53
Wilkin, The Life of Sir David Baird, p. 73.
54
Beatson, A View of the Origin and Conduct of the War with Tippoo Sultan, p. 123.
55
Edward Moor, A Narrative of the Operations of Captain Little’s Detachment, London, 1874, pp. 24–32.
56
Quoted by Moon, The British Conquest and Dominion of India, p. 288.
57
Beatson, A View of the Origin and Conduct of the War with Tippoo Sultan, p. 148.
58
Price, Memoirs of the Early Life and Service of a Field Officer, p. 432.
59
Edward Moore, 1794, cited in A. Sen, ‘A Pre-British Economic Formation in India of the Late Eighteenth Century’, in Barun De (ed.), Perspectives in Social Sciences, Calcutta, 1977, I, Historical Dimensions, p. 46.
60
Price, Memoirs of the Early Life and Service of a Field Officer, pp. 434–5.
61
See Forrest, Tiger of Mysore, p. 299. Also Buddle, The Tiger and the Thistle, p. 37.
62
Anon, Narrative Sketches of the Conquest of Mysore, London, 1800, p. 102; Anne Buddle, Tigers Around the Throne: The Court of Tipu Sultan (1750–1799), London, 1990, p. 36.
63
Arthur Wellesley to the Court of Directors, January 1800. Quoted in Buddle, Tigers Around the Throne, p. 38.
64
Wilkie Collins, The Moonstone, London, 1868.
65
Quoted by Butler, The Elder Brother, p. 188.
66
Quoted in Abdus Subhan, ‘Tipu Sultan: India’s Freedom-Fighter par Excellence’, in Aniriddha Ray (ed.), Tipu Sultan and his Age: A Collection of Seminar Papers, Calcutta, 2002, p. 39.
67
For Nana Phadnavis see Grant Duff’s A History of the Mahrattas, London, 1826, at A. L. Srivastava, The Mughal Empire, 1526–1803 A.D. (Agra, 1964); S. N. Sen, Anglo-Maratha Relations during the Administration of Warren Hastings, Madras, 1974.
68
Moon, The British Conquest and Dominion of India, p. 314.
69
Quoted by Moon, The British Conquest and Dominion of India, p. 314. See also Sir Jadunath Sarkar, ed. Raghubir Singh, Mohan Singh’s Waqai-Holkar, Jaipur, 1998.
70
Archives Departmentales de la Savoie, Chambery, De Boigne Archive, bundle AB IV, Wm Palmer to de Boigne, Poona, 13 Dec 1799.
71
Ibid.
72
Govind Sakharam Sardesai, A New History of the Marathas, 3 vols, Baroda, 1948, vol. 3, p. 371.
73
Gupta, Baji Rao II and the East India Company, p. 23.
74
Munshi Munna Lal, Shah Alam Nama, Tonk Mss 3406, Oriental Research Library, p. 536.
75
Jadunath Sarkar, Fall of the Mughal Empire, 4 vols, New Delhi, 1991, vol. 3, pp. 173–5.
76
Sardesai, A New History of the Marathas, vol. 3, p. 371.
77
Sayid Athar Abbas Rizvi, Shah ‘Abd al’Aziz: Puritanism, Sectarianism and Jihad, Canberra, 1982, p. 43.
78
Compton, The European Military Adventurers of Hindustan, pp. 346–7; Amar Farooqui, Zafar and the Raj: Anglo-Mughal Delhi c1800–1850, Delhi, 2013, p. 31.
79
Roznamcha-i-Shah Alam, BL, Islamic 3921. All examples are from the months of Sha’ban and Ramazan, November–December 1791.
80
Lal, Shah Alam Nama, Tonk Mss 3406, p. 535.
81
Roznamcha-i-Shah Alam, BL, Islamic 3921. Both examples are from the months of Sha’ban and Ramazan, November–December 1791.
82
Governor General in Council to the Secret Committee of the Court of Directors, 13 July 1804, Wellesley, The Despatches, vol. IV, p. 153.
83
Wellesley, The Despatches, vol. III, pp. 230–3.
84
Ibid., vol. III, no. xxxv, 27 June 1803.
85
BL, IOR, H/492 ff. 251–2, Wellesley to Shah Alam, 27 June (Political Consultations, 2 March 1804).
86
BL, IOR, H/492 f. 241, Wellesley to Shah Alam, 27 June (Political Consultations, 2 March 1804). See also Percival Spear, The Twilight of the Moghuls, Cambridge, 1951, p. 35. Monghyr was the former capital of Mir Qasim.
87
Colonel Hugh Pearse, Memoir of the Life and Military Services of Viscount Lake, London, 1908, p. 150.
88
Major William Thorn, Memoir of the War in India Conducted by Lord Lake and Major General Sir Arthur Wellesley on the Banks of the Hyphasis, London, 1818, p. 80.
89
Bayly, Indian Society and the Making of the British Empire, p. 86.
90
James Welsh, Military Reminiscences Extracted from a Journal of Nearly Forty Years Active Service in the East Indies, 2 vols, London, 1830, vol. 1, p. 147. Also Sarkar, Fall of the Mughal Empire, vol. 4, p. 227.
91
Sardesai, A New History of the Marathas, vol. 3, pp. 398–9.
92
John Blakiston, Twelve Years Military Adventure in Three Quarters of the Globe, 2 vols, London, 1829, vol. 1, p. 145. Quoted in Randolph G. S. Cooper, The Anglo-Maratha Campaigns and the Contest for India: The Struggle for the Control of the South Asian Military Economy, Cambridge, 2003, p. 81.
93
Bayly, Indian Society and the Making of the British Empire, p. 85; Jon Wilson, India Conquered: Britain’s Raj and the Chaos of Empire, London, 2016, p. 187; H. V. Bowen, The Business of Empire: The East India Company and Imperial Britain, 1756–1833, Cambridge, 2006, p. 47; John Micklethwait and Adrian Wooldridge, The Company: A Short History of a Revolutionary Idea, London, 2003, p. 4.
94
Letters issued by Agent to Governor General. Extract from volumes (Registers) 1–21 Commissioner Banares pre-Mutiny Agency Records. See also the excellent discussion in Lakshmi Subramanian and Rajat K. Ray, ‘Merchants and Politics: From the Great Mughals to the East India Company’, in Dwijendra Tripathi, Business and Politics in India, New Delhi, 1991, pp. 19–85, esp. pp. 57–9.
95
Cited in Bayly, Indian Society and the Making of the British Empire, p. 102.
96
Ibid., pp. 102–3, 106, 108; Rajat Kanta Ray, ‘Indian Society and the Establishment of British Supremacy, 1765–1818’, in Marshall, The Eighteenth Century, pp. 516–17; C. A. Bayly, Rulers, Townsmen and Bazaars: North Indian Society in the Age of British Expansion, Cambridge, 1983, pp. 211–12.
97
Quoted in James Duff, A History of the Mahrattas, Calcutta, 1912, vol. 1, p. 431.
98
Compton, The European Military Adventurers of Hindustan, p. 328.
99
Sardesai, A New History of the Marathas, vol. 3, pp. 413–14.
100
William Pinch in Warrior Ascetics and Indian Empires, Cambridge, 2006, pp. 106–7, 114. Thomas Brooke to Major Shawe, Secretary to Lord Wellesley. BL, Add Mss 37, 281 ff. 228b–229f.
101
Sardesai, A New History of the Marathas, vol. 3, pp. 403–5.
102
Ibid., vol. 3, p. 397.
103
Memorandum of 8 July 1802, quoted by Michael H. Fisher, ‘Diplomacy in India, 1526–1858’, in H. V. Bowen, Elizabeth Mancke and John G. Reid, Britain’s Oceanic Empire: Atlantic and Indian Ocean Worlds, c. 1550–1850, Cambridge, 2012, p. 263.
104
For an excellent account of Wellesley’s grandiose style, see Mark Bence-Jones, Palaces of the Raj, London, 1973, ch. 2.
105
Quoted in Philip Davies, Splendours of the Raj: British Architecture in India 1660–1947, London, 1985, p. 35.
106
Butler, The Elder Brother, p. 306.
107
Sarkar, Fall of the Mughal Empire, vol. 4, p. 229.
108
Sardesai, A New History of the Marathas, vol. 3, p. 402.
109
26 Sept AW to JM, Supp
lementary Despatches of Arthur, Duke of Wellington, KG, 1797–1818, vol. IV, p. 160. See also Major Burton, ‘Wellesley’s Campaigns in the Deccan’, Journal of the United Services Institution India, 29 (1900), p. 61.
110
John Blakiston, Twelve Years Military Adventure in Three Quarters of the Globe, 2 vols, London, 1829, vol. 1, pp. 164–5. Quoted in Cooper, The Anglo-Maratha Campaigns and the Contest for India, p. 108.
111
Major William Thorn, Memoir of the War in India, p. 279.
112
Cooper, The Anglo-Maratha Campaigns contains much the best account of the battle. I visited the site of the battle with the current Duke of Wellington and found Cooper’s maps invaluable. A single East India Company lead musket ball that I picked up at Pipalgaon while walking the battleground sits in front of me as I write.
113
Sir T. E. Colebrook, The Life of Mountstuart Elphinstone, 2 vols, London, 1884, vol. 1, pp. 63–9.
114
Quoted by Sarkar, Fall of the Mughal Empire, vol. 4, p. 276. Also Wilson, India Conquered, p. 173.
115
Thorn, Memoir of the War in India, pp. 276–7.
116
Cooper, The Anglo-Maratha Campaigns, p. 116.
117
Antony Brett-James (ed.), Wellington at War, 1794–1815: A Selection of his Wartime Letters, London, 3 October 1803, pp. 84–5.
118
Sir Thomas Munro, quoted in Moon, The British Conquest and Dominion of India, p. 321.
119
Compton, The European Military Adventurers of Hindustan, p. 204; Ray, ‘Indian Society and the Establishment of British Supremacy, 1765–1818’, in Marshall, The Eighteenth Century, p. 522.
120
Pearse, Memoir of the Life and Military Services of Viscount Lake, p. 1; Moon, The British Conquest and Dominion of India, p. 323.
121
Thorn, Memoir of the War in India, pp. 87–9.
122
Compton, The European Military Adventurers of Hindustan, pp. 299–301.
123
James Baillie Fraser, Military Memoirs of Lt. Col. James Skinner C.B., 2 vols, London, 1851, vol. 1, p. 265; Compton, The European Military Adventurers of Hindustan, pp. 302–3. Compton calls the letter ‘a surely characteristic letter, with its vainglorious vauntings and its ineffable French vanity’.
124
Fraser, Military Memoirs of Lt. Col. James Skinner C.B., vol. 1, pp. 253–4; Compton, The European Military Adventurers of Hindustan, p. 301.
125
Fraser, Military Memoirs of Lt. Col. James Skinner C.B., vol. 1, p. 251.
126
Compton, The European Military Adventurers of Hindustan, pp. 303–4.
127
Ibid., p. 231.
128
Fraser, Military Memoirs of Lt. Col. James Skinner C.B., vol. 1, p. 266.
129
Thorn, Memoir of the War in India, pp. 96–7.
130
Ibid.
131
The best modern account of the attack on Aligarh can again be found in Randolph G. S. Cooper’s wonderful Anglo-Maratha Campaigns, pp. 161–3.
132
Fraser, Military Memoirs of Lt. Col. James Skinner C.B., vol. 1, pp. 266–7.
133
John Pester, War and Sport in India 1802–6, London, 1806, pp. 156–7.
134
Lal, Shah Alam Nama, Tonk Mss 3406, 46th Year of the Auspicious Reign, p. 535; Maulvi Zafar Hasan, Monuments of Delhi, New Delhi, 1920, vol. 3, p. 7.
135
BL, OIOC, IOR/H/492 f. 301, f. 305, Proclamation by Shah Alam.
136
BL, OIOC, IOR/H/492 f. 292, Proclamation by Shah Alam.
137
Sardesai, A New History of the Marathas, vol. 3, p. 419; Compton: The European Military Adventurers of Hindustan, pp. 340–1, Cooper Anglo-Maratha Campaigns, p. 188.
138
Pester, War and Sport in India 1802–6, p. 163.
139
This bravura passage by Randolph G. S. Cooper is taken from Anglo-Maratha Campaigns, p. 172, and is derived from the Journal of Captain George Call, vol. 1. p. 22, National Army Museum, Acc. No. 6807–150.
140
Pester, War and Sport in India, p. 166.
141
Ibid., p. 169.
142
Sarkar, Fall of the Mughal Empire, vol. 4, p. 246.
143
Pearse, Memoir of the Life and Military Services of Viscount Lake, p. 197.
144
Martin, Despatches of Marquess Wellesley, vol. III, p. 445. Commander-in-Chief General Lake’s Secret Despatch to Governor General Richard Wellesley.
145
Fakir Khair ud-Din Illahabadi, ‘Ibrat Nama, BL Or. 1932, f. 1r.
146
Bowen, Business of Empire, p. 5.
147
Wilson, India Conquered, p. 176.
148
Ibid., pp. 122, 187. Lord Wellesley opened Fort William College to train a new generation of covenanted civil servants in July 1800.
149
Bowen, Business of Empire, p. 5.
150
Moon, The British Conquest and Dominion of India, pp. 328, 343.
151
Butler, The Elder Brother, p. 333.
152
Rajat Kanta Ray, The Felt Community: Commonality and Mentality before the Emergence of Indian Nationalism, New Delhi, 2003, p. 327; Ray, ‘Indian Society and the Establishment of British Supremacy, 1765–1818’, in Marshall, The Eighteenth Century, p. 526.
153
Moon, The British Conquest and Dominion of India, pp. 328, 343.
154
Pester, War and Sport in India, p. 174.
155
Lal, Shah Alam Nama, Tonk Mss 3406, 46th Year of the Auspicious Reign, p. 542.
156
Thorn, Memoir of the War in India, p. 125.
157
Ibid., pp. 125–6.
158
Lal, Shah Alam Nama, Tonk Mss 3406, 46th Year of the Auspicious Reign, p. 544.
159
K. K. Dutta, Shah Alam II & The East India Company, Calcutta, 1965, p. 115.
160
Lal, Shah Alam Nama, Tonk Mss 3406, 46th Year of the Auspicious Reign, p. 544.
161
BL, OIOC, IOR H/492, f. 349.
162
Dutta, Shah Alam II & The East India Company, pp. 114–15.
163
Fraser, Military Memoirs of Lt. Col. James Skinner C.B., vol. 1, pp. 293–4.
164
K. N. Pannikar, British Diplomacy in Northern India: A Study of the Delhi Residency 1803–1857, New Delhi, 1968, p. 7.
165
Stephen P. Blake, Shahjahanabad: The Sovereign City in Mughal India, 1639–1739, Cambridge, 1991, pp. 170, 181; Spear, The Twilight of the Moghuls, p. 92.
166
Quoted in Frances W. Pritchett, Nets of Awareness, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1994, p. 3.
167
Fraser of Reelig Archive, Inverness, vol. 29, Wm Fraser letterbook, 1 April 1806, to Edward S. Fraser.
168
See William Dalrymple, The Last Mughal: The Fall of a Dynasty, Delhi, 1857, London, 2006.
169
Ray, The Felt Community, pp. 301–3, 334.
170
Quoted in J. K. Majumdar, Raja Rammohun Roy and the Last Moghuls: A Selection from Official Records (1803–1859), Calcutta, 1939, pp. 4, 319–20.
171
Bowen, Business of Empire, p. 277.
172
See Joseph Sramek, Gender, Morality, and Race in Company India, 1765–1858, New York, 2011, p. 17.
173
Ibid., p. 229.
174
P. J. Marshall, Problems of Empire: Britain and India, 1757–1813, London, 1968, pp. 142–4.
175
Quoted in Tillman W. Nechtman, Nabobs: Empire and Identity in Eighteenth-Century Britain, Cambridge, 2010, p. 225.
176
Micklethwait and Wooldridge, The Company, p. 36.
177
Bowen, Business of Empire, pp. 16–17.
178
Ibid., p. 297.
179
Tirthankar Roy, The East India Company: The World’s Most Powerful Corporation, New Delhi, 2012, p. xxiii.
180
Micklethwait and Wooldridge, The Company, p. 36.
EPILOGUE
1
Fakir Khair ud-Din Illahabadi, ‘Ibrat Nama, BL, OIOC, Or. 1932, f. 1v.
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The Anarchy: The East India Company, Corporate Violence, and the Pillage of an Empire Page 59
