21. Gulf News, 30 July 2012.
22. Foreign Policy, 21 September 2010.
23. Filiu (2011), p. 46.
24. Ibid., p. xiii.
25. Ibid., p. 44.
26. Muhammad Omran.
27. Referring to Etisalat.
28. Arabian Business, 2 July 2011.
29. Kipp Report, 8 June 2011. Citing the second Arab Social Media Report published by the Governance and Innovation Program at the Dubai School of Government.
30. Gulf News, 31 May 2012.
31. Kipp Report, 8 June 2011; Time Magazine, 12 July 2012.
32. Agence France Presse, 9 February 2011.
33. This was Al-Sheikh’s initial reaction to Pope Benedict XVI’s Regensburg Lecture on 12 September 2006.
34. Asharq Al-Awsat, 5 February 2011.
35. Al-Masry Al-Youm, 10 April 2011.
36. BBC News, 22 February 2011.
37. Reuters, 27 April 2011. Quoting Shadi Hamid, an analyst at the Brookings Center in Qatar and Theodore Karasik, a defence analyst based in Dubai.
38. Gulf News, 28 January 2011.
39. Hassan Muhammad Hassan Al-Hammadi.
40. Amnesty International press release, 9 February 2011.
41. Abdullah bin Zayed Al-Nahyan.
42. Muhammad bin Zayed Al-Nahyan.
43. The National, 9 February 2011.
44. Reuters, 27 April 2011.
45. Ahram, 30 April 2011. Quoting Khalaf Al-Habtoor.
46. Al-Masry Al-Youm, 23 May 2011.
47. Dahi Khalfan Al-Tamim.
48. BBC News, 31 July 2012.
49. WAM, 11 April 2011.
50. Al-Tayeb Al-Fassi Fihri.
51. WAM, 16 May 2011.
52. The National, 13 September 2011; Reuters, 20 December 2011.
53. Reuters, 20 December 2011.
54. Kinninmont, Jane, Bahrain: Beyond the Impasse (London: Chatham House, 2012), p. 3.
55. New York Times, 15 February 2011.
56. Kinninmont (2012), p. 9.
57. Ibid. p. 10.
58. BBC Sport, 21 February 2011.
59. There are, however, many eyewitness reports that Saudi troops entered Bahrain during the various uprisings in the 1990s. See Kinninmont (2012), p. 3.
60. The exception being a reported Kuwaiti naval patrol.
61. Los Angeles Times, 15 March 2011.
62. Global Research special report on Bahrain, 10 April 2011.
63. Al-Jazeera English, 30 July 2011; Express Tribune Pakistan, 11 March 2011.
64. Jakarta Globe, 19 June 2011.
65. Hamad bin Isa Al-Khalifa.
66. Khalifa bin Salman Al-Khalifa.
67. Khalid bin Ahmad Al-Khalifa.
68. Al-Jazeera English, 5 August 2011.
69. BBC News, 2 July 2011.
70. The Economist, 26 November 2011.
71. Kinninmont (2012), p. 11.
72. Abdulhadi Al-Khawaja.
73. The Independent, 21 April 2012.
74. BBC News, 20 April 2012.
75. Kinninmont (2012), p. 12.
76. Reuters, 31 July 2012.
77. Kinninmont (2012), p. 3.
78. Al-Wefaq Society press release, 30 July 2012. Quoting the ‘Gangs of Darkness’ awareness campaign.
79. Reuters, 29 June 2011.
80. Qaboos bin Said Al-Said.
81. BBC News, 27 February 2011; Reuters, 9 April 2011.
82. Gulf News, 9 April 2011; Oman Daily, 8 April 2011.
83. Voice of America, 22 April 2011.
84. Gulf News, 8 May 2011.
85. Al-Arabiya, 14 May 2011.
86. Gulf News, 20 June 2011.
87. Reuters, 29 June 2011.
88. Gulf News, 22 July 2011.
89. Referring to Omantel.
90. Youssef Al-Haj.
91. Al-Quds Al-Arabi, 12 August 2011.
92. The National, 11 March 2011.
93. Gulf News, 17 July 2012.
94. The Guardian, 23 January 2012.
95. Al-Basheer News, 6 February 2011.
96. Washington Post, 20 April 2012. Quoting Waleed Abu Alkhair.
97. Nolan, May 2011.
98. Abdul-Aziz Al-Wahhabi.
99. Reuters, 10 February 2011.
100. Reuters, 22 April 2011.
101. Reuters, 22 April 2011.
102. Nolan, May 2011.
103. Arabian Business, 25 May 2011.
104. Jakarta Globe, 19 June 2011. Quoting Ali Al-Ahmad.
105. Bandar bin Sultan Al-Saud.
106. Yousaf Raza Gillani.
107. Al-Jazeera English, 30 July 2011.
108. Human Rights Watch, 3 May 2011.
109. Al-Watan, 5 June 2011.
110. Fadhil Makki Al-Manasif.
111. Mustafa Al-Badr Al-Mubarak and Husain Kazhim Al-Hashim.
112. Human Rights Watch, 3 May 2011.
113. Hamza Kashgari.
114. The Independent, 13 February 2012.
115. Not to be confused with Muhammad Al-Qahtani, the alleged twentieth 9/11 hijacker, who is currently in detention in Guantanamo Bay.
116. BBC News, 22 July 2011.
117. Agence France Press, 8 December 2010.
118. Arab Times, 5 January 2011.
119. Agence France Presse, 6 February 2011.
120. The Peninsula, 18 January 2011.
121. Al-Arabiya, 28 June 2011.
122. Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jabar Al-Sabah.
123. Gulf News, 14 April 2011.
124. Bahrain News Agency press release, 2 May 2011.
125. Kuwait Times, 5 June 2011.
126. Agence France Presse, 17 September 2011.
127. BBC News, 16 November 2011.
128. Agence France Presse, 17 September 2011.
129. Gulf News, 21 November 2011.
130. BBC News, 28 November 2011.
131. Jabar Al-Mubarak Al-Hamad Al-Sabah.
132. BBC News, 3 February 2011.
133. Bloomberg, 26 April 2012.
134. The Guardian, 10 January 2010.
135. Referring to Etisalat.
136. See Davidson, Christopher M., ‘The Strange Case of the UAE’s WWW.UAEHEWAR.NET’, Current Intelligence blog, 15 November 2010.
137. Khalifa bin Zayed Al-Nahyan.
138. Foreign Policy, 14 April 2011.
139. Sourced from the blog of Ahmad Mansour Al-Shehhi, 6 April 2011.
140. Reuters, 11 May 2011.
141. Reuters, 8 April 2011.
142. Foreign Policy, 14 April 2011.
143. CNN, 13 April 2011.
144. Gulf News, 29 May 2011.
145. Gulf News, 29 April 2011
146. In 1968 over half of the Zaab (Al-Zaabi) tribe, most of whom resided on the Jazirah al-Hamra near to Ra’s al-Khaimah decamped en masse and moved to Abu Dhabi island, where the ruler had promised them prime plots of land. Davidson (2009), chapter 3.
147. Gulf News, 29 April 2011.
148. The National, 1 December 2011.
149. Arabian Business, 17 April 2011.
150. New York Times, 14 May 2011.
151. The Arabic Human Rights Network press release, 14 February 2012.
152. The UAE reform movement—sometimes referred to as ‘Al-Islah’—is indigenous, founded in 1974, and is not affiliated to the Muslim Brotherhood.
153. Associated Press, 22 December 2011.
154. Salah Al-Dhafairi.
155. Associated Press, 12 March 2012.
156. Ahmed Abd Al-Khaleq.
157. Al-Jazeera News, 16 July 2012.
158. Sultan bin Kayed Al-Qasimi, a member of the Ra’s al-Khaimah ruling family. He was held under house arrest at the ruler’s palace.
159. Issa Khalifa Al-Suwaidi.
160. Muhammad Al-Mansoori.
161. Most notably Salim Hamdoon Al-Shehhi, Abdulsalam Darwish, and Muhammad Al-Roken.
162. Human Rights Watch, 1 August 2012; Emirates Centre for Human Rights, 31 July 2012.
1
63. For example Rashid bin Muhammad Al-Roken.
164. Muhammad Rashid Al-Kalbani, an Omani passport holder.
165. Hamad bin Khalifa Al-Thani.
166. Foreign Policy, 12 April 2011.
167. New York Times, 4 April 2011.
168. Voice of America, 14 January 2012.
169. Most reports highlight assistance from Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and Turkey. Turkish assistance can be viewed through the lens of border security while Saudi assistance can be viewed through the lens of countering Iran’s presence in the region. Qatar’s assistance, however, is best viewed through a moral lens. For a full discussion see Stephens, Michael, ‘What Does Qatar Want in Syria?’ Open-Democracy, 6 August 2012.
170. New York Times, 4 April 2011. Quoting Jabar bin Yusef bin Jassim Al-Thani.
171. Al-Jazeera English, 12 August 2011. The show was entitled Inside Story: Bahrain. The Bahraini government representative was Jamal Fakhro and the Bahraini human rights activist was Maryam Al-Khawaja, head of the Foreign Relations Office for the Bahrain Center for Human Rights.
172. Hamad bin Jassim Al-Thani.
173. John Kerry.
174. The Guardian, 6 December 2010.
175. The Guardian, 6 December 2010.
176. Sultan Al-Khalaifi.
177. Amnesty International press release, 3 March 2011.
CONCLUSION
1. Nye, Joseph, Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics (New York: Public Affairs, 2004). Now widely referred to by international statesmen and diplomats.
2. Ross, p. 335.
3. Inglehart, Ronald, and Welzel, Christian, Modernization, Cultural Change, and Democracy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005).
4. Kinninmont, Jane, Bahrain: Beyond the Impasse (London: Chatham House, 2012), p. 12.
5. Most notably Ali Al-Sistani and his predecessor Abu Al-Qasem Al-Khoie.
6. Kinninmont (2012), p. 2.
7. Feras Bughnah and Hosam Al-Deraiwish.
8. This took place in late October 2011.
9. Agence France Presse, 17 June 2011.
10. Time Magazine, 12 July 2012.
11. Washington Post, 20 April 2012.
12. Time Magazine, 12 July 2012.
13. Reuters, 4 October 2011.
14. Issam Muhammad Abu Abdallah.
15. The Guardian, 23 January 2012. Quoting Toby Matthiesen.
16. BBC News, 4 August 2012. On 4 August 2012, for example, both a policeman and a protestor were killed in a firefight, as a security patrol was attacked by rioters on motorbikes.
17. The Economist, 14 July 2012. Referring to Nimr Al-Nimr, who had earlier called for the Eastern Province to secede from Saudi Arabia if Saudi Shia could not live with dignity.
18. BBC News, 12 June 2012.
19. Hamad Al-Naqi, who was later stabbed while in prison. See Arab Times, 19 April 2012.
20. Meshaal Al-Malek Al-Sabah.
21. Gulf Today, 20 July 2012.
22. Personal interviews, Beirut, March 2012.
23. WAM, 15 July 2012.
24. WAM, 7 May 2012.
25. Gulf News, 2 August 2012.
26. See www.echr.org.uk
27. Fromherz, Allen J., Qatar: A Modern History (London: IB Tauris, 2012), p. 8.
28. Ibid., p. 30.
29. New Statesman, 25 February 2011.
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