by Bruce Catton
Joseph E. Johnston Papers, Duke University Library.
Joseph E. Johnston Papers, Huntington Library.
Journal Magnolia Plantation, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina.
Albert Kautz, mss., Bancroft Library.
J. M. Keller Papers, Arkansas History Commission.
Diary of Francis Milton Kennedy, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina.
William Keyser Papers, Maryland Historical Society, Baltimore.
Horatio King Papers, Library of Congress.
Langhorne Family Papers, Virginia State Historical Society.
Lanphier Papers, Illinois State Historical Library.
Mary Custis Lee Letter, Rosebach Foundation.
Mary Custis Lee Letters, Virginia State Historical Society.
Lee Headquarters Papers, Virginia State Historical Society.
R. E. Lee Papers, Duke University Library.
R. E. Lee Letters, Huntington Library.
Lee Family Papers, Brock Collection, Huntington Library.
R. E. Lee Papers, Library of Congress. R. E. Lee Letters, Maryland Historical Society, Baltimore. R. E. Lee Letters, Palmer Collection, Western Reserve Historical Society.
Civil War Journal, the Stephen Dill Lee Papers, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina.
Francis Lieber Collection, Huntington Library.
The Lincoln Collection, Chicago Historical Society.
Robert Todd Lincoln Papers, Library of Congress; microfilm at the Chicago Historical Society.
T. S. C. Lowe, Aeronautic Report, National Archives.
George B. McClellan Papers, Library of Congress.
John A. McClernand Papers, Illinois State Historical Library.
McCook Family Papers, Library of Congress.
Hugh MacRae Letters, Duke University Library.
John McRae Letterbooks, State Historical Library of Wisconsin.
Thomas F. Madigan Collection, Nevins' Notes.
S. R. Mallory Diary, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina.
Betty Herndon Maury Diary, Library of Congress.
Matthew Fontaine Maury Papers, Library of Congress.
Christopher G. Memminger Letters, Rosenbach Foundation.
Christopher G. Memminger Papers, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina.
Meteorological Registers, Naval Observatory, Washington; Weather Bureau Records, Agriculture and General Branch, National Resources Division, National Archives.
William Porcher Miles Letters, New York Public Library.
William Porcher Miles Papers, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina.
William Porcher Miles Letter, A. Conger Goodyear Collection, Yale University Library.
Papers of the Massachusetts Commandery, Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States, Houghton Library, Harvard University.
Miscellaneous Papers, Huntington Library.
Miscellaneous Soldiers' Letters, C.S.A. Archives, Duke University Library.
Diary of James H. M. Montgomery, Library of Congress. Orlando Hurley Moore Papers, Bancroft Library, University of California.
Samuel F. B. Morse Papers, Library of Congress. Allan Nevins, research notes and manuscripts. Newhall Family Letters, Boston Public Library.
Nicholson Collection, Huntington Library.
John G. Nicolay Papers, Library of Congress.
Kie Oldham Collection, Arkansas History Commission.
Williamson Simpson Oldham Memoirs, Barker Texas History Center, University of Texas.
Ord Papers, Bancroft Library, University of California.
Patrick Henry O'Rorke Papers, Manhattanville College of the Sacred Heart, Brady Memorial Library, Purchase, N.Y.
William P. Palmer Civil War Collection, Western Reserve Historical Society, Cleveland, Ohio.
Payroll of Slaves, Virginia State Library.
Edward Pendleton, mss., Library of Congress.
William Nelson Pendleton Papers, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina.
Pickens-Bonham Papers, Library of Congress.
F. W. Pickens Letters, A. Conger Goodyear Collection, Yale University Library.
F. W. Pickens Papers, Chicago Historical Society.
F. W. Pickens Papers, Duke University Library.
Pickett Papers, Library of Congress.
Franklin Pierce Letter, the Massachusetts Commandery, Military Order of the Loyal Legion, Houghton Library, Harvard University.
L. M. Pipkin; Four Papers on the Civil War, transcribed by the Historian's Office, Military Department, State of Louisiana; originals held by Louisiana State Museum Library.
Leonidas Polk Letters, Palmer Collection, Western Reserve Historical Society.
David D. Porter Papers, Huntington Library.
John H. Reagan Papers, Texas State Library, Archives Division, Austin, Tex.
Register of Officers Arriving in Washington, 1861, National Archives.
William Culbertson Robinson Papers, Illinois State Historical
Library; through courtesy of Ralph Newman. W. S. Rosecrans Papers, UCLA Library.
Thomas L. Rosser Papers, Alderman Library, University of Virginia.
Diary of Edmund Ruffin, Library of Congress. Letters of John F. Sale, Virginia State Library, Richmond, Va. Frank A. Sanborn, mss., Chicago Historical Society. Winfield Scott Letter, Greer Collection, the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.
William H. Seward Papers, the Rush Rhees Library, University of Rochester, Rochester, N.Y.
William H. Seward Papers, Chicago Historical Society.
William H. Seward Papers, Library of Congress.
William T. Sherman, Memoirs, personal copy with handwritten notes, Northwestern University Library.
Diary of Michael Shiner, Library of Congress.
William Dunlop Simpson Papers, Duke University Library.
Caleb B. Smith Papers, Huntington Library.
E. Kirby Smith Papers, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina Library.
Letters of Augustine Smythe, South Carolina Historical Society, Charleston, S.C.
Homer B. Sprague Diary, Library of Congress.
William McKendree Springer Papers, Chicago Historical Society.
Edwin M. Stanton Letters, John Hay Library, Brown University.
Edwin M. Stanton Papers, Library of Congress.
Hannah C. Stearns Papers, Houghton Library, Harvard University.
Papers of Alexander Stephens, Manhattanville College of the Sacred Heart, Brady Memorial Library, Purchase, N.Y.
Diary of William H. Stewart, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina.
Franklin Stringfellow Papers, Virginia State Historical Society, Richmond, Va.
J. E. B. Stuart Papers, Huntington Library.
Papers of Oscar J. E. Stuart and Family, Mississippi State Department of Archives and History, Jackson, Miss.
Papers of Charles Sumner, Houghton Library, Harvard University.
Papers of Charles Sumner, Huntington Library. Papers of Gen. Thomas W. Sweeney, Huntington Library. Telegram on opening of war from Charleston, Chicago Historical Society.
Papers of Eli Thayer, Widener Library, Harvard University. Diary of Gilbert Thompson, Library of Congress. Robert Toombs Letters,, Palmer Collection, Western Reserve Historical Society.
S. C. Turnbo, mss., History of the 27th Arkansas Confederate Regiment, the J. N. Heiskell Collection, Little Rock, Ark.
Robert H. Turner, "Recollections of the Virginia Convention of 1861," Virginia State Historical Society, Richmond, Va.
Mark Twain Papers, University of California Library.
E. A. Valentine Letters, Valentine Museum, Richmond, Va. Papers of C. S. Venable, Barker Texas History Center, University of Texas.
Virginia in 1861, unsigned memorandum, Western Reserve Historical Society.
War letters of C. I
. Walker, Barker Texas History Center, University of Texas.
Cornelius Walker Diary, Confederate Memorial Literary Society, Richmond, Va.
W. H. Walker, mss., Palmer Collection, Western Reserve Historical Society.
Wallace-Dickey Papers, Illinois State Historical Library.
Papers of Gideon Welles, Huntington Library.
Papers of Gideon Welles, Illinois State Historical Library.
Papers of Gideon Welles, Library of Congress.
Gideon Welles, draft of an article, The Collector, Nevins' Notes.
Horace White Papers, Illinois State Historical Library.
Wigfall Papers, University of Texas.
Charles Copland Wight Diary, Virginia State Historical Society.
Williams-Chesnut-Manning Papers, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina.
William B. Wilson, mss., Lincoln File, Huntington Library.
Robert C. Winthrop Papers, Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston.
Henry A. Wise, Miscellaneous Papers, Massachusetts Historical Society.
Horatio Woodman Papers, Massachusetts Historical Society. John L. Worden Statement, Palmer Collection, Western Reserve
Historical Society. William L. Yancey Papers, Library of Congress. Papers of Richard Yates, Illinois State Historical Library.
SECTION in: Newspapers
Extensive use has been made of newspapers covering the period treated in this book. In many cases, quotations have been made from newspaper articles or editorials reprinted in such books as Moore's Rebellion Record, McMaster's A History of the People of the United States, Perkins' Northern Editorials on Secession, Fite's Presidential Campaign of 1860, Dumond's Southern Editorials on Secession, etc. In addition, individual copies or microfilms of the following journals were consulted:
The Arkansas Gazette, Little Rock, Ark. Arkansas True Democrat, Little Rock, Ark. Berryville (Va.) Conservator.
Campaign Plain Dealer and Popular Sovereignty Advocate.
Charleston Daily Courier.
Charleston Mercury.
Chicago Democrat.
Chicago Tribune.
Cincinnati Daily Commercial.
De Bow's Review.
Frankfort (Ky.) Commonwealth.
Harper's Weekly.
Lexington (Ky.) Observer and Reporter. The Liberator.
Montgomery (Ala.) Daily Mail.
Montgomery Daily Post.
Montgomery Weekly Advertiser.
Montgomery Weekly Confederation.
Montgomery Weekly Mail.
Montgomery Weekly Post.
Natchez (Miss.) Courier.
National Intelligencer, Washington, D.C.
New York Daily Tribune.
New York Herald.
New York Leader.
New York Times.
New York Times Book Review.
New York Weekly Tribune.
The Railsplitter, Cincinnati, Ohio.
Richmond Dispatch.
Richmond Enquirer.
Richmond Examiner.
Richmond Whig.
Richmond Whig & Public Advertiser. Sacramento Union. Southern Literary Messenger. Southern Watchman, Athens, Ga. Springfield (Mass.) Republican. Squatter Sovereign, Havana, 111. Terre Haute (Ind.) Daily Express. Washington (Ark.) Telegraph. West Virginia Hillbilly. Winchester (Va.) Times.
SECTION IV: Books, Pamphlets, and Periodicals
Abbott, Martin, The First Shot at Fort Sumter, Civil War History, March 1957.
A Cycle of Adams Letters 1861-1865, edited by Worthington Chauncey Ford, two vols., Boston, 1920.
Adams, Charles Francis, Charles Francis Adams by His Son, Boston, 1900.
Adams, Charles Francis, The Memorial Address of Charles Francis Adams, of Massachusetts on the Life, Character, and Services of William H. Seward, New York, 1873.
Adams, Charles Francis, Richard Henry Dana, A Biography, Boston, 1890.
Adams, Charles Francis, Studies Military and Diplomatic 1775-
1865, New York, 1911. Adams, Charles Francis, Trans-Atlantic Historical Solidarity;
Lectures Delivered Before the University of Oxford in Easter
and Trinity Terms 1913, Oxford, 1913. Adams, Henry, The Education of Henry Adams, Boston, 1918. Adams, Henry, Great Secession Winter of 1860-61, Proceedings
of the Massachusetts Historical Society, Vol. XLLU, Boston,
1910.
Adams, John and John Quincy, Selected Writings of John and John Quincy Adams, edited by Adrienne Koch and William Peden, New York, 1946.
Alleged Assault on Senator Sumner, Report No. 182, House of Representatives, 34th Congress 1st Session, Washington, 1856.
Alexander, Edward Porter, Military Memoirs of a Confederate, New York, 1907.
The American Annual Cyclopaedia and Register of Important Events of the Year 1861, New York, 1866 (known as Apple-ton's Cyclopaedia).
American Military History 1607-1953, Department of the Army ROTC Manual, July 1959.
Anderson, Galusha, A Border City During the Civil War, Boston, 1908.
Anderson, Osborne P., A Voice from Harper's Ferry, Boston, 1861.
Anderson, Robert, An Artillery Officer in the Mexican War 1846-
47, Letters of Robert Anderson, New York, 1911. Anderson, Robert, Fort Sumter Memorial, New York, 1915. Anderson, Thomas McArthur, The Political Conspiracies Preceding the Rebellion or The True Stories of Sumter and Pickens, New York, 1882.
Angle, Paul, Here I Have Lived; A History of Lincoln's Springfield 1821-1865, New Brunswick, 1935.
Angle, Paul M., Lincoln in the Year 1858, Springfield, 1926.
Anspach, Frederick, The Sons of the Sires; A History of the Rise, Progress, and Destiny of the American Party, and Its Probable Influence on the Next Presidential Election, Philadelphia, 1855.
Auchampaugh, Philip Gerald, James Buchanan and His Cabinet
on the Eve of Secession, Lancaster, Pa., 1926. Ballard, Colin R., The Military Genius of Abraham Lincoln, New
York, 1952.
Bancroft, Frederic, Calhoun and the South Carolina Nullification Movement, Baltimore, 1928.
Bancroft, Frederic, The Life of William H. Seward, New York, 1900.
Barbee, David R. and Bonham, Milledge L., Jr., Fort Sumter
Again, Mississippi Valley Historical Review, XXVIII, 1941. Baringer, William Eldon, Campaign Technique in Illinois—1860,
Springfield, 1932. Baringer, William E., A House Dividing; Lincoln as President
Elect, Springfield, 1945. Baringer, William, Lincoln, Lincoln's Rise to Power, Boston,
1937.
Barnard, J. G., The C.S.A., and the Battle of Bull Run, 1862. Barnes, Thurlow Weed, Memoir of Thurlow Weed, two vols., Boston, 1884.
Barrett, Edwin S., What I Saw at Bull Run, Boston, 1886. Basler, Roy, Abraham Lincoln; His Speeches and Writings,
Cleveland, 1946. Basler, Roy, Editor, The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln,
eight vols., New Brunswick, N.J., 1953. Bassett, John Spencer, Anti-Slavery Leaders of North Carolina,
Baltimore, 1898. Bates, David Homer, Lincoln in the Telegraph Office, New York,
1907.
Bates, Edward, The Diary of Edward Bates, Washington, 1933.
Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, Johnson, Robert Underwood and Buel, Clarence Clough, editors, four vols., New York, 1887.
Beale, H. K., What Historians Have Said about the Causes of the Civil War, Theory and Practice in Historical Study, New York, 1946.
Beard, Charles A. and Beard, Mary R., The Rise of American
Civilization, 2 vols., New York, 1947. Beatty, John, Memoirs of a Volunteer 1861-1865, New York,
1946.
Beauregard, G. T., The Battle of Bull Run, Battles and Leaders of the Civil War.
Beauregard, Gen. P. G. T., A Commentary on the Campaign and Battle of Manassas of July, 1861, New York, 1891.
Beebe, Gilbert J., A Review and Refutation of Helper's "Impending Crisis," Middletown, N.Y., 1860.
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br /> Benton, Thomas Hart, Historical and Legal Examination of that part of the Decision of the Supreme Court of the United States in the Dred Scott Case, which declared the Unconstitutionality of the Missouri Compromise Act, and the Self-Extension of the Constitution to Territories, Carrying Slavery Along with it, New York, 1857.
Berger, John, The Private History of a Campaign That Failed, Civil War History, March, 1955.
Bernardo, C. Joseph and Bacon, Eugene H., American Military Policy, Its Development Since 1775, Harrisburg, 1955.
Betts, Samuel R., Opinion of Hon. Samuel R. Betts in the Cases of the Hiawatha and Other Vessels Captured as Prizes, New York, 1861.
Beveridge, Albert J., Abraham Lincoln 1809-1858, Boston, 1928.
Bevier, R. S., History of the First and Second Missouri Confederate Brigades, 1861-1865, St. Louis, 1879.
Bigelow, John, Retrospections of an Active Life, two vols., New York, 1909.
Blackford, Susan Leigh, Letters from Lee's Army, New York, 1947.
Blackwell, Sarah Ellen, A Military Genius; Life of Anna Ella
Carroll of Maryland, Vol. I, Washington, 1891. Blaine, James G., Twenty Years of Congress; From Lincoln to
Garfield, two vols., Norwich, Conn., 1884. Boston Slave Riot, and Trial of Anthony Burns, Boston, 1854. Botts, John Minor, The Great Rebellion; Its Secret History, Rise,
Progress, and Disastrous Failure, New York, 1886. Boucher, C. S., The Nullification Controversy in South Carolina,
Chicago, 1916.
Bowditch, William I., The Rendition of Anthony Burns, Boston, 1854.
Boynton, Charles B., The History of the Navy During the Rebellion, two vols., New York, 1867.
Britton, Wiley, Union and Confederate Indians in the Civil
War, Battles and Leaders of the Civil War. Brown, E. R., The Twenty-Seventh Indiana Volunteer Infantry
in the War of the Rebellion 1861 to 1865; First Division 12th
and 20th Corps., 1899. Brown, George William, Baltimore and the Nineteenth of April,
1861, Baltimore, 1887. Browne, Francis Fisher, The Every-Day Life of Abraham Lincoln, Chicago, 1913. Browning, Orville H., The Diary of, edited by Theodore Calvin
Pease and James G. Randall, Springfield, 1927. Bruce, Robert V., Lincoln and the Tools of War, Indianapolis,
1956.
Buchanan, James, The Administration on the Eve of the Rebellion, London, 1865.
Buckingham, J. S., The Slave States of America, London, about 1842.
