Africans: banishment legislation and, 57; diaspora
of, 334; Hannibal’s army and, 66;
hewers of wood and drawers of water and, 41; as
pirates, 165–167, 169–170; slavery and, 72,
77, 99, no, 124–125, 126, 132, 137. See also
African Americans
Afro-Christianity, 226
Age of Reason, The (Paine), 307
Agreement of the Free People of England (May
1649), 235
Agreement of the People, 78, 110, 157
Agricultural State of the Kingdom, The, 315
Aitken, James (Jack the Painter), 221
Akan religion, 221–222
Albion Mills, 250
al-Din, Nasir, 128
Algonquians, 33–34
Allen, John, 227, 229
Allen, Richard, 274
alternative ways of life, 20–24, 26
America, a Prophecy (Blake), 344, 345, 347
American Revolution, 211–247; Blake on, 347–
348; counterrevolution and, 236–240; jubilee
in, 292; mobs and, 227–236; sailors and, 214–
221; slavery and, 221–227, 236; vectors of,
241–247
American Sons of Liberty, 221
Anabaptists, 64–66, 87, 102, 159
anarchia, 235
“Anarchiad, The,” 239
Anatomy of Melancholy, The (Burton), 332
Ancient Lowly, The, 41
Andover, Thomas, 138
Angello, Nathaniel, 81, 96
Annesley, Arthur, 133
Annis, John, 245
antinomian, 81, 138, 224, 227, 247, 322–
323
antinomianism: Bunyan on, 99; controversy,
90, 91; in Declaration of Independence, 235;
defeat of, 138; peak of, 80; radical, 94, 190;
slaves and, 192; Terrill on, 87; theological
sign of, 282; in Virginia, 135; Winstanley
and, 140
apartheid, 41
Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World, but
in particular, and very expressly, to those of
The United States of America (Walker), 299
Appleby, Joyce, 36
April Compromise, 274, 340
Areopagitica (Milton), 79–80
Argument on Behalf of the Catholics of Ireland
(Tone), 285, 337
Articles of War of 1652, 145, 146
Asbury, Francis, 299
Ascham, Anthony, 70
assassins, 63–64
Assiento, 171
Atkins, John, 169
Atlas of the West Indies (Jefferys), 261, 262
Attucks, Crispus, 232, 240
Axe Laid to the Root, or a Fatal Blow to Oppressors,
Being an Address to The Planters and
Negroes of the Island of Jamaica, The (Wedderburn),
301, 305, 306, 309, 313, 316, 318
backa, 53–54
Backhouse, Matthew, 128–129, 132, 140
Bacon, Francis, 6, 18, 19, 20, 33, 37–40, 102, 139.
See also monstrosity, Bacon’s theory of
Bacon, Nathaniel, 136, 137
Baker, Moses, 306, 307
Balcarres, Earl of (Alexander Lindsay), 242
Banana Bottom (McKay), 313
banishment legislation, 57
Bank of England, 148
Bannantine, James, 256
Baptists, 80, 87, 94, 97, 291, 297–298, 306, 307
Baptist War (1831), 326
Barbados, 44, 46, 98, 123–127, 302
Barnaby Rudge (Dickens), 48
Barrington, Lord (William Wildman, Viscount
Barrington), 232
Barrow, James, 165
Bartholomew Fair (Jonson), 36, 50, 115
Bastian, 182
Batts, Nathaniel, 138
Bayne, Paul, 76
Beake, Major John, 134
Beaumont, Francis, 36
Becker, Carl, 237
Beckles, Hilary McD., 126, 134
Beggars Act of 1597/1598, 56
Beggars’ Christmas Riot (1582), 19
Beggars Opera, The, 166
begging, 56
Behn, Aphra, 137
Beier, A. L., 18
Belize, 267–272
Bellamy, Sam, 169
Bell, Charles Napier, 265
Bellingham, John, 316
Benbow, William, 320
Benezet, Anthony, 227
Bennet, Colonel Benjamin, 168
Bentivoglio and Urania (Angello), 96
Bermuda, 9–10, 27, 32, 35
Bernstein, Edouard, 107
Bevan, Aneurin, 107, 108
Bible: Bacon on, 39; on blackness, 78; class in,
306; Despard conspiracy and, 282; Ezekiel, quote from, 71; glory in, 83–84; Great Awakening
and, 190; Hazzard compared to figures
in, 79; hewers of wood and drawers of water
and, 40–41, 42, 47–48; Joel, quote from, 71;
jubilee and, 290–292, 296–298; no respecter
of persons phrase in, 84; for proletariat, 351;
used for oaths, 191
Biet, Father Antoine, 125
Bishop, George, 97
black dog myth, 53–56
Black Dog of Newgate (Hutton), 53
Black Dwarf, The (Wooler), 301, 303, 306, 321–
322, 333
“Black Irish,” 126
blackness, 78, 86–87, 89–90, 114
Black River Negroes, 266
Blackymore Maide. See Francis (Blackymore
Maide)
Blake, William, 5, 246, 250, 344–351; on American
Revolution, 347–348; Ore, as symbol,
346, 347; poetry of, 254, 282–283, 345–349,
351; and revolt of slaves, 351; tiger, as symbol,
348–349
Blasphemy Act, 96
Blow to the Root, A (Leland), 307
Bolingbroke (Henry St. John), 41
Bonny, Anne, 167
Boscawen, Edward, 134
Boston, 215, 221, 228, 229
Boston Massacre, 232, 233, 234, 237, 240
Boston Tea Party, 221
bourn, 22–23
Bow Street Runners, 220
Boyle, Robert, 123
Braithwaite, Richard, 143
Brand, Joseph, 285
Brathwaite, ?. K., 260
Briggs, Asa, 331–332
Bristol (England), 77, 78, 97
British and Foreign Bible Society, 309
“British Prison Ship, The,” 233
Broadmead Baptist Church, 73, 94
Bromley, J. S., 159
Brothers, Richard, 286, 322
Brown, Tom, 96
Browne, Robert, 13, 31, 65
Browne, Thomas, 116–117
Bry, Theodore de, 11
Bryan, Cornelius, 126
Bryan, Hugh, 198
buccaneers, 157, 158–159
Buccaneers of America, The, 143
Buchan, William, 339
Bull, William, 211
Bunyan, John, 88, 97–99, 100, 292, 300
Burdett, Sir Francis, 311
Burke, Edmund, 89, 284
Burnaby, William, 269
Burns, Robert, 335
Burrough, Edward, 135
Burton, Robert, 332
Bussa’s Rebellion, 302, 305, 320
Byron, George Gordon (Lord), 305
Cadiz expedition (1596), 56
Calley, John, 48
Calvin, John, 68
Calvinism, 80
Campbell, Archibald, 261
Campbell, Elizabeth, 290, 301, 305–306, 309–
310, 312–313
Campbell, Horace, 302
Canne, John, 87
Cape Coast Castle (West Africa), 46
capitalism: Act of Trade and, 149; anticapitalist
traditions, 35; Atlantic, 145, 328; commoning
ec
onomy and, 44; in England, 212, 328;
exploitation of human labor with, 149; foundations
for, 145; growth of, 138; hanging and,
relationship between, 51–52; hewers of wood
and drawers of water and, 42, 49; hydra as
symbol of, 36; hydrarchy and, 145, 172; multiethnic
class and, 6–7; origins of, 14, 15, 327;
parturition, need for control over, 93; piracy
and, 170; ports as essential to, 45–46; servants
under, 76; ships and, 144, 150; slavery
and, 28, 141; speculative, 72; workers as necessary for, 42
capital punishment: abolition of, 105; Bacon
on, 39; Chidley on, 118–119; class discipline
and, 30–31, 33, 316–317; in English America,
13; first in the United States of America, 286;
hewers of wood and drawers of water and,
50; in Ireland, 121; King’s (Charles) execution,
116; Lockyer’s execution, 116; for Luddites,
305; New York Conspiracy of 1741 and,
177, 185, 186; opposition to, 101; piracy and,
149, 173; proletarian movements and, 316–317;
revolutionary challenges to, 116; ships
and, 145, 146; terror and, 50–52; witchcraft
and, 52
Capp, Bernard, 130
Caribbean, 97, 326
Carlisle, Richard, 331
Carson, Rachel, 1
Cary, Mary, 88
Cashman, John, 321
Cast-Iron Parsons, or Hints to the Public and the
Legislature, on Political Economy (Wedderburn), 317
Cerquozzi, Michelangelo, 113
Certain Queries Propounded to the Consideration
of such as were Intended of the Service of
Ireland, 120
Césaire, Aimé, 173
Chalmers, Joseph, 234
Chandler, Henry, 63
Charles I, King, 70, 71, 85, 109, 217
Charles II, King, 73
Chesapeake (Virginia), 137–138
Chidley, Samuel, 117, 118–119
Child, Sir Josiah, 58
children, 59, 111, 351
Chippendale, Thomas, 269
Christianity: Afro-, 226; Baptist version of,
306; Great Awakening and, 191, 192; growth
of, 86; jubilee and, 293, 296–298; Philmore
on, 223; Wedderburn on, 308, 324; Wight on,
89
Christian Policy, the Salvation of the Empire
(Evans), 308
Christianson, Scott, 58
Christin Triumph Coming to Judgment (1795),
279
citizen of the world, 246, 247
Citizen of the World (Goldsmith), 246
Clarendon, Earl of (Edward Hyde), 109
Clark, Adam, 47–48
Clark, Lieutenant Governor George, 182
Clark, Peter, 161–162
Clarkson, Laurence, 81
Clarkson, Thomas, 111, 242–243
class: in Bible, 306; Blackymore Maide and, 72,
103; common people as social, 140; Despard
conspiracy and, 254; proletariat as unified
cultural, 332; in relation to subsistence and
the commons, 272; struggles, 145; superiority,
271; system in Jamaica, 307; Wedderburn
on, 314; working, 333
class discipline, imposition of, 29–35; capital
punishment in, 30–32, 33; Laws Divine,
Moral, and Martial in, 33, 35; military discipline
in, 32; Native Americans and, 33–35; by
Virginia Company, 30
Cobbett, William, 279, 306, 344
Coke, Edward, 19, 51
Coke, Thomas, 297
Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 290, 330
Collier, Thomas, 84
colonial rebellions, 193–195, 197–198
colonization, 14, 15–16, 20, 29, 35, 56, 60
Colt, Sir Henry, 24
Columbus, Christopher, 152
Colvill, Admiral Alexander, 218
Combe, William, 18
Combination Act (1799), 288
Commentary on the Holy Bible (Coke), 297
committee of correspondence, 235
commoners, 108–109, 276–277
commonism, 106, 128
commons, 140–142
Common Sense (Paine), 237–238
communism: advocate of, 101; Anabaptists
and, 65, 66; in Bible, 190; City of Refuge
society of, 197; of early Christians, 308; primitive
(in Belize), 268; rebels at Hughson’s tavern
practicing, 176; Winstanley and, 140
Company of Adventurers of London Trading
to Gynney and Bynney by James I, 28
Company of Royal Adventurers, 134
Condent, Edward, 165
Cone, James, 99, 291
Connecticut Wits, 239
Connolly, James, 41, 120
Constitution, U.S., 240
Conventicle Act (1664), 73
Convention of London, 269
cooperation, human, 26–29, 47
Coote, Charles, 257
Coppe, Abiezer, 119
Corbett, Michael, 229
Coriolanus (Shakespeare), 19
Corker, Jerry, 186
Cornish Rising (1497), 19
Coromantee, 184, 202
Corporation Act (1661), 73
Coster, Robert, 118
Council of State, 128
counterrevolution, 94, 100, 134, 236–240
Courier, 311
Coxere, Ned, 151
Coxon, William, 130
Craddock, Walter, 79, 81
Craven, Wesley Frank, 15
criminal code, 18–19
Critical Review, 152
Cromwell, Henry, 123
Cromwell, Oliver: Barbados and, 126; Dutch
and, 127; in expedition to conquer Ireland,
120; hewers of wood and drawers of water
and, 45, 70; in Ireland, 121; on Levellers, 119;
on Lockyer, 116; maritime state and, 145; on
Putney Debates, 105; revolution and, 71, 72;
slavery and, 101
Cromwellian Republic, 94
Cry Against a Crying Sin, A (Chidley), 119
Cry of the Poor for Bread, The (1796), 279
Cugoano, Ottobah, 283, 329
Culpeper, John, 138–139
customs service, British, 228, 231
Cutlers Company, 338
Cylchgrawn Cymraeg, 329
Daemonologie (James I), 52
Dale, Sir Thomas, 32, 33, 34, 35
Dalling, John, 261–267
Dalton, R. J., 140
Dan, Father, 63
Dartmoor Prison, 321
Daughter of Adoption; A Tale of Modern Times,
The, 259
Davidson, William “Black,” 322
Davis, Howell, 163
Davis, Sir John, 121
Davis, T. J., 178
Dayan, Joan, 284
Deal, Douglas, 135
Dean, John, 243
Declaration of Independence, 235, 237, 240
Dekker, Thomas, 50, 63
democracy, 233, 234, 247
Despard, Catherine, 252–254, 272–275, 281
Despard conspiracy, ideas and ideals that motivated,
281–286; notion of equality, 281–282;
race, 283–286; religious ideas, 282–283. See
also Despard, Edward Marcus
Despard conspiracy, social forces behind, 275–
281; Irish, 278–281; lost commoners of
England, 276–277; sailors and dockworkers,
277–278; slavery, 275–276. See also Despard,
Edward Marcus
Despard, Edward Marcus, 255; in Belize, 267–272;
conspiracy of, 248–249; death of, 251,
316; in England, 27
2–275; as Irishman, 254–
258; in Jamaica, 258–261; on land distribution,
270–272; in Nicaragua, 261–267; on
religion, 251–252
Dessalines, 330
Dickens, Charles, 48
Diggers, 72, 85, 98, 101, 117, 118, 292
“Digger’s Song, The,” 120
Dinah (“the Moor”), 88, 89, 101
“Discourse Concerning Unlimited Submission
and Non-Resistance to the Higher Powers,
A” (Mayhew), 217
Discovery of The Main Grounds and Original
Causes of all the Slavery in the World, but
chiefly in England (1649), 101
Donne, John, 59
Downing, George, 96, 124
Down survey, 122, 147
Drayton, Michael, 10, 45
“Dream” (Heywood), 353
Dring, Thomas, 232
Dryden, John, 131, 168
Du Bois, W. E. B., 41, 128, 152
Dudingston, Lieutenant William, 231
Dunmore, Earl of (John Murray), 239
Dunmore’s Proclamation (1775), 267
Dutch, 145, 146, 148, 150, 195, 197
Dutch soldiers and guide in a Suriname swamp, 5
Dyer, Mary, 90, 91
Easton, Peter, 63
Edwards, Thomas, 65, 66, 67–68, 69, 93, 282
Ehrman, John, 151, 151–152
Elizabethan Statue of Artificers (1814), 288
Elizabeth I, Queen, 57
Ellenborough, Earl of (Edward Law), 251, 281
Ellis, Thomas, 73
Elmina, 46, 47, 77–78
Emmanuel Appadocca (Phillip), 41
Emmet, Robert, 254
enclosure, 16, 17–18, 19, 21, 40, 44, 52, 118, 315,
332
End of Oppression; Or, A Quartern Loaf for Two-Pence;
being a Dialogue between an Old
Mechanic and a Young One, The (Spence),
294
Engels, Friedrich, 20
England: April Compromise of, 274, 340; Barbados
as wealthiest colony of, 124; as capitalist
power, 212; as center of European
seafaring, 114; children shipped to Virginia
from, 59; Christians in, 141; Church of, 29,
73; civil war in, 71; colonization for, 56; commoning
in, 22–24, 26; criminalization of
women in, 92; customs service in, 228, 231;
Despards in, 272–275; displacing the Dutch
as the hegemonic Atlantic power, 146; doctrine
of white supremacy for, development
of, 134; dominance in Africa following suppression
of piracy, 172; economic changes in,
72; expropriation in, 17–20; fens in, draining
of the, 44–45; ports in, 46; protecting plantation
economy in, 148; shipping expansion
for, 145, 146; ships and sailors as basis of
wealth and power in, 147; slavery in, 28, 57,
82, 128, 149, 172, 273, 274; social and economic
changes in, 16; Virginia as colony of,
8. See also English Revolution; Parliament;
Royal Navy
England, Edward, 168
English Revolution, 40, 61, 71–73, 86, 102–103,
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