by Roger Knight
20. E.g., 5 Mar. 1798, NMM, ADM BP/18a; 16 July 1805, BP/25B.
21. Cobbett’s Parliamentary Debates, Vol. XVII, 1810, cols. 99–100, 113.
22. Condon, ‘Living Conditions’, p. 14.
23. Currie, Henleys of Wapping, p. 12.
24. ‘A Proportion of Stores to be Provided by the Owners of Three Months’ Transports’, TNA, MT 23/2, N/N/1812.
25. Davey, Transformation of British Naval Strategy, pp. 92–4, 96.
26. 26 Nov. 1795, TNA, ADM 1/3730.
27. Hamilton and Laughton, Gardner, p. 250.
28. Ville, English Shipowning, p. 77, quoting NMM, HNL/48/16.
29. Ibid., quoting Sept. 1808, NMM, HNL/99/27.
30. Ibid., pp. 12–13.
31. Barney, ‘North Sea and Baltic Convoy’, pp. 433, 435, quoting NMM, HNL 59/34, 99/20.
32. Hamilton and Laughton, Gardner, pp. 265, 250.
33. E.g., Chandler, ‘Undergroom at War’, p. 218.
34. Burnham and McGuigan, British Army Against Napoleon, pp. 157–8.
35. Austen, English Provincial Posts, p. 81.
36. Carnock, Cavalry, pp. 5–7.
37. Castlereagh to his stepbrother, Charles Stewart, 25 Nov. 1808, HRC, Londonderry MSS.
38. Sutcliffe, ‘Bringing Forward Merchant Shipping’, p. 275, quoting ‘Correspondence Relating to the Expeditions to Spain and Portugal …’, Parliamentary Papers, 1809 (66), p. 59.
39. Rodger, Command of the Ocean, p. 435.
40. Verney, Calvert, pp. 22–3.
41. Verner, Reminiscences, p. 12.
42. Admiral Berkeley to C. P. Yorke, 29 Sept. 1810, Yorke Papers, NMM, YOR/2.
43. Grocock, Shipwrecks, p. 84, quoting The Times, 13 Nov. 1799.
44. 25 Apr. 1801, Pakenham, Letters, p. 13.
45. ‘Transports in 1801’, HL, STG 147 (40).
46. Grocock, Shipwrecks, pp. 133–4, quoting The Times, 27 Nov. 1802.
47. Harvey, Collision of Empires, p. 133.
48. Oman, Peninsular War, Vol. I, p. 596; Verner, Reminiscences, p. 19.
49. Grocock, Shipwrecks, pp. 310–11, quoting the Naval Chronicle, Vol. XXVIII, 1811, p. 331.
50. Verner, Reminiscences, pp. 19–20.
51. Condon, ‘Administration of Transports’, p. 311.
52. Gregory, ‘Madeira’, pp. 80–96.
53. Baugh, ‘“Blue-Water” Policy’, pp. 54, 56–8.
54. Rupert George to Lord Barham, 19 June 1805, NMM, MID/1/74.
55. Flayhart, Counterpoint to Trafalgar, pp. 89–93, 172.
56. Harding, ‘Victory and Defeat’, p. 25, quoting Lieutenant-General Beckwith to Lord Liverpool, 9 Feb. 1810, TNA, CO 318/40.
57. 21 June 1796, Admiralty in-letters, TNA, ADM 1/3731.
58. Morriss, ‘Colonization, Conquest’, p. 315.
59. Navy Board to Admiralty, 9 June 1798, NMM, ADM BP/18a; Winfield, British Warships, pp. 107, 114, 126–8.
60. Rupert George to Lord Spencer, 3 Oct. 1796, Althorp Papers, BL, Add. MSS 75792.
61. ‘Men of War employed as Troop Ships in 1800 and 1801, exclusive of Men of War which were not fitted for that purpose, but occasionally received troops’, HL, STG 147 (20); Winfield, British Warships, passim; 16 Nov. 1806, ‘Monies Voted by Parliament’, HL, STG 148 (16).
62. Bunbury, Narratives, p. 93.
63. 9 Dec. 1798, WLC, Melville Papers.
64. Bunbury, Narratives, pp. 55, 34.
65. Mackesy, Strategy of Overthrow, p. 237.
66. Ibid., p. 320; Morriss, Foundations of Maritime Ascendancy, p. 341.
67. Mackesy, Strategy of Overthrow, p. 246.
68. 3 Dec. 1799, ‘Account of the amount of tonnage in the Transports Expedition to Holland’, Dundas letter-book, SCC.
69. Spencer to Pitt, 2 Sept. 1799, Dundas letter-book, SCC.
70. Grey to Dundas, 15 Sept. 1799, Dundas letter-book, SCC.
71. Mackesy, War without Victory, p. 86.
72. Memorandum by Dundas, 31 Mar. 1800, Hattendorf et al., British Naval Documents, pp. 344–50.
73. Holland Rose, Pitt and Napoleon, pp. 266–71.
74. Huskisson to Dundas, 30 Nov. 1799, Dundas letter-book, SCC.
75. Pitt to Dundas, 2 Dec. 1799, Dundas letter-book, SCC.
76. Morriss, Foundations of Maritime Ascendancy, pp. 348–9; Ville, English Shipowning, p. 153.
77. Creswell, Generals and Admirals, p. 96.
78. 5 June 1800, Lloyd, Keith Papers, Vol. II, pp. 110–11.
79. Mackesy, ‘Cádiz’, p. 43, quoting General Doyle to Brownrigg, 24 Oct. 1800, BL, Add. MSS 38736.
80. Quoted in Mackesy, ‘Cádiz’, pp. 41, 50–53.
81. 27 Dec. 1800, Lloyd, Keith Papers, Vol. II, p. 150; 27 Dec. 1800, Richmond, Spencer Papers, pp. 140–43.
82. Transport Office to Keith, 8 Mar. 1800, NMM, KEI/1, pp. 143–5.
83. Mackesy, Victory in Egypt, p. 15.
84. Chandler, Napoleonic Wars, p. 72.
85. Lloyd, Keith Papers, Vol. II, pp. 268–9.
86. Muster book of the Inflexible 1800–1801, TNA, ADM 36/15106.
87. Muster book of the Thisbe 1800–1802, TNA, ADM 36/14088.
88. Mackesy, Victory in Egypt, pp. 15–16, quoting Dalhousie’s journal, SRO, GD45/4/22, fol. 125.
89. Log of the Peterel 1800–1801, TNA, ADM 51/1364.
90. 30 Dec. 1801, log of the Peterel, TNA, ADM 51/1364.
91. Commander Inglis to Lieutenant Young, 18 Jan. 1801, Laughton, Naval Miscellany, Vol. II, p. 339.
92. Parsons, Nelsonian Reminiscences, p. 81.
93. Mackesy, Victory in Egypt, p. 16, quoting Dalhousie’s journal, SRO, GD45/4/22, fol. 133.
94. 4 Feb. 1801, Lloyd, Keith Papers, Vol. II, p. 263.
95. Mackesy, Victory in Egypt, p. 49; Chandler, Napoleonic Wars, p. 72.
96. Log of the Peterel, TNA, ADM 51/1364.
97. Mackesy, Victory in Egypt, p. 62.
98. Chandler, Napoleonic Wars, p. 73.
99. Bunbury, Narratives, pp. 94–5.
100. BL, Add. MSS. 8807, quoted by Melville in his speech in the Lords, 21 May 1810.
101. Mackesy, Victory in Egypt, p. 76.
102. Laughton, Miscellany, Vol. II, p. 344.
103. To Buckingham, 25 Dec. 1806, 1 Apr. 1807, HL, STG 37 (39, 50); Munch-Petersen, Copenhagen, pp. 57–8.
104. Palmer, Great Yarmouth, Vol. II, p. 286.
105. Munch-Petersen, Copenhagen, p. 99.
106. Ibid., pp. 99, 152–3, 170, 199.
107. Oman, Peninsular War, Vol. I, p. 596; James Bowen to the Transport Board, 28 Jan. 1809, HL, STG 136 (21).
108. Carnock, Cavalry, p. 28.
109. Verner, Reminiscences, p. 16.
110. Copy of Bowen’s report to the Transport Board, 28 Jan. 1809, HL, STG 136 (21).
111. Cobbett’s Parliamentary Debates, Vol. XVII, 1810, col. 90.
112. Copy of Bowen’s report to the Transport Board, 28 Jan. 1809, HL, STG 136 (21).
113. Muster book of the Barfleur 1808–9, TNA, ADM 37/1151.
114. Muster book of the Ville de Paris 1808–9, TNA, ADM 37/2265.
115. Muster book of the Audacious 1808–9, TNA, ADM 37/1103.
116. Carnock, Cavalry, p. 31.
117. Coad, ‘Hurst Castle’, p. 74.
118. Quoted in Robertson, Commanding Presence, pp. 88–9.
119. Ackroyd et al., Advancing with the Army, p. 33.
120. Robertson, Commanding Presence, pp. 88, 96.
121. Duffy, ‘Hood’, p. 341, quoting Lady Sarah Spencer to Robert Spencer, 6 Feb. 1809, in M. Wyndham (ed.), Correspondence of Sarah Spencer, Lady Lyttleton 1787–1870 (London, 1912), p. 60.
122. Rodger, Command of the Ocean, p. 556; Glover, Britain at Bay, p. 24.
123. ODNB, quoting Graham Moore from H. Maxwell, Creevey Papers, p. 95; Creswell, Generals and Admirals, p. 106; James, Naval History, Vol. IV, p. 7.
124. Bond, Grand Expedition, p. 18, quoting C. Greenhill Gardyne, The Life of a Regiment (London, 1929), p. 17
1.
125. Charles Worsley Boys to James Boys, 25 Aug. 1809, Laughton, Miscellany, Vol. II, pp. 389, 391.
126. Bond, Grand Expedition, pp. 145–6, 179.
127. Ibid., p. 21.
128. To Charles Stewart, 31 July 1809, HRC, Londonderry MSS.
129. Bond, Grand Expedition, pp. 179–80.
130. Muir, Defeat of Napoleon, pp. 100–102.
131. Graham Moore to Creevey, 9 Jan. 1810, Creevey, Life and Times, p. 46.
132. Howard, Walcheren, pp. 164–6, 199, 201–2.
133. Information from Michael Crumplin and Robert Malster.
134. Ackroyd et al., Advancing with the Army, pp. 33–4.
135. ‘Rupert George’, 18 Sept. 1809, Syrett and Dinardo, Commissioned Naval Officers.
136. Duke of York to Windham, 18 Mar. 1806, Glover, Britain at Bay, p. 224.
137. Harvey, Collision of Empires, pp. 133–7.
138. Mackesy, ‘Amphibious Power’, p. 24.
PART THREE: DEFENDING THE REALM
8 Political Instability and the Conduct of the War 1802–1812
1. Quoted in Hunt, Duel, p. 143.
2. Political Register, Vol. 30, Letter V, to the People of the United States of America, quoted in Harvey, Collision of Empires, pp. 184–5.
3. Harvey, Collision of Empires, pp. 174–5.
4. Ehrman, Younger Pitt, Vol. III, pp. 495–6; Jupp, Canning, pp. 97–9.
5. See Appendix 2.
6. Breihan, ‘Addington Party’, p. 171.
7. Crimmin, ‘Troubridge’, p. 315; Thorne, House of Commons, Vol. V, p. 416.
8. Grenville to Buckingham, 4 Oct. 1806, HL, STG 37 (28).
9. Knight and Wilcox, Sustaining the Navy, p. 225.
10. 2 Oct. 1801,WLC, Melville Papers.
11. Schroeder, Europe, p. 226.
12. Ibid., p. 241; Grainger, Amiens, pp. 181–5.
13. Daly, ‘English Smugglers’, p. 43.
14. Balleine, D’Auvergne, pp. 96–100, 109–10.
15. 29 Apr. 1803, Paget, Paget, Vol. II, p. 77.
16. Glover, Britain at Bay, p. 43; Grainger, Amiens, p. 110.
17. ‘Account of the Number of Ships in Commission and Complements’, DHC, Addington Papers, 152M/c1802/ON18.
18. 1 Apr. 1803, DHC, Addington Papers, 152M/c1803/ON54.
19. Secret Orders, Admiralty Board to Bickerton, 7 Mar. 1803, TNA, ADM 2/1360.
20. Knight, Pursuit of Victory, pp. 442–3, quoting 19 Mar., 24 Apr. 1803, TNA, ADM 1/407.
21. Ziegler, Addington, p. 81.
22. Grenville to Buckingham, 18, 20 Oct. 1802, HL, STG 36 (9) and (8).
23. McCord, ‘Impress Service’, pp. 166–8.
24. Durey, Wickham, pp. 172–7.
25. Ibid., p. 170, quoting the Weekly Political Register, 20 Aug. 1803.
26. Hall, ‘Addington Party’, p. 315.
27. Morieux, ‘Travelling across the Channel’, p. 230.
28. Thorne, House of Commons, Vol. III, p. 238.
29. Ravenhill, ‘Clifford’, pp. 163–8.
30. Morieux, ‘Travelling across the Channel’, p. 236.
31. Thorne, House of Commons, Vol. IV, p. 143; Morriss, Naval Power and Culture, p. 162.
32. Breihan, ‘Addington Party’, p. 172.
33. Morriss, Royal Dockyards, pp. 82, 179.
34. Barrow, Autobiography, p. 257; Marsden, Brief Memoir, p. 103.
35. Arbuthnot to Paget, 12 Mar. 1804, Paget, Paget Papers, Vol. II, pp. 97–8.
36. Breihan, ‘Addington Party’, p. 174; Knight, ‘Devil Bolts and Deception’, p. 5.
37. Hague, Pitt, pp. 541–7.
38. 25 Sept. 1804,WLC, Melville Papers.
39. Knight, ‘Fleets at Trafalgar’, p. 69; see Chapter 12.
40. Rodger, Command of the Ocean, p. 531; Wareham, Frigate Commander, pp. 254–5; Ehrman, Younger Pitt, Vol. III, pp. 703–5.
41. Barrow, Autobiography, p. 260.
42. See Chapter 11.
43. Barrow, Autobiography, p. 269.
44. Hague, Wilberforce, p. 323.
45. Ehrman, Younger Pitt, Vol. III, pp. 757–8.
46. Ibid., p. 765, quoting 17 Apr. 1805, BL, Loan MS 72, Vol. 55.
47. Barrow, Autobiography, pp. 276–7.
48. Hague, Pitt, p. 565; Ehrman, Younger Pitt, Vol. III, pp. 825–6.
49. Hague, Pitt, p. 566.
50. Duffy, Pitt, pp. 227–8.
51. Jupp, Grenville, p. 345.
52. Ehrman, Younger Pitt, Vol. III, pp. 832–5.
53. Harvey, ‘Ministry of All the Talents’, pp. 619, 623.
54. Ibid., pp. 630–35.
55. Fernihough, Military Memoirs, p. 74.
56. Rodger, Command of the Ocean, pp. 550–51.
57. Harvey, ‘Ministry of All the Talents’, p. 637.
58. Atkinson, ‘River Plate Expedition’, pp. 69–76.
59. Fletcher, Waters of Oblivion, pp. 121–2, quoting Major General S. F. Whittingham, A Memoir … (1868), pp. 23–4.
60. Ibid., p. 137.
61. Hall, British Strategy, p. 131.
62. Beckett, ‘Militia’, p. 37.
63. Harvey, ‘Ministry of All the Talents’, p. 628; 15 July 1806, Colchester, Diary and Correspondence, Vol. II, p. 77.
64. 30 May 1806, Rosebery, Windham, Vol. II, p. 310.
65. Cookson, Armed Nation, p. 123; Hall, British Strategy, p. 133.
66. Glover, Britain at Bay, p. 139.
67. Ibid., p. 143; Glover, Peninsular Preparation, p. 240; Emsley, ‘Volunteers’, p. 47.
68. Glover, Peninsular Preparation, p. 242.
69. Harvey, ‘Ministry of All the Talents’, p. 628, quoting Wilberforce, Life (1838), Vol. III, p. 268.
70. Holmberg, ‘French Decrees on Trade’, p. 2.
71. Marzagalli, ‘Continental Blockade’, pp. 26–7.
72. Hicks, ‘Napoleon, Tilsit’, pp. 129–35.
73. Sack, Grenvillites, p. 99, quoting 28 Feb. 1804, Horner Papers, Vol. II, LSE.
74. 8 Aug. 1806, HL, STG 37 (18).
75. ‘Appointments of Commissioned Officers’, HL, ST 103.
76. ‘Book of Promotions’, HL, ST 21; ‘Book of Applications’, ST 102.
77. To Buckingham, 25 Dec. 1806, HL, STG 37 (39); Knight and Wilcox, Sustaining the Fleet, p. 222.
78. 6 Mar. 1807, HL, STG 37 (44).
79. Grenville to Buckingham, 5 Dec. 1806, HL, STG 37 (36).
80. Grenville to Buckingham, 1 Apr. 1807, HL, STG 37 (50).
81. Jupp, Grenville, pp. 409, 412.
82. Glover, Peninsular Preparation, pp. 247–52.
83. Hicks, ‘Napoleon, Tilsit’, p. 134, quoting Napoleon’s Correspondance, No. 12,848.
84. Muir, Defeat of Napoleon, pp. 22–3.
85. Ibid., p. 25.
86. Cookson, Armed Nation, p. 53, quoting 16 Sept. 1807, Richmond MSS, National Library of Ireland, MS 70/1338.
87. Robson, Portugal and South America, pp. 168–9.
88. NMM website, ‘Sustaining the Empire’ database, from List Books, TNA, ADM 8.
89. Croker to C. P. Yorke, 23 Oct. 1811, NMM, YOR/3.
90. Winfield, British Warships, p. 291; see also Chapter 12.
91. NMM website, ‘Sustaining the Empire’ database, from List Books, TNA, ADM 8.
92. Knight and Wilcox, Sustaining the Fleet, p. 222.
93. Davey, ‘Within Hostile Shores’, pp. 244, 260.
94. Mackesy, War in the Mediterranean, pp. 398–9.
95. Collins, War and Empire, p. 247.
96. Hattendorf, ‘Mediterranean’, pp. 213–16.
97. Muir, Defeat of Napoleon, pp. 34, 37–40.
98. Ibid., p. 42; Davies, Wellington’s Wars, p. 89.
99. Davey, ‘Repatriation’, p. 705.
100. Hall, Wellington’s Navy, p. 30.
101. Muir, Defeat of Napoleon, pp. 54–8.
102. Krajeski, Cotton, p. 117.
103. Glover, ‘French Fleet’, pp. 233–4.
104. Thorne, History of Par
liament, Vol. V, p. 486.
105. Brown, Palmerston, pp. 64–5.
106. Castlereagh to Charles Stewart, 12 May 1809, HRC, Londonderry MSS.
107. Hunt, Duel, pp. 132–8.
108. Thorne, History of Parliament, Vol. III, p. 399.
109. Grey, Perceval, p. 339.
110. Muir, Defeat of Napoleon, pp. 110–12.
111. Ibid., p. 123, quoting 7 Mar. 1810, Raglan Papers, Gwent County Record Office, n. 101.
112. Castlereagh to Charles Stewart, 8 Apr. 1812, HRC, Londonderry MSS.
113. ODNB, quoting Apr. 1810, Aspinall, Later Correspondence of George III, Vol. V, p. 573.
114. Muir, Defeat of Napoleon, p. 109.
115. Harcourt, Rose Diaries, Vol. II, p. 165.
116. Thorne, History of Parliament, Vol. V, pp. 668, 672.
117. Barrow, Autobiography, pp. 310–11.
118. Thorne, History of Parliament, Vol. V, p. 672.
119. James, Naval History of Britain, Vol. V, pp. 231–2.
120. Thorne, House of Commons, Vol. V, pp. 81–2.
121. Esdaile, Peninsular War, p. 339.
122. To the marquis of Buckingham, 14 Feb. 1812, Buckingham and Chandos, Memoirs of the Court of George III, p. 233.
123. Muir, Defeat of Napoleon, p. 198.
124. Gray, Perceval, pp. 448–69.
125. Harvey, Collision of Empires, quoting Lord Holland, Further Memoirs of the Whig Party 1807–1821, Lord Stavordale (ed.) (1905), p. 133.
126. Hilton, ‘Political Arts of Lord Liverpool’, p. 148; Dangerous People, p. 286.
127. Yorke to Liverpool, 22 May 1812, NMM, YOR/10 (5).
128. Thorne, House of Commons, Vol. I, p. 235.
9 The Invasion Threat 1803–1812
1. Wheeler and Broadley, Napoleon and Invasion, Vol. II, pp. 104–5, quoting Cruikshank, ‘Volunteers’, p. 11.
2. Coad and Lewis, ‘Fortifications at Dover’, p. 153, quoting TNA, WO 30/68; the same words are used in Verney, Calvert, pp. 501, 503.
3. Schom, Trafalgar, pp. 123–7.
4. Bunbury, Narratives, pp. 172–3.
5. Glover, Britain at Bay, p. 14.
6. Feb. 1801, DHC, 152M/c1804/OM10.
7. Linch, ‘East Sussex and Invasion’, p. 52, quoting Lieutenancy Papers, East Sussex County Record Office, LCG/3/EW1.
8. Ward, ‘Defence Works’, p. 19; Cookson, Armed Nation, pp. 4–13.
9. Boyden, ‘Fire Beacons’, pp. 127–30.
10. Ann Taylor to Jane Taylor at Lavenham, property of Robin Gilbert.
11. Watson to Addington, 10 Nov. 1803, commissary-general’s secret letter-book, TNA, WO 58/170.
