Page 234 Germans kill 603 Jews: TNA PRO HW 1/35, Partisans and Jews shot, 30 August 1941.
Page 235 Germans kill 1,342 Jews: TNA PRO HW 16/45, 25 August 1941.
Page 236 Cypher changing twice a day: TNA PRO HW 3/155, History of the GC&CS German Police Section 1939–45.
Page 237 1,246 Jews killed: TNA PRO HW 1/40, Report for Himmler that Soviets are retreating, 1 September 1941.
Page 238 Killings for 30 August to 11 September: TNA PRO HW 16/45, 30 August 1941, 31 August 1941, 2 September 1941, 6 September 1941; HW 1/51, item 6.
Page 239 Gathering of evidence: Michael Smith, ‘Bletchley Park and the Holocaust’, Intelligence and National Security, Vol. 19, No. 2 (Summer 2004), pp.271–2.
Pages 240–5 Cunningham: interviews with Charles Cunningham, May 1998.
Page 241 Looting of Winter Palace: Smith, Station X, p.104.
Page 242 Welchman on Churchill visit: Welchman, Hut Six Story, p.128.
Page 243 Herivel: interview with John Herivel, May 1998.
Page 244 Churchill on ‘no stone unturned’: Brian Oakley, The Bletchley Park War Diaries, Bletchley Park Trust, 2011, p.67.
Page 245 Kennedy: Kennedy Diaries, 6 September 1941.
Page 246 Lavell: interview with Ann Cunningham, May 1998.
Pages 247–9 Codebreakers’ letter and Churchill ‘Action This Day’ minute: TNA PRO HW 1/155.
Page 248 Milner-Barry: TNA PRO HW 43/70, History of Hut 6, p.7.
Page 249 Rebuilding programme: TNA PRO HW 14/21-24 passim.
Page 250 Tiltman sets up intelligence school: TNA PRO HW 43/1, Birch, History of Sigint, p.168.
Pages 251–42 Daily Telegraph crossword puzzle: correspondence with the late Stanley Sedgewick.
Pages 252–3 Y stations: TNA PRO HW 3/92, History of UK Military Sigint, pp.197–8, 204–207; HW 43/1, Birch, History of Sigint, p.192.
Page 253 Joan Nicholls: Smith, Station X, pp.112–3.
Page 254 Lever: interview with Mavis Batey, May 1998.
Pages 255–4 Abernethy: interview with Barbara Eachus, May 1998.
Page 256 Maclennan and Lydekker: Smith, Station X, p.115.
Pages 257–5 Lavell: interview with Ann Cunningham, May 1998.
Page 258 Prestwich: interview with John Prestwich, May 1998.
Pages 259–6 Milner-Barry on discipline: TNA PRO HW 43/70, History of Hut 6, p.24.
Page 260 Lavell on tolerance: interview with Ann Cunningham, May 1998.
Pages 261–52 Co-operation with Americans: see TNA PRO HW 14/45 (This file contains a copy of the undertaking signed by Currier not to reveal to anyone other than Safford what he had received from the British and an exchange of messages about the initial difficulty the Americans had understanding the British paper model of Enigma due to a missing document which was later found to have been mislaid in Washington); HW 4/25; ADM 223/297; ADM 199/1477; Prescott Currier, ‘My Purple Trip to England in 1941’, Cryptologia, Vol. 20, No. 3, 1996; Prescott Currier, NSA Oral History OH-38-80, November 1980; various conversations with Barbara Eachus (née Abernethy); Ralph Erskine, ‘Churchill and the Start of the Ultra-Magic Deals,’ International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence, Vol. 10, 1997; Ralph Erskine, ‘The Holden Agreement on Naval Sigint: The First BRUSA?’, Intelligence and National Security, Vol. 14, No. 2 (Summer 1999). Safford: Laurance F. Safford, ‘A Brief History of Communications Intelligence in the United States’, March 1952 (obtained from the Federation of American Scientists website
Pages 262–3 Eachus: Smith, Station X, pp.169, 179.
Pages 263–4 Double Cross System: Erskine & Smith (eds), Bletchley Park Codebreakers, pp.255–6.
Page 264 Details of code sent to GC&CS: TNA PRO KV 2/453, Robertson to Vivian, 19 September 1939. Alert operator and GC&CS scepticism: John Curry, The Security Service 1908–45: The Official History, PRO, London, 1999, pp.206–207.
Pages 265–5 Broken by Gill and Trevor-Roper and creation of GC&CS Abwehr section: ibid, pp.178–179, 206–207; TNA PRO ADM 223/793, ‘ISOS’, 25 September 1945.
Page 266 Operations of XX Committee: Erskine & Smith (eds), Bletchley Park Codebreakers, pp.255–7.
Pages 267–7 Knox working on Abwehr Enigma: Erskine & Smith (eds), Bletchley Park Codebreakers, pp.270–81.
Pages 268–8 Knox on need to have access to Abwehr material: TNA PRO HW 25/12, Knox to Denniston, undated but beginning: ‘As I think you are aware…’
Page 269 Knox ‘a small grouse’: TNA PRO HW 14/23, Knox to Denniston, 10 November 1941.
Pages 270–60 Denniston Rolls-Royce response: TNA PRO HW 14/22, Denniston to Knox, 11 November 1941, folio 105.
Page 271 Denniston on breaking of Abwehr Enigma: TNA PRO 14/24, Folio 53, Denniston to Menzies, 10 December 1941.
Page 272 Lever solution of GGG: Batey, Dilly, p.145.
Page 273 Robertson on messages: Michael Howard, British Intelligence in the Second World War, Vol. 5, HMSO, London, 1990, pp.20–21.
Page 274 Keynes quote: Batey, Dilly, p.166.
Pages 275–3 Denniston on Strachey: TNA PRO HW 14/3, Denniston to Travis, 16 November 1940.
Page 276 Foss setting up Japanese section and remit: TNA PRO HW 43/1, Birch, History of Sigint, p.408–9, 445–6.
Pages 277–4 Browning on Foss: Elizabeth Hawken, Recollections of Bletchley Park, the unpublished memoirs of Elizabeth Hawken (née Browning), kindly provided to the author by her daughter Miss S. C. J. Hawken.
Page 278 Senyard: TNA PRO HW 3/135, The History of Miss Senyard’s Party, p.33.
Pages 279–7 Revues: various conversations with Barbara Eachus (née Abernethy); interview with Pamela Rose (née Gibson); interview with Christine Brooke-Rose, May 1998; correspondence with the late Stanley Sedgewick; Smith, Station X, p.118.
Page 280 Lavell: interview with Ann Cunningham, May 1998.
Page 281 Diana Russell Clarke: interview with Diana Barraclough, May 1998.
Pages 282–9 Rows in Hut 3 and reorganisation: TNA PRO HW 3/119, Lucas, History of Hut 3, p.34; HW 43/1, Birch, History of Sigint, pp.436–442. Denniston ‘very bitter’: Robin Denniston, Thirty Secret Years, p.122.
Pages 283–71 Bennett and Rose on Denniston and Hut 3: Smith, Station X, p.123.
Pages 284–2 Dönitz on U-Boat cyphers: Patrick Beesly, Very Special Intelligence, Sphere, London, 1978, p.219.
Page 285 U-570 and British solving wiring of new wheel: Erskine &Smith (eds), Bletchley Park Codebreakers, p.171; David Kahn, Seizing the Enigma, Arrow, London, 1996, p.214.
Page 286 Mahon: TNA PRO HW 25/2, Mahon, History of Hut 8, pp.55, 62.
Page 287 Change to Shark: TNA PRO HW 25/1, Alexander, Cryptographic History of Work on the German Naval Enigma, pp.36–7.
Page 288 Wylie dismay: Smith, Station X, p.144.
Page 289 OIC Tracking Room: TNA PRO ADM 223/92, OIC Report No. 86, 9 February 1942.
Page 290 Noskwith: interview with Rolf Noskwith, May 1998.
Page 291 BP researches being too academic: Smith, Station X, p.146.
Page 292 Sailors abandoned: Budiansky, Battle of Wits, p.280.
Pages 293–7 Noskwith on guilt: Erskine & Smith (eds), Bletchley Park Codebreakers, p.189.
Pages 294–8 Drumbeat and US failure to institute convoys: Dear & Foot (eds), Oxford Companion, p.66.
Page 295 Hinsley on doubly fortunate: Hinsley, British Intelligence (Abridged), HMSO, London, 1993, p.158.
Page 296 U-Boat successes: Hinsley, British Intelligence, Vol. 2, p.679.
Page 297 Herivel: interview with John Herivel, May 1998.
Page 298 U-559: Smith, Station X, p.149.
Page 299 Noskwith: interview with Rolf Noskwith, May 1998.
Pages 300–301 Wylie on Shark break: Smith, Station X, pp.149–50.
Page 302 Beesly: Beesly, Very Special Intelligence, p.207.
Pages 303–4 Pat Wright: interview with Pat Bing, June 1998.
Page 304 Sarah Norton on Shark Blackout: inte
rview with Sarah Baring, May 1998.
Page 305 Move to new blocks: Hinsley & Stripp, Codebreakers, p.309.
Page 306 Sarah Norton on Wrens: interview with Sarah Baring, May 1998.
Page 307 US Bombes and Holden Agreement: Erskine & Smith (eds), Bletchley Park Codebreakers, pp.179–80.
Pages 308–6 Eachus on working in Hut 8: Smith, Station X, p.169.
Page 309 Americans take over Shark: TNA PRO HW 25/2, Mahon, History of Hut 8, p.91.
Pages 310–7 US Navy Bombes used to run menus for Hut 6: TNA PRO HW 25/1, Alexander, Cryptographic History of Work on the German Naval Enigma, p.63.
Page 311 Birch: TNA PRO HW 43/1, Birch, History of Sigint, p.273–4.
Pages 312–8 Beesly: Beesly, Very Special Intelligence.
Page 313 Hinsley on U-Boat Commanders fears: Hinsley, British Intelligence (Abridged), pp.316–7.
Page 314 Number of people at Bletchley: TNA PRO HW 14/9, GC&CS Personnel, 2 December 1940; Kennedy Diaries, 14 December 1942.
Page 315 Women’s Committee: TNA PRO HW 14/139.
Page 316 BP argues that Ultra will play large part in North Africa: TNA PRO HW 14/13, JQ Information in Middle East, 1 March 1941.
Page 317 Creation of CBME: TNA PRO HW 14/3, Memo to DDMI(O), 14 January 1940; HW 14/9, Denniston to Jacob, Ref 2949, 4 December 1940, and Winterbotham memo, 31 December 1940.
Page 318 Italian Air Force message: Hinsley, British Intelligence, Vol. 1, p.387.
Page 319 Dryden: Hinsley & Stripp, Codebreakers, pp.202–203.
Page 320 Rommel halted at Tobruk after Paulus talks: Bennett, Ultra Mediterranean, p.41.
Page 321 Limits of Ultra on Rommel advance: ibid, p.42.
Pages 322–4 SCU/SLUs: TNA PRO HW 3/119, History of Hut 3, p.250.
Page 323 Ultra regulations: Smith, Station X, pp.105–106.
Pages 324–5 Hut 4 C38m break: Hinsley & Stripp, Codebreakers, p.33.
Page 325 Tracking convoys: TNA PRO HW 3/119, History of Hut 3.
Pages 326–6 Importance of secondary source: TNA PRO HW 3/174, ‘The Use of “U” in the Mediterranean and Northwest African Theatres of War’, pp.2–3.
Page 327 Rose: interview with Jim Rose, May 1998.
Pages 328–7 Breaks into German Army keys: Hinsley, British Intelligence, Vol. 2, pp.295,310.
Page 329 Bill Williams: TNA PRO WO 208/3575, Brig. E. T. Williams, The Use of Ultra.
Page 330 Bennett on misunderstood message: Bennett, Ultra Mediterranean, pp.106–108.
Page 331 Churchill on Tobruk defeat: Sir Winston Churchill, Memoirs of the Second World War, Houghton Mifflin, New York, 1959.
Pages 332–333 Creation of traffic analysis units: TNA PRO HW 3/92, History of UK Military Sigint, pp.6–12, 92; James Thirsk, Bletchley Park: An Inmate’s Story, Galago, Bromley, 2008.
Page 334 Luftwaffe callsign book captured: TNA PRO HW 3/92, History of UK Military Sigint, p.11.
Pages 335–336 Robinson and Faraday Davies: Smith, Station X, pp.126–7.
Page 337 Improvement in breaking of Afrika Korps Enigma: Hinsley, British Intelligence, Vol. 2, pp.374–6.
Pages 338–339 Wenham: interview with Susan Wenham, May 1998.
Page 340 Milner-Barry: TNA PRO HW 43/70, History of Hut 6, p.8.
Pages 341–342 Scorpion broken and reported in Cairo: Hinsley & Stripp, Codebreakers, p.37.
Page 343 Bennett on ‘Monty’: interview with Ralph Bennett, May 1998.
Page 344 Rommel messages: Bennett, Ultra Mediterranean, pp.147–8.
Page 345 Williams: TNA PRO WO 208/3575, Williams, The Use of Ultra.
Page 346 Bennett: interview with Ralph Bennett, May 1998.
Page 347 Rommel–Hitler exchange: Bennett, Ultra Mediterranean, pp.165–6.
Page 348 Rommel says fuel situation ‘catastrophic’: Hinsley, British Intelligence, Vol. 2, pp.454–5.
Page 349 Bennett: Hinsley & Stripp, Codebreakers, p.37.
Page 350 Thomas: ibid, p.48.
Page 351 Churchill messages: Hinsley, British Intelligence, Vol. 2, p.456.
Pages 352–353 Bennett: interview with Ralph Bennett, May 1998.
Page 354 Bletchley support for Torch: TNA PRO HW 14/56, Sigint Support for Torch in Mediterranean.
Pages 355–356 Currer-Briggs: Hinsley & Stripp, Codebreakers, p.225.
Page 357 Kasserine failure of Ultra: Bennett, Ultra Mediterranean, pp.203–207.
Pages 358–359 Currer-Briggs: Hinsley & Stripp, Codebreakers, p.225.
Page 360 Thomas on saving rations for PoWs: Hinsley & Stripp, Codebreakers, p.48.
Pages 361–362 Rose: interview with Jim Rose, May 1998.
Pages 363–2 Lucas on change of Army attitude towards Ultra: TNA PRO HW 3/119, History of Hut 3, pp.65–9.
Page 364 Bennett on new professionalism at BP: Hinsley & Stripp, Codebreakers, p.37.
Pages 365–3 Keefe: correspondence with Bernard Keefe, August 1998.
Pages 366–6 Details of Mincemeat: TNA PRO PRO ADM 223/794, ‘Operation Mincemeat’; Erskine & Smith (eds), Bletchley Park Codebreakers, pp.262–4; Mavis Batey, From Bletchley With Love, Bletchley Park Trust, 2008. Bennett on Ultra effect: interview with Ralph Bennett, May 1998; Bennett, Ultra Mediterranean, p.223; interview with Noel Currer-Briggs, May 1998.
Page 367 Bennett on Hitler draining away resources: interview with Ralph Bennett, May 1998.
Pages 368–9 Intelligence in Italy from Enigma limited: TNA PRO HW 43/70, History of Hut 6, p.226; F. H. Hinsley et al., British Intelligence in the Second World War, Vol. 3, Pt 1, HMSO, London, 1984, p.75.
Pages 369–22 Original discovery of the encyphered teleprinter system: TNA PRO HW 3/163, H. C. Kenworthy, History of interception of German teleprinter communications; Hinsley, British Intelligence, Vol. 3, Pt 1, p.477; Smith, Station X, pp.184–5.
Pages 370–3 Tutte on how he broke Tunny: B. Jack Copeland (ed.), Colossus: The Secrets of Bletchley Park’s Codebreaking Computers, OUP, Oxford, 2006, pp.356–7. (The author is grateful to Frank Carter for his advice on the breaking of Tunny.)
Page 371 The breaking of Tunny: Erskine & Smith (eds), Bletchley Park Codebreakers, pp.314–5; Hinsley & Stripp, Codebreakers, p.161; Hinsley, British Intelligence, Vol. 3, Pt 1, pp.477–82.
Page 372 Wylie on Tutte reticence: Smith, Station X, p.187.
Page 373 Knockholt and Kenworthy: TNA PRO HW 3/163, Kenworthy, History of interception of German teleprinter communications.
Pages 374–6 Hilton: Smith, Station X, pp.189–90.
Pages 375–6 Newman and Turing: Copeland (ed.), Colossus, p.178.
Page 376 Good: Hinsley & Stripp, Codebreakers, p.162.
Pages 377–8 Travis and Newman on Robinson: TNA PRO HW 14/66, EWT appoints Newman to coordinate centralised research on special machinery for breaking cyphers, 1 February 1943; HW 14/70, Newman to EWT on recent machine developments, 12 March 1943; HW 14/79, Newman to Travis on problems with new processing equipment being installed by GPO engineers.
Pages 378–30 Flowers: Copeland (ed.), Colossus, pp.78–80.
Page 379 Hilton: Smith, Station X, pp.189–90.
Pages 380–31 Thompson: Smith, Station X, p.195.
Pages 381–2 Murray: interview with Odette Wylie, May 1998.
Page 382 Vergine: Smith, Station X, p.197.
Pages 383–3 Jenkins: ibid, p.198.
Pages 384–4 Hilton: ibid, pp.199–200.
Pages 385–6 Cairncross: John Cairncross, The Enigma Spy, Century, London, 1997; Nigel West and Oleg Tsarev, The Crown Jewels, HarperCollins, London, 1998, pp.216–9.
Page 386 Tiltman on Cooper Japanese course: US National Archives NARA RG457 OD4632, John H. Tiltman, Some Reminiscences.
Page 387 Breaking of Japanese codes: Michael Smith, The Emperor’s Codes: Bletchley Park’s Role in Breaking Japan’s Secret Ciphers, Dialogue, London, 2010, passim.
Pages 388–9 Sweetland: interview with Gladys Sweetland, February 2000.
Page 389 Cohen on friendship across classes: interview with Jonatha
n Cohen, December 1999.
Pages 390–40 Wiles: interviews and correspondence with Maurice Wiles.
Pages 391–41 Tensions over Japanese material and threat to break off relations: Smith, Emperor’s Codes, p.154.
Page 392 Telford Taylor on cooperation: Erskine & Smith (eds), Bletchley Park Codebreakers, p.213.
Page 393 Travis on US change of mind: TNA PRO HW 14/72, Minutes of Joint Management Committee.
Page 394 Rose: interview with Jim Rose, May 1998.
Pages 395–5 Bundy, Levenson and Howard: Smith, Station X, pp.172–174.
Page 396 Rounders match: interview with Barbara Eachus, May 1998.
Pages 397–7 Bundy and Levenson on stereotypes: Smith, Station X, pp.177–8.
Pages 398–8 Brooke-Rose affair with Taylor: interview with Christine Brooke-Rose, May 1998.
Pages 399–9 Senyard on Christmas 1943: TNA PRO HW 3/135, History of Miss Senyard’s Party, pp.48–9.
Page 400 Pat Wright: interview with Pat Bing, May 1998.
Pages 401–51 Detail of Oshima tour of defences and Rundstedt appreciation: F. H. Hinsley et al., British Intelligence in the Second World War, Vol. 3, Pt 2, HMSO, London, 1988, pp.32–4.
Page 402 Seiichi report: Hinsley, British Intelligence (Abridged), pp.436–7.
Pages 403–2 Bill Sibley on Japanese Military Attaché: interviews with Bill Sibley, July 1999 and January 2000.
Page 404 Breaking Jellyfish from March 1944: Hinsley, British Intelligence, Vol. 3, Pt 2, p.779.
Pages 405–3 The evolution of Fortitude South: Roger Hesketh, Fortitude: The D-Day Deception Campaign, St Ermin’s Press, London, 1999, pp.25–7.
Pages 406–4 Main Fortitude South agents: Hesketh, Fortitude, pp.46–56.
Page 407 Treasure nearly gives game away: TNA PRO KV 2/464, Summary of Treasure Case.
Page 408 Treasure saves Bletchley’s bacon: TNA PRO KV 2/464, Page to Masterman, 29 November 1944.
Pages 409–5 Garbo network: Howard, British Intelligence, Vol. 5, pp.231–3.
Page 410 Radio deception operations: TNA PRO WO 208/5050, Notes on Army Wireless Deception for Operation Overlord.
Page 411 Jellyfish link: Hinsley, British Intelligence, Vol. 3, Pt 2, p.779.
Pages 412–7 Alexander and Coral: Erskine & Smith (eds), Bletchley Park Codebreakers, pp.124–125.
Page 413 Maclennan: Smith, Station X, p.205.
The Secrets of Station X Page 32
