19 Capra (1975), 160 (“this notion,” coat of arms); see also 114, 115, and chaps. 11–13.
20 Capra (1975), 34 (quotations); see also 305, 306.
21 Miles (1982), N8 (“sold amazingly well”); Dull (1978), 387 (“pleasing way”); Jonathan Westphal, in Clarke, Parker-Rhodes, and Westphal (1978), 294 (“Capra is clearly in earnest”); and Shimony (1981), 436 (“quotes charming haikus”). For other reviews, see Kauffman (1977); White (1979); Clarke, Parker-Rhodes, and Westphal (1978); Restivo (1978, 1982); and Clifton and Regehr (1990).
22 Dull (1978), 387, 389; and Chrisopher Clarke, in Clarke, Parker-Rhodes, and Westphal (1978), 289–91.
23 Restivo (1978), 151–55; and Scerri (1989), 688.
24 On inaccuracies of lumping all Eastern traditions into a single worldview, see Esbenshade (1982), 225; and Scerri (1989), 688. On diversity of interpretations among physicists, see Restivo (1978), 156–58; Shimony (1981), 436 (“dissolves the precise meaning”); and Clifton and Regehr (1990), 82, 85–88 (“muddling,” 88), 101n17 (“schizophrenic”). On Capra’s notion of parallel “empiricism,” see Westphal, in Clarke, Parker-Rhodes, and Westphal (1978), 296; and Clifton and Regehr (1990), 77.
25 On charges of circular reasoning, see Esbenshade (1982), 226. On oscillations between complementary and confirmatory arguments, see Restivo (1978), 165–67; and Clifton and Regehr (1990), 77, 78. On accounting for similarities, see Westphal, in Clarke, Parker-Rhodes, and Westphal (1978), 298; and Parker-Rhodes, ibid., 291, 292 (“basic tendencies of the human mind”). On possible “contamination” of terms between the two traditions, see Restivo (1978), 153.
26 Asimov (1978), 19; and Bernstein (1978/79), 6–9.
27 Capra (1975), 25; and Mansfield (1976), 56.
28 Fritjof Capra to Victor Weisskopf, July 8, 1976, in VFW, box NC1, folder 26; Harrison (1979b), 779 (“This leads naturally”); and Scerri (1989), 688 (“Anyone involved”). Jack Sarfatti likewise adopted Capra’s book as a textbook for one of his popular seminars on science and religion, run by the Physics/Consciousness Research Group: Sarfatti, “Physics/Consciousness Program De Anza-Foothill College, Spring Quarter 1976,” on 4, 5, in JAW, Sarfatti folders.
29 Harrison (1979b), 782 (on “Son of Zen of Physics”); David Harrison, emails to the author, July 3, 2007, January 5, 2008, and April 17, 2008. Harrison included the quoted homework assignment with the January 5, 2008, email message. LeShan’s “interesting test” originally appeared in LeShan (1969) and reappeared as a chapter in LeShan (1974). On Harrison’s other interests at the time, see Harrison (1978, 1979a); and Harrison and Prentice (1980).
30 Harrison (1982b), 873, 874 (on physics majors); Harrison (1982a), 811 (on standard curricula) and 815 (acknowledgment to Herbert); Nick Herbert, email to the author, April 16, 2008 (“spirited” correspondence); and Harrison, email to the author, April 17, 2008. The first quantum mechanics textbook to include any material on Bell’s theorem was Sakurai (1985), 223–32; see Ballentine (1987), 787.
31 Clifton and Regehr (1990), 73, 74.
32 Pedagogical critiques include Esbenshade (1982); and Scerri (1989); cf. Harrison (1982b), 873 (“most of these students”); and Harrison, email to the author, July 3, 2007 (“bums in the seats”).
33 Several reviewers highlighted this “ideological” use of Capra’s book: physicists could use it as a hedge against antiscientific sentiments of the day. See Kauffman (1977), 461; Restivo (1982), 39, 43, 45, 47, 53; and Scerri (1989), 688.
Chapter 8: Fringe?!
1 John Bell to Robert A. McConnell, May 20, 1986, reprinted in McConnell (1987), 51, 52. Jeremy Bernstein quoted from the same letter in his profile of Bell: Bernstein (1991a), 79, 80.
2 Margenau (1936); Lindsay and Margenau (1936); Margenau (1950, 1953, 1961, 1978).
3 Margenau (1966), 214, 215. See also Margenau (1956, 1957); and Margenau’s correspondence with Gardner Murphy, president of the American Society for Psychical Research, ca. 1965–1967, in HM, series I, folder 1:9.
4 Henry Margenau and Lawrence LeShan to the editor of Science, April 24, 1978, in HM, series I, folder 1:6.
5 Henry Margenau and Lawrence LeShan, untitled letter to the editor (submission), ca. April 1978, in HM, series I, folder 1:6; emphasis in original.
6 Henry Margenau and Lawrence LeShan to the editor of Science, December 15, 1978, in HM, series I, folder 1:6.
7 Henry Margenau to Philip Abelson, January 22, 1979, in HM, series I, folder 1:6. See also Christine Karlik to Henry Margenau, February 12, 1979, in the same folder. Margenau and LeShan expanded upon their brief, unsuccessful submission to Science in their book: LeShan and Margenau (1982).
8 Ramon and Rauscher (1983); Rauscher (1983c); and Wigner (1983), 1479.
9 Hall, Kim, McElroy, and Shimony (1977), reprinted in Shimony (1993), 2: 323–31. Cf. Clauser and Shimony (1978).
10 Feinberg (1967). See also Anon. (1992), D26.
11 Feinberg (1969b); see also Feinberg (1969a, 1971). Feinberg later joined the advisory board of the Foresight Institute, founded in 1986 by nanotechnology enthusiast Eric Drexler. See the interview with Feinberg in the institute’s newsletter, Foresight Update 9, originally published June 30, 1990, available at http://www.foresight.org/Updates/Update09 (accessed December 21, 2009). On Einhorn’s interactions with futurist Alvin Toffler and the Congressional Clearinghouse for the Future during the 1970s, see Levy (1988), 9, 159, 313.
12 Puharich (1979a), 10.
13 Feinberg (1975), 54–73. Rauscher thanked Feinberg for helpful discussions in several of her parapsychology papers: Rauscher (1979), 79, and (1983b), 115; and Ramon and Rauscher (1980), 669. Evan Harris Walker also thanked Feinberg for “constructive and valuable comments”: Mattuck and Walker (1979), 140.
14 Rauscher delivered a seminar for Bohm’s group at Birkbeck College in London on November 23, 1977; see flyer announcing the talk in EAR. Bohm met with the Fundamental Fysiks Group in Berkeley a few months later, in April 1978. See Elizabeth Rauscher to John A. Wheeler, n.d. [received in Wheeler’s office on March 29, 1979], including enclosure of typed notes entitled “David Bohm Lectures,” April 9 and 10, 1978, in JAW, series I, folder “Rauscher, Elizabeth”; and Elizabeth Rauscher, “The origins and operations of the era of the Fundamental Fysiks Group from 1975 to 1978,” unpublished memo ca. November 2000, in EAR. See also Bohm (1981); and Peat (1997), 195–200, 225–31.
15 Costa de Beauregard (1967); cf. Bergmann (1969), 85–87. See also, e.g., Costa de Beauregard (1977). On Costa de Beauregard’s 1975 Berkeley visit, see Sirag (2002), 109, 110; see also Rauscher, “The origins and operations of the era of the Fundamental Fysiks Group from 1975 to 1978,” unpublished memo ca. November 2000, in EAR.
16 Compare Costa de Beauregard (1976) with (1978). See also Costa de Beauregard (1975, 1979).
17 Collery (1981). Tonus, the magazine in which the interview originally appeared, was a weekly newspaper aimed at medical professionals: Solange Collery, email to the author, December 23, 2009.
18 Mattuck (1967); see also Science Citation Index (1961–), s.v. “Mattuck, Richard D.” On the importance of Mattuck’s textbook, see Kaiser (2005), 243, 244, 268–70.
19 Mattuck (1977, 1978/79) and Mattuck and Walker (1979). On Mattuck’s later work, see Science Citation Index (1961–), s.v. “Mattuck, Richard D.”
20 Josephson (1992).
21 Wallace (1976), 4. See also Brian Josephson, “Foreword,” in Puharich (1979b), 4, 5.
22 Josephson, Mattuck, Walker, and Costa de Beauregard (1980), 48–51, in response to Gardner and Wheeler (1979): 39, 40.
23 Durrani (2000), 5; and Cartlidge (2002), 10, 11. See also Professor Josephson’s website at http://www.tcm.phy.cam.ac.uk/~bdj10 (accessed April 28, 2008).
24 Daniel Greenberger to John Clauser, February 6, 1985, in JFC, folder “Random correspondence.” See also the related correspondence in the same folder. The conference proceedings, entitled New Ideas and Techniques in Quantum Measurement Theory, were published as a special
issue of Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 480 (December 1986): 1–632. See Greenberger (1986), xiii, xiv.
25 Participants who had won or would go on to win the Nobel Prize included Willis Lamb, Anthony Leggett, and Roy Glauber. See also Stapp (1986); Herbert (1986); and correspondence between Daniel Greenberger and John Clauser, ca. February–November 1985, in JFC, folder “Random correspondence.”
26 Sarfatti quoted in Browne (1986), C3. See also Sarfatti interview (2009); and Wolf interview (2009).
27 Nick Herbert, email to the author, March 11, 2009.
28 See, e.g., Bernstein (1991a), 6, 7; Greene (2004), 113–23; Clegg (2006), chap. 3; and Davies and Gribben (2007), 224, 225. Although Aspect’s experiment was certainly a crucial milestone, too much can be made of its role in jump-starting interest in foundations of quantum mechanics, a point to which I return in the coda. See also Freire (2004).
29 John F. Clauser to Christian Imbert, November 16, 1973, in JFC, folder “Random correspondence.”
30 Clauser interview with Joan Bromberg (2002), 33, 34; and Clauser interview (2009).
31 D’Espagnat interview with Freire (2001), 11, 12. Recall from chapter 5 that d’Espagnat attended one of the Esalen workshops, holding forth on Bell’s theorem and nonlocality in Esalen’s famous hot tubs.
32 Aspect interview (2009); see also Aczel (2001), 177–80; and Freire (2006), 606–8. Before leaving for Cameroon, Aspect completed his “doctorat de troisième cycle” in 1971, a degree that lay somewhere between a master’s degree and a PhD from a U.S. university. The textbook that inspired Aspect was Cohen-Tannoudji, Diu, and Laloë (1973).
33 John F. Clauser to John S. Bell, February 14, 1969, in JFC, folder “Random correspondence.” Cf. Freedman and Clauser (1972).
34 Aspect interview (2009); Aspect (1976), 1949; and Freire (2006), 607.
35 Aspect (2002), 119, and Aspect interview (2009).
36 Aspect interview (2009); see also Freire (2006), 608.
37 Aspect (1976); and Aspect, Dalibard, and Roger (1982). See also Leggett (2009).
38 Aspect (1976, 1981). See also Jack Sarfatti to Nick Herbert, October 28, 1981, and Jack Sarfatti to John Wheeler, January 20, 1982, in JAW, Sarfatti folders.
39 Rauscher, “The origins and operations of the era of the Fundamental Fysiks Group from 1975 to 1978,” unpublished memo ca. November 2000, in EAR; Mrs. Evan G. “Bootsie” Galbraith to Jack Sarfatti, May 7, 1982, reprinted in Sarfatti (2002a), 152, 153; and Chickering interview (2009).
40 D’Espagnat (1979), 178, 179; Jack Sarfatti, “Memorandum for the record,” April 7, 1982, in JAW, Sarfatti folders; and Saul-Paul Sirag, email to the author, April 7, 2009.
41 Alain Aspect to John Clauser, June 29, 1981, in JFC, folder “Random correspondence”; and John Clauser, email to the author, December 24, 2009. See also Alain Aspect to John Clauser, May 7, [1981?], in JFC, folder “Random correspondence”; and Clauser interview with Bromberg (2002), 33; Clauser interview (2009). The paper that Clauser edited was published as Aspect, Grangier, and Roger (1981). This was the first of Aspect’s papers to report data collected with his new apparatus; he had not yet gotten the time-varying switches to work.
42 Aspect, Dalibard, and Roger (1982).
43 Aspect interview (2009); Clauser interview (2009); Jack Sarfatti to John Wheeler, n.d. (ca. October 15, 1984), in JAW, Sarfatti folders; and Sirag (2002), 109.
44 Fuller interview (2007). See also Fuller (1961); Fuller and Wheeler (1962); and Byron and Fuller (1969).
45 Fuller interview (2007). See also Fuller and Wallace (1975).
46 Fuller interview (2007). On the Solvay conferences, see, e.g., Mehra (1975).
47 Erhard interview (2010) (“actually make some difference”); and Fuller interview (2007). See also Sidney Coleman to Roman Jackiw, July 26, 1976, in RWJ.
48 Jackiw interview (2007).
49 Jackiw interview (2007). On Coleman, see also Marquard (2008); and Glashow (2008), 69. Coleman served on my physics dissertation committee at Harvard in the mid-1990s.
50 Sidney Coleman, form-letter invitation dated July 26, 1976; copies in RWJ, and in RPF, folder 25:1.
51 Original invitees included Curtis Callan, Geoffrey Chew, Roger Dashen, Ludvig Fadeev, Richard Feynman, David Finkelstein, Alfred Goldhaber, Jeffrey Goldstone, David Gross, T. D. Lee, Stanley Mandelstam, Yoichiro Nambu, Alexander Polyakov, Claudio Rebbi, Leonard Susskind, Gerard ’t Hooft, and Ken Wilson. (See Coleman form-letter invitation, July 26, 1976.) Of these, Feynman, Gross, Lee, Nambu, ’t Hooft, and Wilson have received the Nobel Prize. Almost all of those invited agreed to participate; they were joined by Steven Weinberg, John Wheeler, and Edward Witten. See Sidney Coleman and Robert Fuller to Richard Feynman, December 30, 1976, in RPF, folder 25:1.
52 Jackiw interview (2007). See also correspondence in RWJ, and in RPF, folder 25:1.
53 Howard Sherman to Roman Jackiw, December 23, 1976, in RWJ; see also Sherman to Richard Feynman, December 30, 1976, in RPF, folder 25:1.
54 Erhard interview (2010).
55 Sidney Coleman to Roman Jackiw, December 17, 1976 (“conscious policy”), in RJW; and Erhard interview (2010) (“I couldn’t follow”). See also Jackiw interview (2007) and Fuller interview (2007).
56 Handwritten postscript on Robert Fuller to Richard Feynman, April 22, 1977, in RPF, folder 25:1; see also Erhard interview (2010).
57 Richard Feynman to Howard Sherman, February 4, 1977, in RPF, folder 25:1.
58 Sidney Coleman to Robert Fuller, March 1, 1977, in RPF, folder 25:1.
59 Roy Ascott [Acting President and Dean of the College, San Francisco Art Institute] to Jack Sarfatti, February 17, 1977, in JAW, Sarfatti folders.
60 Jack Sarfatti to David Finkelstein, February 15, 1977, in JAW, Sarfatti folders.
61 Jack Sarfatti, “Plato’s anticipation of quantum logic,” 16pp typed manuscript, April 8, 1977, copy in JAW, Sarfatti folders. Wheeler wrote across his copy that he had responded to Sarfatti on February 28, 1977, and suggested Lowe (1927).
62 Victor Weisskopf to Jack Sarfatti, March 7, 1977, in JAW, Sarfatti folders. See also Weisskopf to Sarfatti, February 11, 1977, also in JAW, Sarfatti folders.
63 See, e.g., Heck and Thompson (1976); Kornbluth (1976); Litwack (1976); Woodward (1976); Fenwick (1976); and Glass, Kirsch, and Parris (1977).
64 Victor Weisskopf to Jack Sarfatti, March 15, 1977, in JAW, Sarfatti folders. Roman Jackiw does not recall Weisskopf ever raising the issue with him: Jackiw, email to the author, December 1, 2009.
65 Weiskopf to Sarfatti, March 7, 1977.
66 Martin Gardner to Jack Sarfatti, July 1, 1977, in JAW, Sarfatti folders. See also Gardner to Sarfatti, June 23, 1977, in JAW, Sarfatti folders.
67 Jack Sarfatti to Robert R. Curtis, Jr. [est house counsel], July 11, 1977, and circulated widely in photocopy form; copy in JAW, Sarfatti folders.
68 Sidney Coleman to Robert Fuller, March 1, 1977, in RPF folder 25:1; Roman Jackiw to Robert Fuller, May 5, 1977, in RWJ.
69 Jack Sarfatti, handwritten message dated July 11, 1977, written on top of Weisskopf to Sarfatti, March 7, 1977, and distributed widely in photocopy form; copy in JAW, Sarfatti folders.
70 Robert R. Curtis, Jr. [est house counsel] to Jack Sarfatti, July 8, 1977, in JAW, Sarfatti folders.
71 Sarfatti to Curtis, July 11, 1977; and Jack Sarfatti, typed memo “To: All physicists invited to est ‘Quantum Gravity’ conference and to the press,” July 29, 1977, copy in JAW, Sarfatti folders.
72 Jackiw interview (2007) and Fuller interview (2007).
73 Norman Quebedeau, email to the author, December 2, 2009 (“well-heeled”). See also http://www.imdb.com/name/nm2611476 (accessed December 11, 2009). Sarfatti sent a copy of Quebedeau’s cartoon of “Dr. Jack Sarfatti and the Temple of est” to John Wheeler, probably enclosed with Sarfatti’s letter of July 11, 1977 (written on top of an earlier letter from Weisskopf to Sarfatti); copy in JAW, Sarfatti folders.
74 Kim Burrafato, email to the autho
r, December 1, 2009 (“shouting with almost mad glee”); Michael Sarfatti (Jack’s brother), email to the author, December 1, 2009; and Jack Sarfatti, email to the author, December 1, 2009.
75 The recording is available at http://www.qedcorp.com/book/psi/hitweapon.htm (accessed November 30, 2009). On Stephen Hill’s Hearts of Space radio show, see http://www.hos.com (accessed December 11, 2009).
76 Fuller interview (2007); Anon. (1978b), 22; Gordon (1978), 43, 44.
77 Fuller interview (2007); and Gordon (1978), 42. See also Pressman (1993), 155–67. Cf. the Hunger Project website: http://www.thp.org (accessed June 30, 2010).
How the Hippies Saved Physics: Science, Counterculture, and the Quantum Revival Page 38
