by Leo Damrosch
36. John Partridge to Isaac Manley, Apr. 24, 1708, Corr., 1:189–90; see Rumbold, “Burying the Fanatic Partridge,” 91.
CHAPTER 13. AT THE SUMMIT
1. Swift to Robert Hunter, Jan. 12, 1709; King to Swift, Feb. 10, 1709; Corr., 1:229, 233.
2. PW, 5:196; Ehrenpreis, 1:29; and also Ehrenpreis’s The Personality of Jonathan Swift, 12; Nokes, 114.
3. See Kenyon, The Stuarts, 198–204; and Holmes, The Making of a Great Power, 364; Boswell, Life of Johnson, 1:38–39.
4. Memoirs Relating to That Change Which Happened in the Queen’s Ministry in the Year 1710, 8:118.
5. Swift to Archbishop King, Sept. 9, 1710, Corr., 1:291.
6. Preface to part 3 of Temple’s Memoirs, PW, 1:268; Swift to Archbishop King, Sept. 9, 1710, Corr., 1:291.
7. Journal, 1:6 (Sept. 9, 1710).
8. The Virtues of Sid Hamet the Magician’s Rod, lines 5–14, Poems, 1:132.
9. Ibid., lines 85–86, 1:135.
10. Journal, 1:59 (Oct. 14, 1710).
11. Preface to Miscellanies (1711), quoted in PW, 2:xxxix.
12. Journal, 1:36, 41, 46–47 (Sept. 30, Oct. 4, Oct. 7, 1710).
13. Journal, 1:91 (Nov. 11, 1710).
14. Journal, 1:66, 55, 84 (Oct. 21, Oct. 13, Nov. 7, 1710).
15. King to Swift, Nov. 2, 1710; Swift to King, Dec. 30, 1710; King to Swift, Jan. 9, 1711, Corr., 1:310, 324, 329. King quotes Horace’s Epistle 2.1.13–14 (translation by H. Rushton Fairclough, Satires, Epistles and Ars Poetica, Loeb Classical Library [Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1929], 397).
16. Swift to King, Dec. 30, 1710, Corr., 1:324.
17. See Keith Feiling, A History of the Tory Party, 1640–1714 (Oxford: Clarendon, 1924), 314; and Christopher Fox, “Swift and the Rabble Reformation: A Tale of a Tub and State of the Church in the 1690s,” in Swift as Priest and Satirist, ed. Todd C. Parker (Newark: University of Delaware Press, 2009), 103. Swift probably never realized that the elder Harley had headed the committee that imprisoned his grandfather, Thomas Swift of Goodrich.
18. Journal, 2:381 (Oct. 11, 1711); Swift’s annotation to Erasmus Lewis’s letter of July 17, 1714, Corr., 2:9; Journal, 1:353 (Sept. 7, 1711).
19. Swift to Archbishop King, Sept. 28, 1721, Corr., 2:399; Swift to the Earl of Oxford, June 14, 1737, Corr., 4:440.
20. Pope, as quoted by Spence, Observations, 1:96.
21. Hamilton, The Backstairs Dragon, 3, 222; Swift to John Hill, Aug. 12, 1712, Corr., 1:434; Deane Swift, 164.
22. A History of the Four Last Years of Queen Anne’s Reign, 7:73; William Cowper (later Earl Cowper), quoted by Plumb, 1:170; Kenyon, The Stuarts, 203.
23. Hamilton, The Backstairs Dragon, 17, 128.
24. H. T. Dickinson, Bolingbroke (London: Constable, 1970), 59.
25. Journal, 2:401 (Nov. 3, 1711); Shakespeare, Hamlet. 2.2.
26. Journal, 1:230 (Mar. 3, 1711); the editor, Harold Williams (230n), notes that the parenthetical “meaning from Sir William Temple” may have been added to Swift’s manuscript, as a clarification, by Deane Swift.
27. Journal, 1:339, 164 (Aug. 23, Jan. 13, 1711); Ehrenpreis, 2:457.
28. Journal, 2:499 (Feb. 26, 1712).
29. Swift to Bolingbroke, Dec. 19, 1719, Corr., 2:316; Intelligencer 5 and 7, PW, 12:41. The comment to Bolingbroke about the paper knife was repeated in Thoughts of Various Subjects, 4:251.
30. Swift to Archbishop King, Mar. 8, 1711, Corr., 1:337.
31. Journal, 1:210–12 (Mar. 8, 1711); Ehrenpreis, 2:468; Swift to King, Mar. 8, 1711, Corr., 1:338.
32. Prior, To Mr. Harley, Wounded by Guiscard, 1711, lines 15–16, in The Literary Works of Matthew Prior, ed. H. Bunker Wright and Monroe K. Spears (Oxford: Clarendon, 1959), 1:398; Journal, 1:228 (Mar. 30, 1711).
33. Examiner 32, PW, 3:109.
34. Journal, 1:224 (Mar. 25, 1711).
35. Examiner 32, PW, 3:109; John Oldmixon, A Letter to the Seven Lords of the Committee, Appointed to Examine Gregg (1711), quoted by Frank Ellis in Swift vs. Mainwaring: The Examiner and The Medley (Oxford: Clarendon, 1985), 303n.
36. Deane Swift, 163.
37. Delany, A Letter to Deane Swift (London, 1755), 16, 20–21.
38. An Enquiry into the Behaviour of the Queen’s Last Ministry, PW, 8:151.
39. A Letter from Dr. Swift to Mr. Pope (1721), PW, 9:28; Journal, 2:589 (Dec. 26, 1712).
40. Kennett’s diary is quoted in an appendix to Williams’s edition of the letters, The Correspondence of Jonathan Swift, 4 vols., ed. Harold Williams (Oxford: Clarendon, 1963–65), 5:228–29; Ehrenpreis, 2:608.
41. The Author upon Himself, lines 37–40, 67–68, 1:194–96.
42. Horace, Lib. 2. Sat. 6: Part of It Imitated, lines 65–70, 79–80, Poems, 1:201.
43. A Libel on Doctor Delany and a Certain Great Lord, lines 13–16; Poems, 2:480.
44. Sheridan, 121.
45. Journal, 1:193–94 (Feb. 17, 1711). Ehrenpreis (2:210) makes the point about the ministers wanting to hold on to Swift.
46. Journal, 1:294 (June 21, 1711). The membership of the Club is listed at 2:505n.
47. Swift to Pope, Jan. 10, 1721, Corr., 2:358; Swift to Lady Betty Germaine, Jan. 8, 1733, Corr., 3:575.
48. Johnson, Life of Parnell, in Lives, 2:54; the anecdotes about Parnell’s drinking (from Hester Piozzi’s memoir of Johnson and from a friend of Delany’s) are quoted by G. B. Hill in an appendix to that Life, 55.
49. Journal, 1:320 (July 25, 1711); Gregory Durston, “Rape in the Eighteenth-Century Metropolis,” British Journal for Eighteenth-Century Studies 28 (2005): 15–16.
50. Thoughts on Various Subjects, 4:245; McBride, Eighteenth-Century Ireland, 113. See also G. E. Mingay, English Landed Society in the Eighteenth Century (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1963).
51. The Sentiments of a Church of England Man, PW, 2:5; Bolingbroke, quoted by Dickinson, Bolingbroke, 164.
52. Memoirs Relating to That Change Which Happened in the Queen’s Ministry in the Year 1710 (written 1714, published 1765), 8:120.
53. Examiner 21, PW. 3:50; Thomas Burnet, Essays Divine, Moral, and Political (1714), v.
54. George Faulkner, preface to his 1763 edition of Swift’s Works, PW, 13:202–3; Herbert Davis makes the point about Swift’s style in Jonathan Swift: Essays on His Satire and Other Studies (New York: Oxford University Press, 1964), 217, 229–30.
55. A Preface to the Right Reverend Dr. Burnet, Bishop of Sarum’s Introduction to . . . the History of the Reformation of the Church of England (1712), PW, 4:69.
56. George Orwell, “Politics and the English Language,” in A Collection of Essays by George Orwell (New York: Doubleday Anchor Books, 1954), 176.
57. Part of the Seventh Epistle of the First Book of Horace Imitated, line 36, 1:171.
58. Examiner 14, PW, 3:11. Wharton’s career is surveyed by Christopher Robbins in “‘The Most Universal Villain I Ever Knew’: Jonathan Swift and the Earl of Wharton,” Eighteenth-Century Ireland 18 (2003): 24–38.
59. Examiner 22, PW, 3:57; see Ellis’s note in Swift vs. Mainwaring, 152. The original “Verres” attack is in no. 17.
60. A Short Character of His Excellency Thomas Earl of Wharton, PW, 3:178–79.
61. Journal. 1:115 (Dec. 8, 1710).
62. Journal, 2:427 (Dec. 1, 1711); marginalia to John Macky, PW, 5:259.
63. PW, 4:270; on the Miscellanies, see Ehrenpreis, 2:422–24.
64. Tatler 230, PW, 2:176; on “banter,” see the “Apology” to A Tale of a Tub, 10.
65. Ehrenpreis, 2:547; and see Ann Cline Kelly, Swift and the English Language (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1988), ch. 6.
66. A Project for the Advancement of Religion, PW, 2:48–50.
67. Ibid., 2:57.
68. Swift to Pope (letter perhaps never sent), Jan. 10, 1721, Corr., 2:361; Project for the Advancement of Religion, 2:44. For interpretations that accept Swift’s serious intentions, see Ehrenpreis, 2:289–97; and Rawson, Order from Confusion Sprung, 28–35. Rawson
advances a subtle argument according to which Swift’s anarchic impulses and his commitment to order meet in “the kind of intimate mirror-opposition where self and anti-self complete one another.”
69. I follow the argument of Leland D. Peterson, “Swift’s Project: A Religious and Political Satire,” PMLA 82 (1967): 54–63. This article is sometimes referred to as mistaken, but I have not seen it convincingly refuted.
CHAPTER 14. THE JOURNAL TO STELLA
1. See Corr., 1:182n.
2. Herbert Davis, Stella: A Gentlewoman of the Eighteenth Century (New York: Macmillan, 1942), 52. Davis reproduces Swift’s record of letters sent and received in an appendix to the Journal, 2:685–86. Woolley (Corr., 2:377n) confirms that there are only three surviving letters by Stella.
3. Journal, 1:39, 31 (Oct. 3, Sept. 28, 1700). On postage costs, see Corr., 1:177n.
4. Journal, 2:547 (July 1, 1712); letter 3, Sept. 9, 1710 (not noted in the printed Journal; British Library Add. ms. 72710).
5. Journal, 1:79 (Nov. 3, 1710). Abigail Williams suggests that “the tiny knotted scrawl becomes an embodiment of the ties between the three adults it joins.” “The Difficulties of Swift’s Journal to Stella,” Review of English Studies 62 (2011): 761. Williams considers possible explanations for Swift’s occasional covering over of endearments with looping cancellations, but concludes that “we will never know the real answer” (775); she offers a related analysis in “‘I Hope to Write as Bad as Ever’: Swift’s Journal to Stella and the Intimacy of Correspondence,” Eighteenth-Century Life 35 (2011): 102–18.
6. Journal, 1:142 (Dec. 27, 1710). These interpretations go back to Forster, 308, and have been repeated with occasional variations by numerous later writers. On “MD” and “Podefar,” see Journal, 1:142 and 2:552n.
7. Journal, 1:131 (Dec. 17, 1710).
8. Journal, 1:325 (July 2, 1711).
9. Swift to King, Sept. 28, 1721, Corr., 2:399.
10. Journal, 1:72–73 (Oct. 26, 1710) and 73n; on Patty Rolt, see Corr., 1:640n.
11. Journal, 1:95, 157, 178 (Nov. 13, 1710, Jan. 6, Jan. 31, 1711).
12. Journal, 1:89, 344, 380 (Nov. 9, 1710, Aug. 25 [substituting “Pdfr” for Deane Swift’s “Presto”], Oct. 9, 1711); Michael DePorte, “Swift’s Horses of Instruction,” in Reading Swift, 2:209. Robert C. Elliott discusses these passages in “The Self and t’Other I,” in The Literary Persona (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982), 89–106.
13. Journal, 1:220 (Mar. 19, 1711).
14. Journal, 1:245, 2:394 (Apr. 18, Oct. 24, 1711).
15. Account Books, 62–63.
16. T. G. Wilson, “The Mental and Physical Health of Dean Swift,” Medical History 2, no. 3 (1958): 187; Wilson, “Swift’s Deafness, and His Last Illness,” Irish Journal of Medical Science 162 (1939): 249–50.
17. Journal, 2:528 (Mar. 30–31, 1712); Craik, 1:320.
18. Journal, 2:531–32, 564 (May 10, Oct. 9, 1712).
19. Journal, 1:272 (May 19, 1711).
20. Journal, 1:286, 293 (May 5, June 7, 1711).
21. Journal, 1:56 (Oct. 14, 1710), substituting “Ppt” for Deane Swift’s “Stella.”
22. Michael DePorte, “Night Thoughts in Swift,” Sewanee Review 98 (1990): 646–63.
23. Journal, 1:152 (Jan. 4, 1711), substituting “Ppt” for Deane Swift’s “Stella.”
24. Journal, 1:143, 164 (Dec. 29, 1710, Jan. 14, 1711).
25. Lyon, loose notes in his copy of Hawkesworth.
26. Journal, 2:476 (Jan. 30, 1712)
27. Journal, 2:565 (Oct. 11, 1712).
28. Journal, 2:376 (Sept. 3, 1711). On house keys, see Vickery, Behind Closed Doors, 26, 43.
29. Directions to Servants, 13:8.
30. Journal, 1:39 (Oct. 3, 1710, substituting “Ppt” for “Stella”); her husband Filby is mentioned at 2:576 (Nov. 18, 1712).
31. Journal, 1:26 (Sept. 21, 1710).
32. Journal, 1:93, 99, 105 (Nov. 11, 21, 25, 1710).
33. Johnston, 215.
34. Journal, 2:378 (Oct. 7, 1711); Virginia Woolf, The Common Reader, Second Series (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1932), 70.
35. Journal, 2:468, 1:342 (Jan. 21, 1712, and Aug. 24, 1711).
36. Journal, 1:153, 236, 249–50, 2:641 (Jan. 4, Apr. 6, Apr. 23, 1711, Mar. 19, 1713).
37. Journal, 2:558, 565, 569–70 (Sept. 18, Oct. 11, Oct. 30, 1712). In a letter to Lady Orkney Swift mentions “the workman you employed and directed” (Nov. 21, 1712, Corr., 1:452).
38. Journal, 2:559, 569, 570–72 (Sept. 15. Oct. 30, Nov. 15, 1712); Holmes, Marlborough, 19.
39. Journal, 2:594–97 (Jan. 3, Jan. 5, 1713).
40. Journal, 2:484, 491, 494, 518 (Feb. 9, Feb. 18, Feb. 22, 1712). The “little language” got its first systematic analysis in 1948 in a valuable essay by Irvin Ehrenpreis, later collected in his Personality of Jonathan Swift, 50–58.
41. Journal, 2:518, 1:210 (Mar. 21, 1712, Mar. 7, 1711); Forster, 124, 307.
42. Woolf, The Common Reader, 68.
43. Journal, 1:30; 2:541 (Sept. 26, 1710, June 17, 1712).
44. Journal, 2:507 (Mar. 7, 1712). Deborah Baker Wyrick makes the point about private understanding in Jonathan Swift and the Vested Word (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988), 86.
45. Journal, 2:531–32 (May 10, 1712).
46. Journal, 1:205, 109 (Mar. 3, 1711, Nov. 30, 1710); Herbert Davis, Jonathan Swift, 63.
47. Journal, 1:154, 276–77, 154 (Jan. 4, May 23, 1711), replacing “Presto” with “Pdfr,” etc.
48. Journal, 1:301, 2:539 (June 30, 1711, June 17, 1712), substituting “Ppt” for “Stella,” etc.
49. Journal, 1:56–57, 146 (Oct. 14 [substituting “Pdfr” for “Presto”], Jan. 1, 1710).
50. Journal, 2:410, 1:182, 181 (Nov. 12, 1711, Feb. 8, 1711, Feb. 5, 1711).
51. Journal, 1:123, 234, 2:392 (Dec. 14, 1710, Apr. 5, Oct. 23, 1711).
52. Swift to Mary Pendarves, Jan. 29, 1736, Corr., 4:257; the comment about the person with “natural good sense and judgment” is quoted by Woolley from the Portland papers: Corr., 4:258n.
53. Journal, 2:426 (Dec. 1, 1711), conjecturing that Deane Swift substituted “Madam Stella” for “MD.”
54. Journal, 1:302–3, 2:414, 405 (June 30, Nov. 17, Nov. 6, 1711), altering “Presto,” etc.
CHAPTER 15. ENTER VANESSA
1. Journal of C. Huygens (1690), quoted by Bruce Arnold, “‘A Protestant Purchaser’: Bartholomew Van Homrigh, Merchant Adventurer,” Swift Studies 15 (2000): 42. Orrery (154) mentions the pronunciation of Vanhomrigh.
2. Journal, 1:260 (May 4, 1711).
3. Journal, 1:95, 360, 2:382 (Nov. 14, 1710, Sept. 14, Oct. 12, 1711).
4. Journal, 2:417, 421 (Nov. 19, Nov. 26, 1711); Ehrenpreis, 2:641, 644. Harold Williams’s index identifies fifty-five meals (Journal, 2:794).
5. Journal, 1:48, 86–87 (Oct. 8, Nov. 8, 1710).
6. PW, 5:197–98.
7. Anne Long to Swift, Nov. 18, 1711; Swift to Anne Long, Dec. 18, 1711, Corr., 1:397, 401.
8. Journal, 2:445, 446n, 519 (Dec. 25, 1711, Mar. 21, 1712); Death of Mrs. Long, PW, 5:198.
9. Journal, 1:283, 285 (May 30, June 4, 1711).
10. Journal, 1:270 (May 15, 1711).
11. Journal, 2:441 (Dec. 18, 1711); Swift to Vanessa, Dec. 18, 1711, Corr., 1:399. The coincidence of dates is remarked by Williams in his footnote in the Journal.
12. Glendinning, 132–33.
13. Ehrenpreis, 2:661, 3:396, 2:647, 642.
14. Swift to Anne Long, Dec. 18, 1711, Corr., 1:402; Swift to Vanessa, Aug. 15, 1712, Corr., 1:436–37; Johnson, Life of Swift, 31.
15. Louise Bogan, Hypocrite Swift, in The Blue Estuaries: Poems, 1923–1968 (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1968), 68–69.
16. Swift to Vanessa, Sept. 28, 1712, Corr., 1:443.
17. A full account of the poem’s development and eventual publication is given by Peter J. Schakel, “‘What Success It Met’: The Reception of Cadenus and Vanessa,” in Reading Swift, 3:215–24.
“Cadenus” is first named at line 462.
18. Ellen Pollak makes this point in The Poetics of Sexual Myth: Gender and Ideology in the Verse of Swift and Pope (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985), 133.
19. Cadenus and Vanessa, lines 161, 178, 205–7, 13–14, Poems, 2:691–93, 697; Anne Long to Swift, Nov. 18, 1711, Corr., 1:398.
20. Cadenus and Vanessa, lines 400–403, 2:699.
21. Ibid., line 466, 2:701; François, duc de la Rochefoucauld, Maximes, ed. Jacques Truchet (Paris: Flammarion, 1977), 98.
22. Cadenus and Vanessa, lines 524–31, 2:703.
23. Poems, 2:703–4, deleted lines given in the textual notes.
24. Cadenus and Vanessa, lines 608–13, 622–23, 2:705–6.
25. Ibid., lines 642–55, 744–751, 2:707, 710. In line 746 I follow “but though her arguments,” as in Faulkner’s edition, which makes more sense than Williams’s “and” (2:710, textual note).
26. Ibid., lines 772–77, 780, 785, 2:711.
27. Ibid., lines 818–27, 2:712 (I follow the alternative reading of “act” instead of “like” in line 823). This is the conclusion that John Irwin Fischer reaches in a thoughtful article, “‘Love and Books’: Some Early Texts of Swift’s Cadenus and Vanessa,” in Reading Swift, 4:309–10.
28. Ehrenpreis, 2:650–51; Sheridan, 273; William K. Wimsatt, “Rhetoric and Poems: The Example of Swift,” in Essential Articles for the Study of Swift’s Poetry, ed. David M. Vieth (Hamden, Conn.: Archon Books, 1984), 88.
29. Swift to Vanessa, May 31, 1713; Vanessa to Swift, June 6, 1713, Corr., 1:498, 502.
CHAPTER 16. TORY TRIUMPH
1. Lewis, “Addison,” 146.
2. Spectator 4, 57; Journal, 2:482 (Feb. 8, 1712).
3. Journal, 2:589 (Dec. 27, 1712).
4. To Charles Ford, lines 75–76, Poems, 1:314; Swift to Arbuthnot, July 25, 1714, Corr., 2:26; Pope to Robert Digby, Sept. 1, 1724, The Correspondence of Alexander Pope, ed. George Sherburn (Oxford: Clarendon, 1965), 2:253.
5. Verses on the Death of Dr. Swift, lines 55–58, 2:555.
6. Pope’s comment and Arbuthnot’s epitaph in Epistles to Several Persons, vol. III-ii of the Twickenham edition of The Poems of Alexander Pope, ed. F. W. Bateson (London: Methuen, 1961), 85–86n.
7. Pope, An Epistle to Dr Arbuthnot, line 132; Pope to Lord Bathurst, Dec. 18, 1730, Correspondence of Alexander Pope, 3:156.
