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ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Robert Zimmerman is an award-winning science journalist and historian who has written four books and more than a hundred articles on science, engineering, and the history of space exploration and technology. His third book, Leaving Earth: Space Stations, Rival Superpowers, and the Quest for Interplanetary Travel (Joseph Henry Press), was awarded the American Astronautical Society's Eugene M. Emme Astronautical Literature Award in 2003 as the best space history for the general public.
His magazine and newspaper articles have appeared in Science, Astronomy, Sky & Telescope, Air & Space, Natural History, The Wall Street Journal, USA Today, Wired, Invention & Technology and a host of other publications. In 2000 he was co-winner of the David N. Schramm Award, given by the High Energy Astrophysics Division of the American Astronomical Society for Science Journalism, for his essay in The Sciences, "There She Blows," on the 35-year- old astronomical mystery of gamma ray bursts.
In addition, he writes daily about space, science, politics, technology, and culture at his website, Behind the Black (http://behindtheblack.com).
He was born in Brooklyn and lives in Tucson, Arizona.
1 Hoyle, pp. 9-10.
2 National Geographic, 2/98, 44
3 Gagarin, 193
4 Julian Scheer interview, 10/23/97
5 Clarke, 161
6 Orlando Evening Star, 12/21/68
7 Chaikin, 116
8 La Mesa Scout, 1/2/68, 1
9 Borman, 197-198
10 Borman, 297; Aldrin, 123
11 Both Andrew Chaikin’s A Man on the Moon and the hardback edition of Lovell’s Lost Moon describe how Susan expressed anger at Kraft because of NASA’s decision to send Apollo 8 to the moon. According to Susan Borman, this is incorrect. “I was never angry,” she explained to me. She told Kraft how she was sure the men would die in lunar orbit, and he tried (and failed) to reassure her.
12 Borman, 66
13 Borman, 303-304
14 Milwaukee Journal, 2/21/69
15 Borman, 196; Chaikin, 79; Life 2/69, 19
16 Borman, 196-197; Life 2/69, 19
17 Life, 2/28/69, 19
18 Washington Post, 12/22/68, 1; Houston Chronicle 12/21/68, 1
19 Baker, 292-294; Lay, fronts piece; Borman, 133
20 Baker, 294
21 Murray, 242-250; Chaikin, 86
22 Borman, 201
23 Chaikin, 87
24 Collins, 288-300
25 Borman, 203
26 Borman, 204
27 Gun, 268-270, 299-303
28 New York Times, 1/20/46, 25; Gun, 268-270, 299-303
29 New York Times, 7/14/47, 7
30 Borman, 35
31 Churchill, 359-362, 373-374, 400-407
32 Davison, 8-10, 13-18, 27-30, 144-149
33 Davison, 93
34 Collier (1978), 59-83
35 Collier (1978), 186
36 O'Ballance, 118
37 O'Ballance, 126-128, 130-135; Kousoulas, 164-165, 177-178
38 O'Ballance, 191-202
39 Lovell (1952), 24
40 Lovell (1994), 66-72
41 Newsweek, 2/3/69, 11; Washington Post, 8/31/69, 2
42 New York Times, 7/25/59, 3
43 New York Times, 1/25/59, 1; Nixon (1978), 206
44 Khrushchev (1970), 13-35; Khrushchev (1990), 1-13; Medvedev, 3-24; Pistrak, 3-14
45 Khrushchev (1970), 21-22; Medvedev, 13, 18-19; Pistrak, 15-18, 30-32
46 Khrushchev (1970), 36-119; Medvedev, 25-39; Pistrak, 27-85
47 Whitney, 1-7
48 New York Times, 11/18-20/56, 11/20/56, p15
49 Burlatsky, 76-78, 132-136
50 Khrushchev (1970), 385
51 Khrushchev (1974), 79
52 Shlapentokh, 105-109; 149-151; Gunther, 55-57, 284-288; Brumberg, 360-390; Johnson, 1-89
53 Anderson, 19
54 Anderson, 19
55 Anderson, 1-67; Bourdeaux (1968), 12-19; Bourdeaux (1970), 38-59, 65-84, 97-155, 304-329; Fletcher, 230-272; Corley, 184-243; Struve, 267-335
56 Cate, 27; Gelb, 39-44; Dulles, 41; Survey v44-45, 10/62, 59-65
57 Khrushchev (1990), 167
58 Khrushchev (1990), 120-127; Burlatsky, 88-92
59 Whitney, 5
60 New York Times, 6/30/59, 1, 17; 7/2/59, 1; Barghoorn, 12-13, 92-94, 134
61 Shepard & Slayton, 42
62 Breuer, 150
63 New York Times, 6/30/59, 16
64 Chaikin, 39
65 Beschloss, 701-706
66 Baker, 250-255, plate opposite 273
67 Borman, 203
68 Collins, 60; Cunningham 204
69 Borman, 194
70 Hall, 122
71 Houston Post, 12/22/68, 1
72 Murray, 326; Phillips, 604-607
73 Phillips, 642-643
74 Houston Post, 12/22/68, 1, 25
75 Milwaukee Journal, 12/23/68, 1:6
76 Milwaukee Journal, 12/23/68, 1:6
77 Armbrister, 33-78, 224-244; Murphy, 120-203
78 New York Times, 12/23/68, 1
79 Cate, 250
80 Schick, 162-163
81 Gelb, 63
82 Khrushchev, (1990), 169
83 Bourdeaux (1970). 65-84.
84 Khrushchev (1974), 506
85 Khrushchev (1974), 505
86 New York Times, 8/25/61, 5
87 Cate, 304
88 Beschloss, 114-134, 143-147; New York Times, 4/16/61, 1; 4/18/61, 1; 4/20/61, 1
89 Gelb, 74
90 New York Times 2/22/61, 1; 3/19/61, 42; Baker, 63-65
91 New York Times 4/13/61, 34
92 New York Times 4/13/61 14
93 New York Times, 5/26/61, 12
94 New York Times, 5/26/61, 1, 12-13; Logsdon, 64-130; Lambright, 82-101; Beschloss, 165-167
95 Lovell (1994), 180-181
96 New York Times, 8/16/62, 10
97 New York Times, 8/16/62, 26
98 Galante, 170
99 Galante, 178-186; Ausland, 59-63
100 New York Times, 8/18/62, 1
101 New York Times, 8/19/62, 7
102 New York Times, 8/17/62, 4
103 Life, 1/10/68, 80-81
104 Shepard and Slayton, 172.
105 Orberg, 80-82; Aldrin, 122-123.
106 Shepard and Slayton, 174.
107 Orberg, 75-79; Baker, 188; Aldrin, 110.
108 http://solar.rtd.utk.edu/mwade/flights/voskhod1.htm
109 New York Times, 10/13/64, 18.
110 New York Times, 10/17/64 12.
111 Aldrin, 120; Baker, 188-190.
112 Borman, 133.
113 New York Times, 12/7/65, 21.
114 Borman, 137.
115 Borman, 137.
116 New York Times, 12/10/65, 22.
117 Borman, 139.
118 New York Times, 12/13/65, 1, 46; Baker, 219-225.
119 Borman, 141.
120 Borman, 129.
121 New York Times, 12/14/65, 24; Baker, 224.
122 New York Times, 12/15/65, 1, 28.
123 New York Times, 12/17/65, 28; Borman, 144.
124 New York Times, 12/19/65, 68.
125 New York Times, 12/19/65 69.
126 New York Times, 12/19/65, 69.
127 New York Times, 12/19/65, 68.
128 New York Times, 8/5/64, 1.
129 New York Times, 8/6/64, 8.
130 New York Times, 12/20/65, 6.
131 Shadrake, 67-71, 77-79; Galante, 150-152, 167-170.
132 Shadrake, 112-123.
133 New York Times, 1/12/66, 12.
134 New York Times, 2/3/66, 13; 2/4/66, 8.
135 New York Times, 2/2/66, 3; Shadrake, 102-105.
136 New York Times, 12/22/65, 7; 12/23/65, 15; 12/26/65, 72; 12/27/65, 3.
137 New York Times, 12/5/65, 1.
138 New York Times, 11/21/65, 60; 11/28/65, 1; 11/29/65, 3.
139 New York Times, 8/12/65, 15; 8/13/65, 1; 8/14/65, 1, 8; 8//16/65, 18; 8/17/65, 1.
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