FDR’s strategic meeting with, 55–60
and Italian campaign, 99–100, 241, 297–98, 327, 329–30
lack of experience in modern warfare, 93
on limits of Mediterranean strategy, 294
preference for action in Pacific Theater, 75
propose bombing of Italy, 84, 214
at Quebec Conference, 293, 296, 299, 308, 326–30
support Normandy invasion (1944), 98–99, 204, 213–14, 221–22, 236, 326–27
support proposed cross-Channel landing (1943), 51–53, 55–57, 75, 84, 143
suspicious of British intentions, 100, 202–3, 205, 208, 243, 251–52, 253, 327
at Washington strategic conference (1943), 204–5, 209, 212, 213–17, 231–33, 235, 240–41, 247, 250–52
U.S. Joint War Plans Committee: rejects Washington conference strategy, 275
U.S. Navy Department: defects from Washington conference strategic agreement, 275
opposes Normandy invasion (1944), 275
preference for action in Pacific Theater, 222, 275–76
U.S. War Department: expects failure of cross-Channel landing, 53–54, 58–59
mutiny over FDR’s strategy, 34, 49–51, 53, 84
undergoes conversion on Allied strategy, 146
V
V-bomb weapons (Vergeltungswaffen), 356
Hitler and, 304, 305–6, 322, 325, 388
Valentine, Alan, 162
Vandenberg, Arthur H., 361
Versailles Peace Conference and Treaty (1919), 21, 23, 28, 244, 346
Vichy French: Germany prepares to occupy Vichy-controlled metropolitan France, 269
in North Africa, 35, 58, 66, 70, 82, 90, 104, 107, 112, 148, 196, 263, 375
Vietinghoff, Heinrich von (general), 380
Villa Dar es Saada (Casablanca), 67–69
W
Wallace, Henry, 110
war criminals: FDR on, 300–301
Warm Springs (Georgia), 176
Washington Naval Treaty (1922), 63
Washington strategic conference (Trident) (1943), 200, 201–3, 204–10, 277
Allied strategic agreement at, 253–54, 271–76, 278, 282–83, 308, 311, 313, 319, 331, 382
Beaverbrook at, 206–7
British chiefs of staff at, 204, 205, 207–10, 212–17, 231–33, 235, 240–41, 246–47, 250–54
Churchill at, 200, 201–3, 204, 205, 206, 208–10, 217–19, 230, 231, 236, 241–42, 243–47, 250–54, 309, 313
Combined Chiefs of Staff convene at, 212–17, 231–33, 238, 240, 250–51, 253
FDR and, 204, 217–19, 243–44, 250–54
Jacob at, 248–49
Joint Chiefs of Staff at, 204–5, 209, 212, 213–17, 231–33, 235, 240–41, 247, 250–52
large British contingent at, 204, 205, 206, 230, 231, 254
McNarney at, 209
Stimson and, 206, 233–34
Watson, Edwin (“Pa”) (general), 7–9, 280
Watson, James Eli (senator), 30
Wavell, Sir Archibald (general), 101
Wedemeyer, Albert (general), 55, 87
at Casablanca Conference, 83–84, 146, 202
supports Washington conference strategic agreement, 275–76
Wehrmacht: Churchill underestimates, xii, xiv, 284–85, 320, 325, 346
evacuates Sicily, 293, 374
fanaticism among, 195, 303
FDR and, 35–36, 51, 284–85, 298
Handy underestimates, 294
Hermann Göring Panzer Division, 262–63
Hitler indifferent to losses in, 195–96
losses in North Africa, 195–96
occupies and reinforces Italy, 240, 269–70, 279, 284–85, 302, 303–4, 305, 320, 324–25, 328, 354, 376, 380, 388–90
offensive operations in North Africa, 139–42, 143–44
ordered to fight to the death in North Africa, 195–96
reinforces Sicily, 267, 276, 322
resistance in Italy, 358, 373–74, 377, 380–81, 385, 387, 388, 392
resistance in North Africa, xiii, 36, 53–54, 70, 82, 88, 91, 195
superior professionalism of, 52–53, 70, 85, 87–88, 142, 304, 305, 320, 321–22, 355, 388–89
surrenders in North Africa, 207, 211, 213, 227, 236
Tenth Army, 380
3rd Panzer Grenadier Division, 377
21st Panzer Division, 140
Welles, Sumner, 157, 177, 335, 397
as homosexual, 279
plans United Nations, 19–21, 60
rift with Cordell Hull, 292–93
Western European Union: concept of, 153
White House: Map Room, xiv, 5, 252, 277, 285, 332, 398–99
Whitehead, Don: on Salerno landing, 381
Willkie, Wendell, 349–50
on isolationism, 162–63
Wilson, Sir Charles (later Lord Moran): as Churchill’s physician, 219–21, 252–53, 383–85
Wilson, Sir Henry, 257
Wilson, Maitland (general), 385
Wilson, Woodrow, 161, 162, 350, 363
Y
Yamamoto, Isoroku (admiral), 180
ambushed and killed, xiv, 178, 182, 183–86, 187–91
effects of his death, 184, 187, 188
and Pearl Harbor attack, 178, 187, 190
use of air power, 182–83
Z
Zhukov, Georgy (marshal), 290
Visit www.hmhco.com or your favorite retailer to order the book.
About the Author
NIGEL HAMILTON is a best-selling and award-winning biographer of President John F. Kennedy, General Bernard “Monty” Montgomery, and President Bill Clinton, among other subjects. He is a senior fellow at the McCormack Graduate School, University of Massachusetts, Boston. He lives in Boston and New Orleans.
Commander in Chief Page 56
