by Tessa Boase
Asquith, Cynthia. Portrait of Barrie (James Barrie, London, 1954)
Buchan, John. These for Remembrance: Memoirs of Six Friends Killed in the Great War (privately printed, London, 1919, reprinted: Buchan & Enright, London, 1987)
Chaney, Lisa. Hide-and-Seek With Angels: A Life of J.M. Barrie (Hutchinson, London, 2005, pbk edn: Arrow Books, London, 2006)
Dakers, Caroline. The Countryside at War 1914–18 (Constable, London, 1987)
Davenport-Hines, Richard. Ettie: The Intimate Life and Dauntless Spirit of Lady Desborough (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 2008)
Dunbar, Janet. J.M. Barrie: The Man Behind the Image (Collins, London, 1970)
Marwick, Arthur. The Deluge: British Society and the First World War (The Bodley Head, London, 1965)
Meynell, Viola, ed. Letters of J. M. Barrie (Peter Davies, London, 1942)
Vanderbilt Jr, Cornelius. Queen of the Golden Age: The Fabulous Story of Grace Wilson Vanderbilt (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1956)
Wells, H. G. Mr Britling Sees it Through (Cassell & Co., London, 1916)
Interwar, Second World War and post-war (Charleston)
Bell, Quentin, et al. Charleston Past and Present (The Hogarth Press, London, 1987)
——— and Virginia Nicholson. Charleston, A Bloombsury House and Garden (Frances Lincoln, London, 1997)
Calder, Angus. The People’s War: Britain 1939–45 (Random House, London, 1992)
Cartland, Barbara. The Years of Opportunity (Hutchinson, London, 1947)
Garnett, Angelica. Deceived with Kindness (Chatto & Windus, London, 1984)
Kynaston, David. Modernity Britain: Opening the Box, 1957–59 (Bloomsbury, London, 2013)
Lees-Milne, James. Diaries, 1942–1954 (John Murray, London, 2006)
Lewes Remembers the Second World War (Lewes U3A Publications, 1995)
Light, Alison. Mrs Woolf and the Servants (Penguin, London, 2007)
MacKay, Stewart. The Angel of Charleston (British Library, London, 2013)
Marler, Regina, ed. Selected Letters of Vanessa Bell (Bloomsbury, London, 1993)
Nicholson, Virginia. Among the Bohemians: Experiments in Living 1900–1939 (Viking, London, 2002)
———. Millions Like Us (Viking, London, 2011, pbk edn: Penguin, London, 2012)
———. Singled Out: How Two Million Women Survived Without Men after the First World War (Viking, London, 2007, pbk edn: Penguin, London, 2008)
Nicolson, Harold. Diaries and Letters 1930–1964 (Atheneum, New York, 1980)
Seebohm, Caroline. The Country House: A Wartime History, 1939–45 (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1989)
Spalding, Frances. Vanessa Bell (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1983)
———. Duncan Grant (Chatto & Windus, London, 1997)
General
Aslet, Clive. The Last Country Houses (Yale University Press, New Haven and London, 1982)
Bailey, Catherine. Black Diamonds (Penguin, London, 2008)
Briggs, Asa. A Social History of England (Pelican Books, London, 1987)
Burnett, John, ed. Useful Toil: Autobiographies of Working People from the 1820s to the 1920s (Allen Lane, Penguin Books, London, 1974, pbk edn: Routledge, London, 1994)
Cannadine, David. Class in Britain (Penguin, London, 1998)
———. The Decline and Fall of the British Aristocracy (Yale University Press, New Haven and London, 1990)
Davidoff, Leonore. Worlds Between: Historical Perspectives on Gender and Class (Polity Press, Cambridge, 1995)
Dawes, Frank. Not in Front of the Servants: Domestic service in England 1850–1939 (Wayland Publishers, London, 1973)
Gerard, Jessica. Country House Life: Family and Servants 1815–1914 (Blackwell, Oxford, 1994)
Giles, Judy. Women, Identity and Private Life in Britain 1900–50 (Macmillan, London, 1995)
Girouard, Mark. A Country House Companion (Century Hutchinson, London, 1987)
———. Life in the English Country House (Yale University Press, New Haven and London, 1979)
Hardyment, Christina. From Mangle to Microwave: Mechanisation of the Household (Polity Press, Cambridge, 1988)
Hartcup, Adeline. Below Stairs in the Great Country Houses (Sidgwick & Jackson, London, 1980)
Horn, Pamela. Life Below Stairs in the Twentieth Century (Sutton Publishing, Stroud, 2001)
Kerr, Robert. The Gentleman’s House, 1864 (reprinted in facsimile, Johnson Reprint Corporation, New York, 1972)
Lethbridge, Lucy. Servants: A Downstairs View of Twentieth-century Britain (Bloomsbury, London, 2013)
Malos, Ellen, ed. The Politics of Housework (Allison & Busby, London, 1982)
Masters, Brian. Great Hostesses (Constable, London, 1982)
Musson, Jeremy. Up and Down Stairs: The History of the Country House Servant (John Murray, London, 2009)
The National Trust Manual of Housekeeping (National Trust, 2011)
Paston-Williams, Sara. The Art of Dining (National Trust, 1993)
Sambrook, Pamela. The Country House Servant (National Trust, 1999)
———. Dunham Massey: A Country House at Work (National Trust, 2003)
———. Keeping Their Place: Domestic Service in the Country House (Sutton Publishing, Stroud, 2005)
Steedman, Carolyn. Labours Lost: Domestic Service and the Making of a Modern England (Cambridge University Press, 2009)
Sykes, Christopher Simon. Country House Camera (Pavilion Books, London, 1987)
Tinniswood, Adrian. A History of Country House Visiting: Five Centuries of Tourism and Taste (Basil Blackwell, Oxford, 1989)
Turner, E. S. What the Butler Saw: Two Hundred and Fifty Years of the Servant Problem (Penguin, London, 1962)
Waterfield, Giles, et al., eds. Below Stairs: 400 Years of Servants’ Portraits (National Portrait Gallery, London, 2004)
Waterson, Merlin, ed. The Country House Remembered: Recollections of Life Between the Wars (Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, 1985)
Worsley, Giles. England’s Lost Houses (Aurum Press, London, 2002)
Reports and academic papers
Gillis, John R. ‘Servants, Sexual Relations and the Risks of Illegitimacy in London, 1801–1900’ (Feminist Studies vol. 5, no 1, Spring 1979)
Hann, Andrew. The Service Wing at Audley End House (English Heritage: Properties Historians’ Report, 2007)
Jay, Elisabeth. ‘The Enemy Within: The Housekeeper in Victorian Fiction’, in A. M. Kilday and N. Nanfasse (eds), Social Deviance in England and France 1830–1900 (Cahiers Victoriens et Edwardiens de la SFEVE, pp. 247–60, 2004)
Published memoirs and diaries
The Journal of Mrs Arbuthnot (Macmillan, London, 1950)
Balderson, Eileen. Backstairs Life in a Country House (David & Charles, Newton Abbot, 1982)
Balsan, Consuelo. The Glitter and the Gold (Heinemann, London, 1953)
Bankes, Viola. A Kingston Lacy Childhood (The Dovecote Press, Wimbourne, 1986)
Bath, Marchioness of. Before the Sunset Fades (The Longleat Estate Company, Warminster, 1951)
Bedford, Duke of, John. A Silver-Plated Spoon (The Reprint Society, London, 1959)
Cooper, Lady Diana. The Rainbow Comes and Goes (1958, republished Century, London, 1984)
Cullwick, Hannah and Elizabeth Stanley, ed. The Diaries of Hannah Cullwick: Victorian Maidservant (Virago Press, London, 1984)
Dugdale, Bill. Settling the Bill (Endeavour, London, 2011)
Gorst, Frederick. Of Carriages and Kings (W. H. Allen, London, 1956)
Harrison, Rosina. Rose: My Life in Service (Cassell, London, 1975)
Horne, Eric. What the Butler Winked At, Being the Life and Adventures of Eric Horne (Butler), for Fifty-seven Years in Service with the Nobility and Gentry (T. Werner Laurie, London, 1923)
———. More Winks, Being further notes from the life and adventures of E. Horne (T. W. Laurie, 1932)
King, Ernest. The Green Baize Door (Kimber, London, 1963)
Lanceley, William. From Hallboy to House Steward (Edward Arnold & Co., London,
1925)
Lewis, Lesley. The Private Life of an English Country House: 1912–1939 (Sutton Publishing, Stroud, 1998)
Powell, Margaret. Below Stairs (Peter Davies, London, 1968, pbk edn: Pan Macmillan, London, 2011)
Rennie, Jean. Every Other Sunday: The Autobiography of a Kitchenmaid (Arthur Baker, London, 1955)
Sykes, Christopher Simon. The Big House: The Story of a Country House and Its Family (HarperCollins, London, 2004)
Welsh Carlyle, Jane. Letters and Memorials, ed. J. A. Froude (Longmans, Green & Co., London, 1883)
Wyndham, Ursula. Astride the Wall: A Memoir 1913–1945 (Lennard Publishing, London, 1988)
Contemporary conduct books, manuals and reports
Adams, Samuel and Sarah. The Complete Servant (Knight & Lacey, London, 1825)
Anon. The Housekeeper and Butler’s Guide (London, 1853)
Beeton, Isabella. Book of Household Management (Ward, Lock & Co., London, 1861)
Campbell, Lady Gertrude Elizabeth and Colin Campbell. Etiquette of Good Society (Cassell & Co., London, 1893)
Cassell’s Book of the Household, vol. 2 (Cassell & Co., London, 1890).
Firth, Violet. The Psychology of the Servant Problem: A Study in Social Relationships (Daniel, London, 1925)
The Housekeeping Book of Susanna Whatman (Geoffrey Bles, London, 1956, pbk edn: National Trust, 1988)
Index
A Few Rules for the Manners of Servants in Good Families 81
accounts books 76, 77, 126, 129, 131, 132–3, 135, 143, 144, 150, 152, 188–9
Adelaide, Queen 34, 42
afternoon tea 124, 209
Alexandra, Queen 115, 169
Alfriston Clergy House, Sussex 262
Anglo-Afghan War 63
Argles, Cecil 162, 167, 171, 188, 189–91, 195–6, 198, 199, 200, 201, 203, 204, 205, 206
Armitage, Sir Elkanah 113
Armitage, Hannah 112, 114, 140
Armitage, Joseph John 112, 113
Ashton, Sir Frederick 273
Asquith, Herbert 199
Astor, Lady 233
Attlee, Clement 256
Bacardi, Emilio 196
Bagenal, Barbara 268
Bain, Alexander 87
bakehouses 125
Balfour, Arthur 102, 200
Balkan Crisis 169
Ballindalloch Castle, Moray 299
Baring, Maurice 183, 194, 199
Barrie, J.M. 164, 167, 168, 173, 182–3, 184–5, 187–8, 191, 194, 198–9, 202, 205, 208
Dear Brutus 185
Peter Pan 184, 194
Rosy Rapture 198–9
The Admirable Crichton 102, 184
Barry, Charles 46, 51
Battle of Britain 249
Beauchamp, Dr Sydney 175, 177, 181, 187, 197
Beecham’s Pills 2, 78
Bell, Angelica 216, 221, 224, 225, 226, 227–8, 229, 236, 241, 242, 245, 247, 248, 252–3, 257, 261, 266, 267, 274
Bell, Anne Olivier 231, 268, 271–2, 275
Bell, Clive 216, 218, 222, 231, 234, 235, 236, 241, 244–5, 247, 248, 254, 256, 260, 261, 267, 268, 271
Bell, Julian 216, 219, 221, 225, 226, 236, 242
Bell, Quentin 216, 217, 219, 221, 225, 226, 236, 245, 247, 254, 255, 256, 259, 262, 267, 268, 271, 275, 276
Bell, Vanessa 215, 216, 220, 221, 222, 225, 226–7, 228–9, 232, 234, 235, 236–7, 238, 240–2, 243, 244, 245, 247, 249–50, 251, 252, 253, 255, 256, 257, 260, 261, 264, 265, 266–7, 273, 274
Interior with Housemaid 250
Bellville, Belinda 284
Bennett, Arnold 183
Blitz 210, 243
Bloomsbury Group 216, 218, 273
see also index entries for individual members
Boer War 102
Book of Household Management (Mrs Beeton) 50, 70–1
The Breakers, Rhode Island 208, 209
Bridgewater Canal 15
Brittain, Nellie 221, 227–8, 263
Brown, Ford Madox 112
Bullock, Mary Ann see Fetherstonhaugh, Lady Mary Ann
Burdett-Coutts, Angela 59
butlers 12, 69, 122
butler’s pantries 66
Butters, Albert 284
Butters, Althea 284, 289
Butters, Fredrick 284
Butters, Henry 284
Calder, Anne 15
Cameron, Julia Margaret 230
Campbell-Bannerman, Sir Henry 134
Capper, William 132, 133, 134–5, 136, 145, 152
Carlisle, Lady 21
Carlisle, Lord 10
Carlton Towers, Yorkshire 167
Carlyle, Jane 21
Cartland, Barbara 253
Caruso, Enrico 179
Castle Howard, Yorkshire 5, 21, 30
census returns xix, 11, 46, 56, 68, 116, 117, 156, 163, 218
central heating 52
Chamberlain, Neville 245
change, pace of 81–2
timelines 2, 50, 98, 214
charladies 60, 233, 236, 257, 269
Charleston, East Sussex xxi, 213–76
Chaseley Field, Greater Manchester 112–13, 118, 125, 140
Chatsworth House, Derbyshire 5, 50, 78, 299
child labour 2, 11, 13
child mortality 16, 60–1
children of domestic staff 21–2, 72, 236–7, 238, 239–40, 241, 279
cholera epidemic 23–5
Christmas festivities 92, 117, 120–1, 193–4
church attendance 81, 83, 88–9, 121
Churchill, Winston 208
Clanwilliam, Lady 91
class prejudice 196, 227–9, 256
Cleaver, Mrs 3, 31–2, 33, 34, 35, 39, 40, 43, 46
Cleeve House, Wiltshire 234
Cliveden, Buckinghamshire 234
clothing
cast-offs 12, 41
uniforms 12, 51
Coke, Polly, Viscountess 280, 281, 282, 283, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288
Coke, Thomas, Viscount 280, 287
The Complete Servant (Samuel and Sarah Adams) 11, 12, 26–7
conduct books 11, 12, 40–1, 80–1, 120
Connaught, Duchess of 91
Connaught, Prince Arthur, Duke of 91, 208
cook-housekeepers xii, 124, 236
see also Higgens, Grace; Penketh, Ellen
cooks 79, 80, 114, 178
Cotton, Lady 230
country houses
country house tourism 6, 261–2, 281
postwar demolition 285
Creevey, Thomas 10
Crichton-Browne, Sir James 87
dailies 233, 251
Davies, George Llewelyn 198, 199
Dean, Dorothy 299
depression 86, 87
Desborough, Ettie, Lady 169, 170, 199, 200
diary keeping
Grace Higgens xx, 216–17, 218, 219, 222, 225, 226, 253, 258–9, 261, 264–5, 266, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271
Hon. Nan Herbert 168, 171, 174, 178, 179, 186, 191, 192, 196–7, 204
Louisa Yorke 101, 102, 105–6, 107, 109–10, 111, 114–15, 121–2, 123, 125, 131, 132, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 142, 146, 147, 154, 155
Sarah Wells xx, 52, 59, 60, 61, 69, 70, 76, 77, 78–9, 82–3, 84, 86, 87, 88, 89–90, 91, 92, 95, 96
Dickens, Charles
Bleak House xiii
Hard Times xiii
Sketches by Boz 24
dinner parties 127, 128–9, 133–4, 209, 222–3, 248
table decorations 128, 133
dismissal 21, 26–7, 93, 123, 202–3, 250
Doar, Dorothy xxi, 1–47, 279, 282
Docker, Lady 210
Domestic Servants As They Are & As They Ought To Be 40–1
domestic service, growing unpopularity of 80–1, 110, 233
domestic staff
accommodation see staff quarters
dismissal 21, 26–7, 93, 123, 202–3, 250
hierarchy of 17, 20, 74, 173, 184
invisibility 68, 80–1, 287
love affairs 162, 188, 190–1
, 195–6, 199, 200–1
loyalty xx, 4, 5, 93, 100, 215, 259, 269, 273
and marriage 12, 58, 108, 118, 229–30, 232
meals 19, 129, 209
moral attitudes towards 13, 21, 174, 201
numbers of 51, 110
recruitment see recruitment
segregation of 21
status markers 16, 17–18, 20, 73
stigma of service 233
surnames, use of 51
turnover 68–9, 79, 81, 109
uniforms 12, 51
visiting staff 18–19
wages xi, xii, xvii, 11, 13–14, 114, 122, 131, 153, 171, 215
Downton Abbey xiii
Drake, Sarah 22
du Maurier, Daphne, Rebecca xiii
Dunham Massey, Greater Manchester 15
Dunnett, Louie 226, 228
Dunrobin Castle, Sutherland 3, 8, 9, 167
Durham, Edith 168–9
Eaton Hall, Cheshire xiii, 5, 285
education 13, 116, 214, 219, 252, 258
Edward VII, King 102, 107, 165
electricity 50, 81, 99
Eleven-Plus 258
Eliot, T.S. 217
Elizabeth II, coronation of 214, 261
emigration 46
employment agencies 111, 283
enfranchisement 23, 33, 160
see also women’s suffrage
Erddig Hall xxi, 41, 97–157, 284
evacuees, wartime 249, 254
factory work 117, 170, 220
fancy-dress, vogue for 178–9, 194
FANY (First Aid Nursing Yeomanry)170
Fetherstonhaugh, Frances (Fanny Bullock) 55, 56–9, 64–5, 74, 89, 90, 92–3, 94, 96
Fetherstonhaugh, Lady Mary Ann (Mary Ann Bullock) 53, 54, 55, 83, 92
Fetherstonhaugh, Sir Harry 53, 54, 55
Firle Place, Sussex 241, 254, 259
First World War xxi, 156, 161–205, 230–1
Fitzwilliam, Lady 91
flirtations 12, 118, 225, 226
food
below stairs 19, 129, 209
meal costs 19
menus and recipes 8, 128, 129, 134
rationing 246, 248–9
wartime cookery 246
footmen 117, 209
Forster, E.M. 273
Foundling Hospital, London 21, 22
Fry, Roger 228
Galleazie, Mrs Harriet 3, 14, 23, 31
Garner, Nicky 277–89
Garnett, Bunny 247, 261, 268
Garnett, Henrietta 231–2
gaslighting 50, 52, 78, 161
Gayhurst House, Buckinghamshire xvi
