CARL S. DANIELS
New Orleans, Louisiana
RONALD H. LUKE
Miami, Florida
FRED MOORE, JR.
Sharpsville, Indiana
Bravo Company
CHARLES W. ROSE
Wye Mills, Maryland
GEZA TEGLAS
Washington, D. C.
FELIX D. KING, JR.
Florence, Alabama
RALPH N. SMITH
Morganton, North Carolina
WILLIAM A. SULLIVAN
Fayetteville, North Carolina
RUDOLPH RODRIGUEZ
Lindsay, California
CLYDE R. HERMAN
Roanoke, Virginia
EARL G. PHILLIPS
War, West Virginia
JAMES J. CRAFTON
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Charlie Company
MORRIS E. WHEELER
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
JAMES W. BARKSDALE
St. Petersburg, Florida
MILES H. LOPER, JR.
Fort Knox, Kentucky
VARIS SAVAGE, JR.
Nashville, Tennessee
LEWIS SHERROD
Washington, D. C.
DENNIS LICHOTA
Detroit, Michigan
TIMOTHY B. JOHNSON
Milwaukee, Wisconsin
JOHN K. KEAO III
Los Angeles, California
JUSTIN M. LYNCH
Fort Bragg, North Carolina
THOMAS H. MAYNARD
El Monte, California
JOSEPH P. MINNOCK
Cranford, New Jersey
JAMES MOONEY
Selma, Alabama
ANTHONY E. PENDOLA
Peoria, Illinois
WILLIE C. PICKETT
Pensacola, Florida
PHILLIP K. REA
Chicago, Illinois
DANIEL SANTOS-TRUJILLO
Loiza, Puerto Rico
ALVIN C. SLIGH
Greensboro, North Carolina
Delta Company
RICHARD A. COFFEY
Los Angeles, California
EDDIE L. HILL, JR.
Mobile, Alabama
WRIGHT B. HAMILL
Albany, Oregon
1st Battalion, 12th Cavalry
Alpha Company
NEIL R. HANS
Muncy, Pennsylvania
Delta Company
RALPH W. ONANA
Los Angeles, California
RODNEY C. HARRIS
Jacksonville, Florida
JAMES V. POTTKOTTER
New Weston, Ohio
2nd Battalion, 12th Cavalry
Headquarters Company
ROBERT A. TILLQUIST
New Haven, Connecticut
Alpha Company
CARRIER PIERRE
New York, New York
Bravo Company
CHARLES C. COX
High Point, North Carolina
WALTER B. OLIVER
Newark, Ohio
LARIS WHITE, JR.
Bonifay, Florida
RONALD J. LOERLEIN
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Headquarters, 3rd Brigade
DAVE MAYES, JR.
Jonesville, Louisiana
Contents
Maps
Prologue
GOING TO WAR
1. Heat of Battle
2. The Roots of Conflict
3. Boots and Saddles
4. The Land and the Enemy
X-RAY
5. Into the Valley
6. The Battle Begins
7. Closing with the Enemy
8. The Storm of Battle
9. Brave Aviators
10. Fix Bayonets!
11. Night Falls
12. A Dawn Attack
13. Friendly Fire
14. Rescuing the Lost Platoon
15. Night Fighters
16. Policing the Battlefield
17. It Ain’t Over Till It’s Over
ALBANY
18. A Walk in the Sun
19. Hell in a Very Small Place
20. Death in the Tall Grass
21. Escape and Evade
22. Night Without End
23. The Sergeant and the Ghost
AFTERMATH
24. Mentioned in Dispatches
25. “The Secretary of the Army Regrets …”
26. Reflections and Perceptions
Epilogue
Image Gallery
Appendix: Where Have All the Young Men Gone?
Acknowledgments
Interviews and Statements
Chapter Notes
Selected Bibliography
Index
Prologue
In thy faint slumbers I by thee have watch’d
And heard thee murmur tales of iron wars …
—SHAKESPEARE,
Henry IV, Part One Act II Scene 3
This story is about time and memories. The time was 1965, a different kind of year, a watershed year when one era was ending in America and another was beginning. We felt it then, in the many ways our lives changed so suddenly, so dramatically, and looking back on it from a quarter-century gone we are left in no doubt. It was the year America decided to directly intervene in the Byzantine affairs of obscure and distant Vietnam. It was the year we went to war. In the broad, traditional sense, that “we” who went to war was all of us, all Americans, though in truth at that time the larger majority had little knowledge of, less interest in, and no great concern with what was beginning so far away.
So this story is about the smaller, more tightly focused “we” of that sentence: the first American combat troops, who boarded World War II-era troopships, sailed to that little-known place, and fought the first major battle of a conflict that would drag on for ten long years and come as near to destroying America as it did to destroying Vietnam.
The Ia Drang campaign was to the Vietnam War what the terrible Spanish Civil War of the 1930s was to World War II: a dress rehearsal; the place where new tactics, techniques, and weapons were tested, perfected, and validated. In the Ia Drang, both sides claimed victory and both sides drew lessons, some of them dangerously deceptive, which echoed and resonated throughout the decade of bloody fighting and bitter sacrifice that was to come.
This is about what we did, what we saw, what we suffered in a thirty-four-day campaign in the Ia Drang Valley of the Central Highlands of South Vietnam in November 1965, when we were young and confident and patriotic and our countrymen knew little and cared less about our sacrifices.
Another war story, you say? Not exactly, for on the more important levels this is a love story, told in our own words and by our own actions. We were the children of the 1950s and we went where we were sent because we loved our country. We were draftees, most of us, but we were proud of the opportunity to serve that country just as our fathers had served in World War II and our older brothers in Korea. We were members of an elite, experimental combat division trained in the new art of airmobile warfare at the behest of President John F. Kennedy.
Just before we shipped out to Vietnam the Army handed us the colors of the historic 1st Cavalry Division and we all proudly sewed on the big yellow-and-black shoulder patches with the horsehead silhouette. We went to war because our country asked us to go, because our new president, Lyndon B. Johnson, ordered us to go, but more importantly because we saw it as our duty to go. That is one kind of love.
Another and far more transcendent love came to us unbidden on the battlefields, as it does on every battlefield in every war man has ever fought. We discovered in that depressing, hellish place, where death was our constant companion, that we loved each other. We killed for each other, we died for each other, and we wept for each other. And in time we came to love each other as brothers. In battle our world shrank to the man on our left and the man on our right and the enemy all around. We held each other’s lives in our hands and we learned to share our fears, ou
r hopes, our dreams as readily as we shared what little else good came our way.
We were the children of the 1950s and John F. Kennedy’s young stalwarts of the early 1960s. He told the world that Americans would “pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship” in the defense of freedom. We were the down payment on that costly contract, but the man who signed it was not there when we fulfilled his promise. John F. Kennedy waited for us on a hill in Arlington National Cemetery, and in time we came by the thousands to fill those slopes with our white marble markers and to ask on the murmur of the wind if that was truly the future he had envisioned for us.
Among us were old veterans, grizzled sergeants who had fought in Europe and the Pacific in World War II and had survived the frozen hell of Korea, and now were about to add another star to their Combat Infantryman’s Badge. There were regular-army enlistees, young men from America’s small towns whose fathers told them they would learn discipline and become real men in the Army. There were other young men who chose the Army over an equal term in prison. Alternative sentencing, the judges call it now. But the majority were draftees, nineteen and twenty-year-old boys summoned from all across America by their local Selective Service Boards to do their two years in green. The PFCs soldiered for $99.37 a month; the sergeants first class for $343.50 a month.
Leading us were the sons of West Point and the young ROTC lieutenants from Rutgers and The Citadel and, yes, even Yale University, who had heard Kennedy’s call and answered it. There were also the young enlisted men and NCOs who passed through Officer Candidate School and emerged newly minted officers and gentlemen. All laughed nervously when confronted with the cold statistics that measured a second lieutenant’s combat life expectancy in minutes and seconds, not hours. Our second lieutenants were paid $241.20 per month.
The class of 1965 came out of the old America, a nation that disappeared forever in the smoke that billowed off the jungle battlegrounds where we fought and bled. The country that sent us off to war was not there to welcome us home. It no longer existed. We answered the call of one president who was now dead; we followed the orders of another who would be hounded from office, and haunted, by the war he mismanaged so badly.
Many of our countrymen came to hate the war we fought. Those who hated it the most—the professionally sensitive—were not, in the end, sensitive enough to differentiate between the war and the soldiers who had been ordered to fight it. They hated us as well, and we went to ground in the cross fire, as we had learned in the jungles.
In time our battles were forgotten, our sacrifices were discounted, and both our sanity and our suitability for life in polite American society were publicly questioned. Our young-old faces, chiseled and gaunt from the fever and the heat and the sleepless nights, now stare back at us, lost and damned strangers, frozen in yellowing snapshots packed away in cardboard boxes with our medals and ribbons.
We rebuilt our lives, found jobs or professions, married, raised families, and waited patiently for America to come to its senses. As the years passed we searched each other out and found that the half-remembered pride of service was shared by those who had shared everything else with us. With them, and only with them, could we talk about what had really happened over there—what we had seen, what we had done, what we had survived.
We knew what Vietnam had been like, and how we looked and acted and talked and smelled. No one in America did. Hollywood got it wrong every damned time, whetting twisted political knives on the bones of our dead brothers.
So once, just this once: This is how it all began, what it was really like, what it meant to us, and what we meant to each other. It was no movie. When it was over the dead did not get up and dust themselves off and walk away. The wounded did not wash away the red and go on with life, unhurt. Those who were, miraculously, unscratched were by no means untouched. Not one of us left Vietnam the same young man he was when he arrived.
This story, then, is our testament, and our tribute to 234 young Americans who died beside us during four days in Landing Zone X-Ray and Landing Zone Albany in the Valley of Death, 1965. That is more Americans than were killed in any regiment, North or South, at the Battle of Gettysburg, and far more than were killed in combat in the entire Persian Gulf War. Seventy more of our comrades died in the Ia Drang in desperate skirmishes before and after the big battles at X-Ray and Albany. All the names, 305 of them including one Air Force pilot, are engraved on the third panel to the right of the apex, Panel 3-East, of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington, D.C., and on our hearts. This is also the story of the suffering of families whose lives were forever shattered by the death of a father, a son, a husband, a brother in that Valley.
While those who have never known war may fail to see the logic, this story also stands as tribute to the hundreds of young men of the 320th, 33rd, and 66th Regiments of the People’s Army of Vietnam who died by our hand in that place. They, too, fought and died bravely. They were a worthy enemy. We who killed them pray that their bones were recovered from that wild, desolate place where we left them, and taken home for decent and honorable burial.
This is our story and theirs. For we were soldiers once, and young.
GOING TO WAR
1
Heat of Battle
You cannot choose your battlefield,
God does that for you;
But you can plant a standard
Where a standard never flew.
—STEPHEN CRANE, “The Colors”
The small bloody hole in the ground that was Captain Bob Edwards’s Charlie Company command post was crowded with men. Sergeant Hermon R. Hostuttler, twenty-five, from Terra Alta, West Virginia, lay crumpled in the red dirt, dead from an AK-47 round through his throat. Specialist 4 Ernest E. Paolone of Chicago, the radio operator, crouched low, bleeding from a shrapnel wound in his left forearm. Sergeant James P. Castle-berry, the artillery forward observer, and his radio operator, PFC Ervin L. Brown, Jr., hunkered down beside Paolone. Captain Edwards had a bullet hole in his left shoulder and armpit, and was slumped in a contorted sitting position, unable to move and losing blood. He was holding his radio handset to his ear with his one good arm. A North Vietnamese machine gunner atop a huge termite hill no more than thirty feet away had them all in his sights.
“We lay there watching bullets kick dirt off the small parapet around the edge of the hole,” Edwards recalls. “I didn’t know how badly I had been hurt, only that I couldn’t stand up, couldn’t do very much. The two platoon leaders I had radio contact with, Lieutenant William W. Franklin on my right and Lieutenant James L. Lane on Franklin’s right, continued to report receiving fire, but had not been penetrated. I knew that my other two platoons were in bad shape and the enemy had penetrated to within hand-grenade range of my command post.”
The furious assault by more than five hundred North Vietnamese regulars had slammed directly into two of Captain Edwards’s platoons, a thin line of fifty Cavalry troopers who were all that stood between the enemy and my battalion command post, situated in a clump of trees in Landing Zone X-Ray, Ia Drang Valley, in the Central Highlands of South Vietnam, early on November 15, 1965.
America had drifted slowly but inexorably into war in this far-off place. Until now the dying, on our side at least, had been by ones and twos during the “adviser era” just ended, then by fours and fives as the U.S. Marines took the field earlier this year. Now the dying had begun in earnest, in wholesale lots, here in this eerie forested valley beneath the 2, 401-foot-high crest of the Chu Pong massif, which wandered ten miles back into Cambodia. The newly arrived 1st Cavalry Division (Airmobile) had already interfered with and changed North Vietnamese brigadier general Chu Huy Man’s audacious plans to seize the Central Highlands. Now his goal was to draw the Americans into battle—to learn how they fought and teach his men how to kill them.
One understrength battalion had the temerity to land by helicopter right in the heart of General Man’s base camp, a historic sanctuary so far from any road that ne
ither the French nor the South Vietnamese army had ever risked penetrating it in the preceding twenty years. My battalion, the 450-man 1st Battalion, 7th Cavalry of the U.S. Army, had come looking for trouble in the Ia Drang; we had found all we wanted and more. Two regiments of regulars of the People’s Army of Vietnam (PAVN)—more than two thousand men—were resting and regrouping in their sanctuary near here and preparing to resume combat operations, when we dropped in on them the day before. General Man’s commanders reacted with speed and fury, and now we were fighting for our lives.
One of Captain Edwards’s men, Specialist 4 Arthur Viera, remembers every second of Charlie Company’s agony that morning. “The gunfire was very loud. We were getting overrun on the right side. The lieutenant [Neil A. Kroger, twenty-four, a native of Oak Park, Illinois] came up in the open in all this. I thought that was pretty good. He yelled at me. I got up to hear him. He hollered at me to help cover the left sector.”
Viera adds, “I ran over to him and by the time I got there he was dead. He had lasted a half-hour. I knelt beside him, took off his dog tags, and put them in my shirt pocket. I went back to firing my M-79 grenade launcher and got shot in my right elbow. The M-79 went flying and I was knocked down and fell back over the lieutenant. I had my .45 and fired it with my left hand. Then I got hit in the neck and the bullet went right through. Now I couldn’t talk or make a sound.
“I got up and tried to take charge, and was shot a third time. That one blew up my right leg and put me down. It went in my leg above the ankle, traveled up, came back out, then went into my groin and ended up in my back, close to my spine. Just then two stick grenades blew up right over me and tore up both my legs. I reached down with my left hand and touched grenade fragments on my left leg and it felt like I had touched a red-hot poker. My hand just sizzled.”
When Bob Edwards was hit he radioed for his executive officer, Lieutenant John Arrington, a twenty-three-year-old South Carolinian who was over at the battalion command post rounding up supplies, to come forward and take command of Charlie Company. Edwards says, “Arrington made it to my command post and, after a few moments of talking to me while lying down at the edge of the foxhole, was also hit and wounded. He was worried that he had been hurt pretty bad and told me to be sure and tell his wife that he loved her. I thought: ‘Doesn’t he know I’m badly wounded, too?’ He was hit in the arm and the bullet passed into his chest and grazed a lung. He was in pain, suffering silently. He also caught some shrapnel from an M-79 that the North Vietnamese had apparently captured and were firing into the trees above us.”
We Were Soldiers Once . . . and Young Page 2
