and, 134–35, 150, 268
Spellman ignores, 360
Hoover, Herbert, 151, 161
Hopkins, Harry, 3–4, 27, 41, 64–65, 206, 219–21, 247, 252, 262, 278, 326, 367
at Casablanca Conference, 9, 10, 12, 13, 68, 77, 78, 92, 110, 117, 122, 124
lack of military judgment, 34–35
Suckley on, 315
supports proposed cross-Channel landing (1943), 207
Hopkins, Louise (Macy), 4, 10, 27, 206
Hull, Cordell, 20, 157, 166, 178
and De Gaulle, 107, 112
at Moscow Conference of foreign ministers, 397–98
at Quebec Conference, 310, 315
rift with Welles, 292–93
Hull, John E. (general), 84
defects from Washington conference strategic agreement, 275, 278
supports proposed cross-Channel landing (1943), 51, 53, 275
Hyde Park (New York): FDR confers with Churchill at, xiv, 299, 300, 302, 308–12, 313–15, 319, 335, 381–83
I
imperialism: Churchill supports, 22, 26, 71–72, 79–80, 109, 153, 164, 239, 245, 282, 333, 349, 356–57, 369, 372
FDR opposes, 23, 26, 30, 64, 79–80, 107, 108–9, 110, 114, 117–20, 282, 364
France and, 107, 114, 116, 117, 118–20
Great Britain and, xii, 22, 26, 71–72, 79–80, 109, 120, 161, 164, 217–18, 234, 282, 362
U.S. and, 106–7, 119
India: British occupation of, 217–18, 234
Churchill’s sense of entitlement toward, 26, 80, 245, 349
Inonu, Ismet, 157, 159, 201
Ismay, Hastings (general), 92, 374
at Washington strategic conference (1943), 210, 252
isolationism, 106
FDR attacks, 45–47, 336, 350
Luce on, 162–63
McCormick and, 28
seen as defeatism, 160
Taft and, 24
U.S. and possible return to, 362, 363, 366, 397
and U.S. sovereignty, 161
Willkie on, 162–63
Italy: Allied air power against, 84, 214, 269, 273, 320, 360, 372
Allies distrust new government of, 380
Badoglio heads new government of, 269, 302, 305, 308, 319, 320
collapse and surrender of, 263, 267, 271, 282–83, 285, 303–4, 307, 308, 310, 311, 319, 320, 322, 324, 327, 332–33, 348, 353, 355, 358, 373, 375, 377, 379–81, 385, 388–89, 392–93
Germany treats as enemy, 285, 380, 382, 387–88
Hitler abandons alliance with, 302–3, 310, 322, 324, 355
Joint Chiefs of Staff propose bombing of, 84, 214
Rommel in, 269, 391
strategic importance of, 296
Wehrmacht occupies and reinforces, 240, 269–70, 279, 284–85, 302, 303–4, 305, 320, 324–25, 328, 354, 376, 380, 388–90
Wehrmacht’s resistance in, 358, 373–74, 377, 380–81, 385, 387, 388, 392
Italy, Allied campaign in (1943), xi, xii. See also Salerno: Allied landing at; Sicily, invasion of (1943)
Alexander in, 375, 376, 377, 380, 384–85, 391
Allied losses in, 320, 328–29, 358, 384, 392
British chiefs of staff and, 56, 59, 98, 251, 280, 328–31, 384
Brooke and, 295–96, 328–30
Churchill and, 208–9, 219, 237, 239, 246, 251–52, 274–75, 276, 277–78, 311, 314, 319–20, 346, 357, 358, 373–74, 384
Clark in, 354, 359, 375–76, 377, 378, 380
Combined Chiefs of Staff and, 374
effects on Eastern Front, 264, 270, 353, 387
effects on Normandy invasion (1944), 328–29
Eisenhower commands, 273, 311, 354, 373, 380, 381, 382, 384, 385, 391
Embick opposes, 51
FDR and, 295–96, 297–98, 311, 326, 354, 374, 381, 385, 392, 396
Goebbels on effects of, 387, 388–90, 391
Hitler and, 322, 391
Joint Chiefs of Staff and, 99–100, 241, 297–98, 327, 329–30
Leahy and, 329–30
Marshall and, 86, 240–41, 295–96, 327, 328, 329–30, 376
/> Montgomery in, 354, 358, 359, 375–76, 380, 385, 391
Patton in, 375–76
Ridgway in, 376, 378, 391
Stalin on, 386–87
Stimson and, 297
as strategic failure, 325, 329, 354, 373, 374–75, 377–78, 384
Taylor in, 376
J
Jacob, Ian (brigadier): at Casablanca Conference, 67, 69, 73–75, 77, 84
on lack of command experience among Allies, 89
at Washington strategic conference (1943), 248–49
Japan: Allied air power against, 29, 42, 179
attacks Aleutians, 337
bombing campaign against, 42
commits atrocities, 152, 177, 187, 188–89
executes Allied POWs, 177–78
Great Britain avoids offensive action against, 234
proposed disarmament of, 29–31, 60, 335, 398
proposed Soviet war with, 29, 153, 222–23, 229, 284, 310
reaffirms ties with Germany, 304
war with China, 19–20, 152, 239, 245, 399
jet fighter planes: Germany develops, 305, 356
Joint Four-Power Declaration (1943): Churchill accepts, 335
K
Kasserine Pass, Battle of (1943), 141–42, 143–44, 147, 148, 159–60, 169, 189, 196, 294
Goebbels on, 145–46
Stimson on, 144–45
Katyn Forest (Poland): Soviet massacre of Polish officers in (1940), 228, 268, 347
Kennan, George, 152
Kenney, George (general): on air power, 179–80
briefs FDR, 179–81
devises new air force tactics, 179–80
Kersaudy, François, 122
Kesselring, Albert (field marshal), 140–41
and German defense of Italy, 376, 380–81
and invasion of Sicily, 262–63
King, Ernest (admiral), 14, 59, 78, 97–98, 184, 188
anti-U-boat campaign, 189–90
critical of Normandy invasion (1944), 297
obsession with rank and status, 146–47
and Pacific Theater, 234, 256, 315, 329–30
at Quebec Conference, 329–30, 331
at Washington strategic conference (1943), 204, 209, 231, 233
King, Mackenzie (prime minister), 255
attends Pacific War Council meeting (1943), 235, 237
on Churchill, 245–46, 248, 358
confers with Churchill, 235–39, 248–49, 396–97
confers with FDR, 243–44, 247–48
on FDR, 24, 27–32, 33, 341–42, 349
and FDR’s Ottawa speech, 335–36, 340, 341
friendship with FDR, 313, 348–49
and proposed cross-Channel landing (1943), 35–36
at Quebec Conference, 333, 341–42, 344
and Stalin, 341–42, 343, 345
visits FDR, 23–32, 33–38, 39, 40, 45, 50, 60, 80, 84, 149, 165
Kluge, Günther von (field marshal), 270
Knox, Frank, 49, 147, 150, 184–85
Koga, Mineichi (admiral), 191
Kursk, Battle of, 290, 306
Hitler abandons, 265–66, 294, 308, 343–44, 387
L
Lascelles, Sir Alan, 386
on Churchill, xiii
League of Nations, 19, 21, 23, 46, 161, 350, 363, 365, 371, 398
Leahy, William (admiral), 3, 49, 54, 58, 146, 157, 190–91, 192, 280–81
as chairman of Combined Chiefs of Staff, 14, 243
on Churchill’s repudiation of Allied strategy, 251
as FDR’s information conduit, 331, 354
on invasion of Sicily, 261–62
and Italian campaign, 329–30
misses Casablanca Conference, 10–11, 13–14, 205
on proposed invasion of Balkans, 202
at Quebec Conference, 329–30, 331
suspicious of British intentions, 255, 327
at Washington strategic conference (1943), 204–5, 209, 212–14, 215, 231, 235, 240
Lemnitzer, Lyman (general), 378
Lend-Lease Act (1941), 153, 227, 290, 347, 360
Lincoln, Abraham, 222
Lippmann, Walter, 163
Litvinov, Maxim, 306, 347, 364
on United Nations, 162
on U.S.-Soviet relations, 227
Luce, Henry: on isolationism, 162–63
M
MacArthur, Douglas (general), 75, 160, 177–78, 179, 191, 234, 315, 395
Macmillan, Harold: at Casablanca Conference, 104, 117, 121
Maisky, Ivan, 306
Marrakesh: FDR and Churchill visit, 198–200, 309
Marshall, George C. (general), 37, 146, 192, 275–76, 391
on air power, 214
Brooke on, 98, 256, 328, 329
at Casablanca Conference, 74, 78, 83, 91, 145
on Churchill’s repudiation of Allied strategy, 251
considered as Normandy invasion supreme commander, 257–58, 299, 314, 326, 329
and Eisenhower, 141, 257
fears German counterattack through Spain, 52, 140, 144–45
and Italian campaign, 86, 240–41, 295–96, 327, 328, 329–30, 376
keeps eye on Churchill, 254–55, 257–58
on limits of Mediterranean strategy, 99–100, 216, 240–41, 295, 297, 329
and Normandy invasion, 215–16, 257, 328, 330
opposes Mediterranean strategy, 49–50, 53
opposes North Africa landings, 49, 90
opposes proposed invasion of Balkans, 295–96
on Pacific Theater, 216
proposes airborne assault on Rome, 354
at Quebec Conference, 326–29, 331
on rank and status, 147
supports proposed cross-Channel landing (1943), 52–53, 55–57, 84, 145
supports Washington conference strategic agreement, 275
suspicious of British intentions, 203, 272–73
undergoes conversion on Allied strategy, 85–88, 92
at Washington strategic conference (1943), 204, 205, 209, 215–16, 231–32, 251, 252
“master race.” See Germany: nationalism and racism in
McCormick, Robert: as FDR’s enemy, 165
as isolationist, 28
McCrea, John (captain), 3, 64–65, 176
at Casablanca Conference, 4–9, 68–69, 77, 87, 102, 105, 109–10, 114, 124–25, 128–29
McIntire, Ross (admiral), 64–65
as FDR’s physician, 3, 7, 13, 165, 167, 169, 280, 367
McNarney, Joseph (general), 97
at Washington strategic conference (1943), 209
Medenine, Battle of (1943), 148
media: Eisenhower and, 148, 171
FDR’s use of, 103, 123, 125–29, 160, 170–71
Mediterranean strategy. See also North Africa
air power in, 196–97, 207, 214–15
British chiefs of staff support, 55–56, 75, 229, 236
Brooke and limits of, 100, 256, 308
FDR and, 25–26, 36, 40, 59, 84, 92, 210, 238, 241, 252, 263, 326
impact on Pacific Theater, 234
Joint Chiefs of Staff on limits of, 294
Joint Chiefs dissent from, 48–54, 55, 84, 221
Marshall on limits of, 99–100, 216, 240–41, 295, 297, 329
Marshall opposes, 49–50, 53
as practice for Normandy invasion, 36–37, 52, 59, 84, 87, 93, 98–99, 100, 145, 146, 189, 196, 200, 207–8, 210, 217, 221, 238, 248, 262
Stimson on limits of, 274–75
Stimson opposes, 49–50, 97
Midway, Battle of (1942), 41, 188
missiles and flying bombs. See V-bomb weapons (Vergeltungswaffen)
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