77. World Bank Data 2011 referring to ‘Motor Vehicles per 1000 people’.
78. For a full discussion see Luomi, Mari, The Gulf Monarchies and Climate Change: Abu Dhabi and Qatar in an Era of Natural Unsustainability (London: Hurst, 2012).
79. As stated on the Qatar Foundation official website.
80. See Kalra, Nidhi, Recommended Research Priorities for the Qatar Foundation’s Environment and Energy Research Institute (Los Angeles: RAND Corporation, 2011).
81. Gulf News, 14 August 2008.
82. The prize fund was increased to $4 million in 2012.
83. See http://www.zayedfutureenergyprize.com/en/
84. The National, 23 July 2008.
85. The National, 22 July 2008.
86. AMEInfo, 23 September 2008.
87. Masdar City press release, July 2008.
3. EXPLAINING SURVIVAL—EXTERNAL MATTERS
1. For the most comprehensive analysis of this ‘Al-Qaeda on the Arabian Peninsula’ campaign see Hegghammer, Thomas, Jihad in Saudi Arabia: Violence and Pan-Islamism Since 1979 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010).
2. Wheatcroft, Andrew, With United Strength: Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al-Nahyan, the Leader and the Nation (Abu Dhabi: Emirates Centre for Strategic Studies and Research, 2005), p. 185.
3. The National, 11 July 2008.
4. The Daily Telegraph, 26 March 2006.
5. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, Military Expenditure Database. In 2010 Saudi Arabia was at 11.2 per cent, UAE 7.3 per cent, and Kuwait 4.4 per cent.
6. CNN, 22 February 2006.
7. (in Arabic) Mutawwa, Khalid, The Arabic Falcon (Sharjah, 2005), pp. 214–215.
8. The National, 27 July 2008.
9. Associated Press, 12 July 2011. Senator Gary Ackerman of New York, a Democrat on the House Foreign Affairs subcommittee on the Middle East and South Asia, stated that ‘As a matter of both law and basic decency, we will never do business with or provide aid to a government controlled by or reporting to terrorists’.
10. (in Arabic) Hamza, Kamal, Zayed: A Mark on the Forehead of History (Abu Dhabi, 2005), p. 166.
11. The National, 18 July 2008.
12. US Department of State, ‘Background Note: United Arab Emirates’ 2011.
13. Voice of America, 25 July 2006.
14. Der Spiegel, 13 March 2007.
15. Mutawwa (2005), p. 99.
16. Islamic Republic News Agency, 16 January 2004.
17. Davidson, Christopher M., Abu Dhabi: Oil and Beyond (London: Hurst, 2009), chapter 6.
18. Ibid.
19. World Food Programme, press release, 2 May 2006.
20. The Peninsula, 3 June 2011.
21. New York Times, 20 November 2005.
22. Arab News, 30 August 2010.
23. BBC News, 12 October 2005.
24. The National, 5 August 2008.
25. The National, 23 June 2008.
26. BBC News, 7 January 2005.
27. Kamrava, Mehran, ‘Royal Factionalism and Political Liberalization in Qatar’ in Middle East Journal, Vol. 63, No. 3, 2009, pp. 407–408.
28. WAM, 12 July 2011.
29. Saudi Arabia Ministry for Foreign Affairs, press release, 31 October 1999.
30. BBC News, 24 April 1999.
31. Wilson, Graeme, Rashid’s Legacy: The Genesis of the Maktoum Family and the History of Dubai (Dubai: Media Prima, 2006), p. 516.
32. The National, 14 May 2009.
33. The UAE’s federal armed forces were then called the Union Defence Force.
34. (in Arabic) Obaid, Nawaf E., The Foreign Policy of the United Arab Emirates (Beirut: Majd, 2004), p. 155.
35. Heard-Bey, Frauke, From Trucial States to United Arab Emirates (London: Longman, 1996), pp. 511–513; Davidson, Christopher M., Dubai: The Vulnerability of Success (London: Hurst, 2008), chapter 5.
36. Hawley, Donald, The Emirates: Witness to a Metamorphosis (Norwich: Michael Russell, 2007), p. 30.
37. Jane’s Defense Weekly, 7 February 2007.
38. The National, 14 May 2009; BBC News, 28 March 2008.
39. BBC News, 28 March 2008.
40. The National, 22 July 2011.
41. WAM, 22 August 2011.
42. Article 7 of the 2005 constitution, as cited by Wright, Steven, ‘Qatar’ in Davidson, Christopher M. (ed.), Power and Politics in the Persian Gulf Monarchies (London: Hurst, 2011).
43. The Doha Agreement was reached on May 21 2008.
44. Broadcast on Al-Jazeera, 6 August 2007.
45. BBC News, 4 March 2009; CNN, 23 February 2010.
46. Capital Eritrea, 14 July 2011.
47. Somaliland Press, 7 June 2010.
48. Anthony, John Duke, Arab States of the Lower Gulf: People, Politics, Petroleum (Washington DC: Middle East Institute, 1975), p. 152.
49. Heard-Bey (1996), pp. 388–391.
50. Amr Moussa.
51. The National, 28 July 2008; Mutawwa (2005), p. 99.
52. Oxford Business Group, ‘Abu Dhabi: The Report 2007’, p. 25.
53. Reuters, 11 May 2007; BBC News, 13 May 2007.
54. Gulf News, 18 July 2008.
55. The National, 8 August 2008.
56. BBC News, 8 May 2010.
57. Daily Mail, 4 July 2012.
58. The Guardian, 30 December 2011.
59. Associated Press, 25 September 2011.
60. BBC Sport, 10 December 2010.
61. ESPN, 31 May 2011.
62. The Essex Hotel.
63. The latter of which was acquired in 2006 for $800 million.
64. Daily Mail, 16 March 2010.
65. BBC Sport, 5 October 2004.
66. Agence France Presse, 9 July 2008.
67. The National, 22 July 2008.
68. Emirates 24/7, 17 March 2008.
69. International Herald Tribune, 2 September 2008.
70. Garry Cook.
71. As cited by Dorsey, James, Mideastposts, 7 October 2011.
72. The Guardian, 27 September 2009.
73. The Daily Telegraph, 10 January 2011.
74. The Daily Telegraph, 8 November 2011.
75. National Public Radio, 7 May 2006.
76. Foreign Policy, 12 April 2011.
77. Foreign Policy, 5 January 2012.
78. Manchester Evening News, 3 March 2011.
79. The National, 15 June 2011.
80. Agence France Presse, 18 December 2010.
81. VG Nett, 19 October 2010.
82. New York Times, 7 March 2008; Financial Times, 17 December 2008.
83. Abu Dhabi Tourism Authority press release, 30 April 2007.
84. Vanity Fair, 22 July 2010.
85. The Guardian, 10 August 2006.
86. WAM, 24 May 2009.
87. AME Info, 11 June 2007; Tourism Development Investment Company press release, 25 July 2009.
88. The Daily Telegraph, 31 October 2011.
89. Human Rights Watch, 17 March 2011.
90. The Guardian, 16 May 2011.
91. The Al-Qasimi Building was built in 2000.
92. London School of Economics press release 19 December 2006.
93. The Khalifa Building was built in 1997.
94. Mubarak Al-Abdullah Al Sabah.
95. According to the official KFAS website.
96. The Spectator, 1 April 2011.
97. Oxford University Gazette, No. 4857, Vol. 139, 16 October 2008.
98. Khaleej Times, 26 February 2011.
99. The Daily Telegraph, 6 January 2008.
100. National Observer, No. 81, December 2009.
101. The National, 14 May 2009.
102. Gulf News, 15 May 2009.
103. According to a Harvard Divinity School press release from 15 September 2000 the appointee was to focus on ‘broad teachings on the history, tenets, and practice of the Islamic faith and their implications for local and global societies’ and provide ‘leadership and direction for the wider, interdisciplinary program of Islamic Studies�
�.
104. The University of Connecticut had planned to open a branch campus in Dubai, but pulled out on the grounds of alleged anti-Semitism. Gulf News, 7 May 2007.
105. Washington Post, 15 February 2008.
106. Harvard University press release, 29 September 2010.
107. For example Michigan State University which closed down its campus in Dubai in 2008 after serious financial losses. New York Times, 27 March 2012.
108. Khaldun Khalifa Al-Mubarak, the chairman of Abu Dhabi’s Executive Affairs Authority and in some respects the crown prince’s right hand man.
109. Fromherz, Allen J., Qatar: A Modern History (London: IB Tauris, 2012), p. 2.
110. As reported by the Qatar-based management consultancy firm Almaras.
111. In the 2011 academic year only ten of the 161 NYU Abu Dhabi students were UAE nationals. Khaleej Times, 20 September 2011.
112. La Sorbonne claims to have 33 per cent of its student body being UAE nationals. New York Times, 27 March 2012.
113. Northwestern, for example, claims to have 36 per cent of its student body being Qatar nationals. New York Times, 27 March 2012.
114. NYU Abu Dhabi students, if accepted, are offered full fees, accommodation, flights, and a $2000 allowance. Bloomberg, 15 September 2010.
115. Georgetown Qatar’s Center for International and Regional Studies has convened a number of international workshops in recent years which have focused on the Gulf monarchies. These have discussed the region’s political economy, the nuclear question, international relations, and migrant labour. It is notable, however, that discussions on political reform, human rights, or democracy in the Gulf monarchies have not been held.
116. Davidson, Christopher M., The Persian Gulf and Pacific Asia: From Indifference to Interdependence (London: Hurst, 2011), chapter 1.
117. CIA World Factbook 2009. Economics overviews on Japan, China, and South Korea, 2006–2008 estimates. Author calculations for totals.
118. The National, 5th August 2009, citing OPEC data.
119. Davidson (2010), chapter 3.
120. Ibid., chapter 4.
121. Arab News, 7th May 2009. Quoting Nicholas Janardhan.
122. Japanese Ministry for Foreign Affairs. Overview file on Saudi Arabia from 2009.
123. Arabian Business, 26 November 2007.
124. Along with Russia and Brazil.
125. Reuters, 4 November 2009.
126. Calabrese, John, ‘The Consolidation of Gulf-Asia Relations: Washington Tuned in or Out of Touch?’, policy brief published by the Middle East Institute, Washington DC, June 2009, p. 5.
127. Ghafour, Mahmoud, ‘China’s Policy in the Persian Gulf’, Middle East Policy, Vol. 16, No. 2, 2009, p. 87.
128. See Calabrese, John, ‘China and the Persian Gulf: Energy and Security’, Middle East Journal, Vol. 52, No. 3, 1998; Bin Huwaidin, Muhammed, China’s Relations with Arabia and the Gulf, 1949–1999 (London: Routledge, 2002), p. 194.
129. Calabrese (2009). p. 5.
130. Washington Post, 9 April 2007.
131. Associated Press, 26th June 2009.
132. Lee, Henry, and Shalmon, Dan, ‘Searching for Oil: China’s Oil Initiatives in the Middle East’ discussion paper published by the Environment and Natural Resources Program, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs Discussion Paper, Harvard University, January 2007, pp. 4–5.
133. Saudi Gazette, 21 November 2009.
134. Yetiv, Steve A. and Lu, Chunlong, ‘China, Global Energy, and the Middle East’ in Middle East Journal, Vol. 61, No. 2, 2007, pp. 207–208.
135. The National, 2 December 2009.
136. Ghafour, p. 87.
137. Financial Times, 2 November 2009.
138. Gulf Times, 6 August 2009.
139. Ehteshami, Anoushivaran, ‘The Rise and Convergence of the “Middle” in the World Economy: The Case of the NICs and the Gulf States’ in Davies, Charles E. (ed.), Global Interests in the Arab Gulf (Exeter: University of Exeter Press, 1992), p. 151.
140. Calabrese (2009), p. 4.
141. The National, 21 July 2009. Referring to the Saigon Premier Container Terminal.
142. The National, 5 August 2008.
143. Calabrese (2009), p. 5.
144. Davidson (2010), chapter 5.
145. Ibid., chapter 7.
146. Calabrese (2009), p. 2.
147. Ghafour (2009), pp. 87–88.
148. Yetiv and Lu (2007), p. 205.
149. Chinese Ministry for Foreign Affairs. Overview file on the UAE 2009.
150. Sourced from Zayed University’s ‘Destined to Lead’ brochure, 2009.
151. Bin Huwaidin (2002), pp. 200–201.
152. Ghafour (2002), pp. 87,89. Chinese Ministry for Foreign Affairs. Overview file on Kuwait 2009.
153. Chinese Ministry for Foreign Affairs. Overview files on Qatar and Oman 2009.
4. MOUNTING INTERNAL PRESSURES
1. Wikileaks, US Embassy Riyadh, 10 December 2007.
2. Wikileaks, US Embassy Riyadh, 23 November 2009.
3. Kinninmont, Jane, Bahrain: Beyond the Impasse (London: Chatham House, 2012), p. 2.
4. See Metz, Helen (ed.), Persian Gulf States: A Country Study (Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1993).
5. AME Info, 7 February 2008.
6. See Metz (1993).
7. CIA World Factbook, 2011, country overview on Oman.
8. US Energy Information Administration 2011. Country overview on Oman.
9. US Energy Information Administration 2011. Country overview on the UAE.
10. By 1995 production had dropped to around 300,000 barrels per day.
11. The Daily Telegraph, 4 February 2010.
12. Agence France Presse, 9 February 2010.
13. US Energy Information Administration 2011. Country overview on Kuwait.
14. Taken from the Qatargas official website, section entitled ‘Amazing Facts About Qatargas 2’.
15. US Energy Information Administration 2011. Country overview on Qatar.
16. Saudi Gazette, 24 November 2010.
17. See Nolan, Leigh, ‘Managing Reform? Saudi Arabia and the King’s Dilemma’ Brookings Doha Center Policy Briefing, May 2011.
18. A large proportion of expatriates working in the region are either single or have left their families in their home country.
19. Emirates 24/7, 5 October 2010. Quoting ‘The World’s Women 2010 report’.
20. See Nolan, May 2011.
21. BBC News, 6 February 2011.
22. US Energy Information Administration 2011. Country overview on Kuwait.
23. Gulf News, 1 October 2009.
24. The National, 7 June 2011.
25. Gulf News, 5 July 2011.
26. Wilson, Graeme, Rashid’s Legacy: The Genesis of the Maktoum Family and the History of Dubai (Dubai: Media Prima, 2006), p. 528.
27. Ibid., p. 529.
28. Al-Gurg, Easa Saleh, The Wells of Memory (London: John Murray, 1998), p. 219.
29. Khalifa bin Hamad Al-Thani.
30. Reuters, 21 October 2010.
31. A labour law was introduced in 2002 in an effort to regulate the employment of nationals in the private sector. As part of the law, nationals were to benefit from a special pensions fund and were to be ‘guaranteed better rights as employees’ including a maximum number of working hours per week and a guaranteed finishing time of four o’clock in the afternoon for women with children of school age.
32. Notably banking and insurance companies. Gulf News, 23 September 2004; Gulf News, 8 December 2006.
33. Reuters, 21 October 2010.
34. Oxford Business Group, ‘Abu Dhabi: The Report 2007’. p. 51.
35. Reuters, 21 October 2010.
36. The National, 27 July 2008.
37. Gulf News, 8 December 2006.
38. Gulf News, 28 July 2008.
39. Reuters, 21 October 2010.
40. Oxford Analytica, February 2007.
41. Reuters, 21 October 201
0.
42. Ibid.
43. Arabian Business, 30 December 2010.
44. Nayef bin Abdul-Aziz Al-Saud.
45. Financial Times, 7 September 2010.
46. Saleh Kamel.
47. Arabian Business, 30 December 2010.
48. Financial Times, 7 September 2010.
49. Financial Times, 7 September 2010. Quoting Jarmo Kotilaine, an economist at NCB Capital (a Saudi investment bank) and John Sfakianakis, chief economist at Banque Saudi Fransi.
50. Reuters, 21 October 2010.
51. Reuters, 29 August 2010.
52. Ibid.
53. New York Times, 5 May 2006.
54. Rashid bin Said Al-Maktoum.
55. MSNBC, 2 August 2011.
56. Said Ahmad Ghubash.
57. Overton, J. L., ‘Stability and Change: Inter-Arab Politics in the Arabian Peninsula and the Gulf’ (unpublished PhD thesis. University of Maryland, 1983), p. 184. Taken from Overton’s interview with Said Ahmad Ghubash in Abu Dhabi in 1976.
58. Peck, Malcolm, The United Arab Emirates: A Venture in Unity (Boulder: Westview, 1986), p. 100.
59. The chairman is Ahmad bin Saif Al-Nahyan. For details of the 5 November 2003 decree see Davidson, Christopher M., The United Arab Emirates: A Study in Survival (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 2005), chapter 3.
60. Sultan bin Muhammad Al-Qasimi.
61. Brown, Gavin, OPEC and the World Energy Market (London: Longman, 1998), p. 359. It was believed that by 1987 Sultan had amassed debts of nearly $920 million following several ambitious construction projects.
62. Limitless press release, 10 October 2007.
63. See for example Purkis, S., and Riegl, B., ‘Spatial and Temporal Dynamics of Arabian Gulf Coral Assemblages Quantified from Remote-Sensing and in situ Monitoring Data (Jebel Ali, Dubai, UAE)’, Marine Ecology Progress Series, No. 287, 2005, pp. 99–113.
64. BBC News, 22 July 2012.
65. The National, 6 February 2011.
66. The Sunday Times, 2 January 2011.
67. The Guardian, 24 March 2011.
68. Filiu, Jean-Pierre, The Arab Revolution: Ten Lesson from the Democratic Uprising (London: Hurst, 2011), p. 35.
69. Davidson (2005), chapter 4.
70. Wikileaks, US Embassy Riyadh, 1 November 1996.
71. Forbes, 17 June 2009.
72. Wall Street Journal, 9 September 2010.
73. New York Times, 26 August 2010.
74. Construction Weekly, 3 August 2010.
75. Business Insider, 13 April 2011.
76. CIA World Factbook 2011. Country overview on Bahrain.
After the Sheikhs Page 35
