16. Feltham to Gage, June 11, 1775, Commager, Spirit of ’Seventy-Six, 102.
17. Allen, Narrative, 19–22. Despite this account in his memoirs, Allen reported to the New York committee of safety on May 11: “Colonel Arnold entered the fortress with me side by side” (AA4, 2:606).
18. JCC, 2:55–56 (May 18, 1775).
19. Allen to Continental Congress, May 29, 1775, AA4, 2:732–33.
20. Arnold to Continental Congress, May 29, 1775, AA4, 2:734–35.
21. “equally surprised,” Arnold to Massachusetts committee of safety, May 29, 1775, AA4, 2:735; “You may depend,” Arnold to Massachusetts committee of safety, May 23, 1775, AA4, 2:694.
22. Randall, Arnold, 126–32.
23. Randall, Allen, 337–38.
Chapter 19 — Ben Franklin Returns
1. For arrival, see Pennsylvania Packet, May 8, 1775, and Pennsylvania Gazette, May 10, 1775; delegate resolutions, JCC, 2:17–18, May 11, 1775.
2. Essex Gazette, May 12, 1775.
3. Walter Isaacson, Benjamin Franklin: An American Life (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2003), 292.
4. Bradford to Madison, June 2, 1775, J. C. A. Stagg, ed., The Papers of James Madison Digital Edition (subscription only), Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, Rotunda, 2010, congressional ser., 1, 149, http://rotunda.upress.virginia.edu/founders/JSMN-01-01-02-0046, accessed December 16, 2012.
5. Madison to Bradford, June 19, 1775, Stagg, James Madison Digital Edition, 1, 151, http://rotunda.upress.virginia.edu/founders/JSMN-01-01-02-0048, accessed December 16, 2012.
6. Isaacson, Benjamin Franklin, 292–94, 546n.
7. T. H. Breen, American Insurgents, American Patriots: The Revolution of the People (New York: Hill and Wang, 2010), 132.
8. Thomas B. Allen, Tories: Fighting for the King in America’s First Civil War (New York: Harper, 2010), 300–301 ; Beverly Baxter, “Grace Growden Galloway: Survival of a Loyalist, 1778–79,” Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies 3, no. 1 (spring 1978), 62–67.
9. Adams to Warren, February 10, 1777, Harry Alonzo Cushing, ed., The Writings of Samuel Adams (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1907), 3:355.
10. List of delegates and their credentials in JCC, 2:11–21, 44, 50.
11. JCC, 2:24, May 11, 1775, 44, May 13, 1775; one such printing appeared in the Pennsylvania Packet, May 15, 1775.
12. JCC, 2:25, May 11, 1775.
13. JCC, 2:52, May 15, 1775.
14. JCC, 2:59–60, May 25, 1775, 68–70, May 29, 1775.
15. J. Adams to A. Adams, May 29, 1775, L. H. Butterfield et al., eds., Adams Family Correspondence, vol. 1, December 1761–May 1776 (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1963), 207.
16. JCC, 2:58–59, May 24, 1775. Randolph would return to Philadelphia later that fall, but he died suddenly on October 23, 1775, no doubt in part worn out from his hectic travel schedule.
17. Warren to Adams, May 26, 1775, Richard Frothingham, Life and Times of Joseph Warren (Boston: Little, Brown, 1865), 495.
18. JCC, 2:67, May 27, 1775; John Adams is among those who mentions Washington wearing his uniform (see J. Adams to A. Adams, May 29, 1775, above).
19. JCC, 2:73–74, May 31, 1775.
20. JCC, 2:79, June 3, 1775.
21. JCC, 2:78, June 2, 1775.
22. Church to Gage?, May 24, 1775, Allen French, General Gage’s Informers: New Material upon Lexington & Concord (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1932), 156–57.
23. Church to Gage?, May 24, 1775, French, General Gage’s Informers, 157.
24. JCC, 2:80, June 3, 1775.
Chapter 20 — Lexington of the Seas
1. “Journal of His Majesty’s Sloop Falcon, John Linzee, Commanding,” NDAR, 1:311–12 ; Massachusetts Spy, May 24, 1775; “Nathaniel Freeman to the Massachusetts Provincial Congress,” NDAR, 1:558–59 ; Kenneth Kellow, “Recapture of the Falcon’s Prizes: The First Naval Encounter of the War, 14 May 1775,” American War of Independence at Sea, at http://www.awiatsea.com/incidents/14%20May%201775%20Recapture%20of%20Falcon’s%20Prizes.html#B000048T. For more information about the Falcon and its captain, see a contemporary reenactment site: https://sites.google.com/site/hmsfalcon/about-us.
2. A. Adams to J. Adams, May 24, 1775, Charles Francis Adams, Letters of Mrs. Adams, the Wife of John Adams (Boston: Wilkins, Carter, 1848), 33.
3. “New England Chronicle, Thursday, May 25, 1775,” NDAR, 1:522.
4. Barker diary, May 21, 1775, Elizabeth Ellery Dana, ed., The British in Boston: Being the Diary of Lieutenant John Barker of the King’s Own Regiment from November 15, 1774 to May 31, 1776; with Notes (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1924), 49.
5. Thomas Tracy Bouvé, et al., History of the Town of Hingham, Massachusetts (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1893), 1:288; see also Christopher Klein, “A Forgotten Battle,” PatriotLedger.com, May 17, 2008, http://www.patriotledger.com/opinions/x1880506383/A-FORGOTTEN-BATTLE#ixzz26wxvoZjc, accessed September 19, 2012.
6. Mellen Chamberlain, et al., A Documentary History of Chelsea Including the Boston Precincts of Winnisimmet, Rumney Marsh, and Pullen Point, 1624–1824 (Boston: Massachusetts Historical Society, 1908), 431.
7. Chamberlain, History of Chelsea, 431.
8. “A Circumstantial Account of the Late Battle at Chelsea, Hog Island &c.,” and “Report to the Massachusetts Committee of Safety of the Battle on Noddle’s Island,” NDAR, 1:544–46 ; animal count from Graves to Stephens, June 7, 1775, NDAR, 1:622–23.
9. Gage to Graves, May 25, 1775, and Graves’s response to Gage of the same date, “at Night,” NDAR, 1:523–24.
10. Graves to Stephens, June 7, 1775, NDAR, 1:622.
11. “Amos Farnsworth’s Diary,” Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society 12 (1899), 80–81 ; “A Circumstantial Account,” NDAR, 1:544–45.
12. Graves to Stephens, June 7, 1775, NDAR, 1:622–23, and “Report to the Massachusetts Committee of Safety,” NDAR, 1:545–46.
13. Graves to Stephens, June 7, 1775, NDAR, 1:623. The National Park Service recently awarded Massachusetts a grant to help preserve the Chelsea Creek battle site and possibly find remnants of the Diana (Boston Globe, July 20, 2009). Losing his first ship did not affect the career of young Thomas Graves. He went on to become an admiral and serve as Nelson’s second in command at the Battle of Copenhagen.
14. Graves communications, NDAR, 1:537–39.
15. “James Lyons, Chairman of the Machias Committee, to the Massachusetts Provincial Congress,” June 14, 1775, NDAR, 1:676.
16. “Deposition of Jabez Cobb Regarding the Loss of the Schooner Margaretta,” NDAR, 1:757–58.
17. “Pilot Nathaniel Godfrey’s Report of Action between the Schooner Margueritta and the Rebels at Machias,” NDAR, 1:655.
18. “Godfrey’s Report,” NDAR, 1:656.
19. “Godfrey’s Report,” NDAR, 1:656; “Lyons Report,” NDAR, 1:677.
20. South Carolina and Georgia had their own “Lexington of the Seas” some weeks later. After hearing news of Lexington and Concord, the South Carolina Provincial Congress ordered a forty-man force of volunteers to take up positions on Daufuskie Island, off Hilton Head, where it could observe ship traffic in and out of Savannah via Tybee Roads—the area where the Savannah River meets the ocean. Savannah was then the capital of Georgia, and in addition to rumors of slave uprisings its rebels were anxious over reports that British officials were promoting unrest among the Cherokee and Catawba Indians. Consequently, when news got out about an expected cargo of gunpowder due to arrive on board the merchantman Philippa, South Carolinians teamed up with a band of Georgia rebels to intercept it. See Kenneth Kellow, “Capture of the Philippa: 10 July 1775,” American War of Independence at Sea, http://www.awiatsea.com/incidents/10%20July%201775%20Capture%20of%20the%20Philippa.html, accessed January 17, 2013.
Chapter 21 — Three Generals and a Lady
1. Edward Barrington de Fonblanque, Political and Military Episodes in the Latter Half of the Eighteenth Cent
ury, Derived from the Life and Correspondence of the Right Hon. John Burgoyne, General, Statesman, Dramatist (London: Macmillan, 1876), 119.
2. Allen French, The First Year of the American Revolution (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1934), 196.
3. French, First Year, 199.
4. Debate in House of Commons, May 20, 1774, AA4, 1:164.
5. French, First Year, 200–201. Major General Frederick Haldimand was also momentarily there as Gage’s second in command.
6. French, First Year, 201.
7. French, First Year, 202.
8. French, First Year, 202.
9. Burgoyne to North, July 14, 1775, de Fonblanque, Political and Military Episodes, 138–39.
10. Gage proclamation, June 12, 1775, AA4, 2:968–69.
11. Gage proclamation, June 12, 1775, AA4, 2:969–70.
12. French, First Year, 205.
13. Germain to Suffolk, June 16 or 17, 1775, Henry Steele Commager and Richard B. Morris, eds., The Spirit of ’Seventy-Six: The Story of the American Revolution as Told by Participants (New York: Harper & Row, 1958), 119–20.
14. de Fonblanque, Political and Military Episodes, 116n4.
15. Elbridge Henry Goss, The Life of Colonel Paul Revere (Boston: Howard W. Spurr, 1906), 235.
16. Charles Ferris Gettemy, The True Story of Paul Revere (Boston: Little, Brown, 1905), 83; see entire discussion at pp. 81–91.
17. David Hackett Fischer, Paul Revere’s Ride (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), 387n13.
18. Peter Orlando Hutchinson, ed., The Diary and Letters of His Excellency Thomas Hutchinson, Esq (London: Sampson Low, Marston, Searle & Rivington, 1883), 476, entry dated June 24, 1775.
19. Fischer, Paul Revere’s Ride, 290.
20. Darryl Lundy, “General Hon. Thomas Gage,” The Peerage, http://thepeerage.com/p2617.htm#i26163, accessed October 15, 2012; Charming Nancy crossing time, French, First Year, 323–24.
21. Town and Country Magazine 13 (1781), 233–36. An example of the magazine’s usual editorial content is “Comparative View of Wives and Mistresses,” on p. 29 of the same volume.
22. John Richard Alden, General Gage in America: Being Principally a History of His Role in the American Revolution (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1948), 293–94.
23. One of the strongest defenses of Margaret Gage is in John Alden’s biography of her husband, General Gage in America, 248–50, although Alden repeats the gossip of Town and Country Magazine, 287–88. For J. L. Bell’s usual rigor in these matters, see his posts in Boston 1775 at http://boston1775.blogspot.com/search/label/Margaret%20Gage.
Chapter 22 — What Course Now, Gentlemen?
1. J. Adams to A. Adams, June 17, 1775, L. H. Butterfield et al., eds., Adams Family Correspondence, vol. 1, December 1761–May 1776 (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1963), 216.
2. JCC, June 12, 1775, 2:87–88.
3. JCC, June 13–14, 1775, 2:89–90 ; “the most accurate Marksmen,” J. Adams to A. Adams, June 17, 1775, Adams Family Correspondence, 215.
4. JCC, June 15, 1775, 2:91.
5. L. H. Butterfield, ed., Diary & Autobiography of John Adams (New York: Atheneum, 1964), 3:321–22.
6. Butterfield, Diary & Autobiography, 3:322.
7. Butterfield, Diary & Autobiography, 3:323. This account was written a quarter of a century after these events, after Washington’s modesty had become a staple of American history.
8. Butterfield, Diary & Autobiography, 3:323.
9. JCC, June 15, 1775, 2:91.
10. Dyer to Trumbull, June 17, 1775, Edward C. Burnett, ed., Letters of Members of the Continental Congress, vol. 1, August 29, 1774, to July 4, 1776 (Washington, D.C.: The Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1921), 127–28.
11. Hancock to Warren, June 18, 1775, Letters of Members of the Continental Congress, 134.
12. JCC, June 16, 1775, 2:92.
13. For the latter, see Walter R. Borneman, “Which Road to Fort Duquesne? Colonel Washington Proves ‘Obstinate,’ ” Western Pennsylvania History 90 (summer 2007), 36–43.
14. JCC, June 16, 1775, 2:92.
15. Washington’s commission, JCC, June 17, 1775, 2:96; G. Washington to M. Washington, June 18, 1775, The Papers of George Washington, “Documents,” http://gwpapers.virginia.edu/documents/revolution/martha.html, accessed November 7, 2012.
16. JCC, June 16, 1775, 2:93–94 ; J. Adams to Gerry, June 18, 1775, Letters of Delegates to the Continental Congress, 135; Samuel H. Williamson, “Seven Ways to Compute the Relative Value of a U.S. Dollar Amount—1774 to Present,” MeasuringWorth.com, http://www.measuringworth.com/uscompare/result.php?year_source=1775&amount=2000000&year_result=2010, accessed November 14, 2012.
17. JCC, June 20, 1775, 2:100.
18. Pennsylvania Gazette, June 21, 1775.
19. Gary B. Nash, The Unknown American Revolution: The Unruly Birth of Democracy and the Struggle to Create America (New York: Viking, 2005), 121.
20. Records of the committee of safety, The Journals of Each Provincial Congress of Massachusetts in 1774 and 1775, and of the Committee of Safety, with an Appendix (Boston: Dutton and Wentworth, 1838), 553, entry dated May 20, 1775.
21. Nash, Unknown American Revolution, 156–57.
22. Nash, Unknown American Revolution, 157.
23. A. Adams to J. Adams, March 31, 1776, Adams Family Correspondence, 369–70.
24. J. Adams to A. Adams, April 14, 1776, Adams Family Correspondence, 382.
25. Adams to Sullivan, May 26, 1776, Robert J. Taylor, et al., eds., Papers of John Adams, vol. 4 of The Adams Papers (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1977), 211–12.
26. Thomas B. Allen, Tories: Fighting for the King in America’s First Civil War (New York: Harper, 2010), 114.
27. Allen, Tories, 115.
28. James H. Stark, The Loyalists of Massachusetts and the Other Side of the American Revolution (Boston: W. B. Clarke, 1910), 458. The Robies were among those loyalists who returned to America after the Revolution, but Marblehead remembered Mary Robie’s taunt, and she and her husband were forced to depart from their ship in Salem under the cover of darkness.
29. Howe to Harvey, June 12, 1775, Allen French, The First Year of the American Revolution (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1934), 207.
30. French, First Year, 20.
31. French, First Year, 19–21.
32. French, First Year, 30–31.
33. William Farrand Livingston, Israel Putnam, Pioneer, Ranger, and Major-General, 1718–1790 (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1901), 200.
34. “Amos Farnsworth’s Diary,” Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society 12 (1899), 79, entry dated May 11, 1775.
35. Barker diary, May 13, 1775, Elizabeth Ellery Dana, ed., The British in Boston: Being the Diary of Lieutenant John Barker of the King’s Own Regiment from November 15, 1774 to May 31, 1776; with Notes (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1924), 46–47.
36. J. Warren to M. Warren, May 18, 1775, H. C. Lodge, et al., eds., Warren-Adams Letters, Being Chiefly a Correspondence among John Adams, Samuel Adams, and James Warren (Boston: Massachusetts Historical Society, 1917), 50.
37. “Why a situation,” C[harles]. Stedman, The History of the Origin, Progress, and Termination of the American War (London, 1794), 125; “my two colleagues,” Burgoyne to Stanley, June 25, 1775, AA4, 2:1094.
38. W. Howe to R. Howe, June 12, 1775, French, First Year, 208.
39. New Hampshire committee of safety to Massachusetts Provincial Congress, June 13, 1775, AA4, 2:979.
40. Massachusetts committee of safety, June 13, 1775, AA4, 2:1352.
41. Gilman to New Hampshire committee of safety, June 16, 1775, AA4, 2:1013.
42. Willard Sterne Randall, Ethan Allen: His Life and Times (New York: Norton, 2011), 333.
43. Report of Joint Committee, May 12, 1775, AA4, 2:755. Dr. Benjamin Church signed for the committee of safety.
44. Richard Frothingham, The Life and Time
s of Joseph Warren (Boston: Little, Brown, 1865), 505; Richard Frothingham, History of the Siege of Boston, and of the Battles of Lexington, Concord, and Bunker Hill (Boston: Charles C. Little and James Brown, 1849), 116.
45. Journals of Each Provincial Congress, June 15, 1775, 334; Massachusetts Committee of Safety, June 15, 1775, AA4, 2:1354.
46. Charles Martyn, The Life of Artemas Ward: The First Commander-in-Chief of the American Revolution (New York: Artemas Ward, 1921), 120; French, First Year, 214, doubts Ward’s personal visit.
47. Martyn, Ward, 122–23.
48. P. Brown to S. Brown, June 25, 1775, Massachusetts Historical Society, “The Coming of the American Revolution,” https://www.masshist.org/revolution/image-viewer.php?item_id=725&img_step=1&tpc=&pid=2&mode=transcript&tpc=&pid=2#page1, accessed October 26, 2012.
Chapter 23 — “The White of Their Gaiters”
1. Richard Frothingham, History of the Siege of Boston, and of the Battles of Lexington, Concord, and Bunker Hill (Boston: Charles C. Little and James Brown, 1849), 119–20.
2. Allen French, The First Year of the American Revolution (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1934), 215.
3. French, First Year, 215–16.
4. French, First Year, 209–10.
5. Howe to [? Adjutant-General], June 22 and 24, 1775, Sir John Fortescue, ed., The Correspondence of King George the Third, from 1760 to December 1783, vol. 3, July 1773 to December 1777 (London: Frank Cass, 1967), 221.
6. “Journal of His Majesty’s Ship Lively, Captain Thomas Bishop, Commanding,” NDAR, 1:700.
7. French, First Year, 220.
8. French, First Year, 217.
9. P. Brown to S. Brown, June 25, 1775, Massachusetts Historical Society, “The Coming of the American Revolution,” https://www.masshist.org/revolution/image-viewer.php?item_id=725&mode=transcript&img_step=2&tpc=#page2, accessed October 26, 2012.
10. P. Brown to S. Brown, p. 2.
11. French, First Year, 217–18.
12. Burgoyne to Stanley, June 25, 1775, AA4, 2:1094–95.
13. Paul Lockhart, The Whites of Their Eyes: Bunker Hill, the First American Army, and the Emergence of George Washington (New York: Harper, 2011), 211–13.
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