Prince Regent, 225
Procopius, 65
Proust, Marcel, 249
Prussia, 191, 207, 208, 238, 244
pyramids, 273
Pyromachus (sculptor), 143
Pythian Games, 49
quadrigae, 5, 13, 14, 31, 59, 98, 140, 143, 230, 238, 257–8; illustrations, 35, 36, 37, 38, 42, 99; on triumphal arches, 47–8, 236, 260, 269, 271; in Christian art, 98–101, 275; used in triumphs, 98, 274; St Mark’s horses as, 118, 158, 174–5; on frontispiece to Description d’Egypte, 204; recreated in Paris, 221; used in apotheosis, 224; of Septimius Severus, 269–70
Raphael, 3, 145, 170, 181, 232
Rascia, king of, 108
Ravenna, 70, 108
relics, 72, 87, 112
Renaissance, 8, 53, 139, 174, 247–8, 274; attitude to the past, 132; intellectual life, 144; rediscovery of classical writers, 147; Florentine, 149; typical scholar’s study, 160, 161; periods of art, 181
repristino, 246
revolutions of 1848, 14; in Venice, 242–3
Rhodes, 140, 258, 259
Riace warriors, 59, 262
Richardson, Jonathan, 174–5
Richter, Gisela, 256
Rilke, Rainer Maria, 249; ‘San Marco’, 250–1
Robertson, Andrew, 210
Robespierre, Maximilien, 4
Rogers, Samuel, 247
Romagna, 129
Roman empire, 70, 105, 131, 149; Venetian ‘lords of quarter and half a quarter’ of the Roman [ie. Byzantine] empire, 106–7, 117; late, 139; collapse, 174, 236
Romans, 40–2, 44, 59, 248, 259; ‘decadent’, 238
Rome, 70, 116, 181, 189, 274; art treasures seized, 2–3, 200, 213–14, 221; ancient, 4–5, 7, 12, 14, 98, 106, 132, 136, 180, 234–5; Constantine’s entry, 17, 24; Etruscan kings, 41, 44, 46; authority over Byzantine church, 79, 81, 82; sacked by Charles V, 130, 236; association with St Mark’s horses, 140–1, 173, 254, 256–7; art collections, 170; republican, 177, 201; imperial, 201, 203; Canova in, 212–13, 216, 225, 226; French leave, 217; Canova negotiates return of art treasures, 218–19; architecture, 233–4
LANDMARKS: Accademia of San Luca, 216; Ara Pacis, 260, 262; arch of Augustus, 47, 141; Arch of Constantine, 17–18, 108, 203, 260; arch of Nero, 47–8, 174, 237; arch of Septimius Severus, 269, 270; Arcus Tiberi, 256; Augustus’ mausoleum, 141; Baths of Diocletian, 132; Belvedere, 169–70; Capitoline Hill, 25–6, 46, 48, 54, 136, 140, 154, 158, 216, 262, 269; Capitoline Museums, 5, 169, 171, 200; Castel Sant’Angelo, 254; Church of the Holy Apostles, 213; Circus Maximus, 22–6, 41, 42; Colosseum, 17, 22–3, 106, 203; Forum, 46, 47, 48, 170, 216, 256; Palatine Hill, 22; Palazzo Altemps, 170; Palazzo Venezia, 252, 254; Pantheon, 132; Piazza del Popolo, 26n; Piazza del Quirinale, 139; Pincio Hill, 170; pyramid of Cestius, 133; St John Lateran, 154; St Peter’s, 20; Sistine Chapel, 170; Spada Palace, 267; Temple of Janus, 138–9; Trajan’s Column, 203; Trajan’s forum, 158; Vatican, 169, 175, 183, 229; Via Sacra, 256
Romulus and Remus, 133; statue, 84
Rootes, William, 204
Rosetta Stone, 209
Rossi, Giovanni, 275n
Rousseau, Jean Jacques, 5, 176, 177, 186
Rubens, Peter Paul, 170; Descent from the Cross, 199
Ruskin, John, 72, 74, 102, 135, 244, 245, 246, 247–9
Russia, 207
St Agatha, 87
St Anastasius, 87
St Augustine, 160, 161
St Demetrius, 93
St George, 93
St Helena, 87
St Jerome, 24, 97–8, 100, 161
St Lucia, 87
St Mark, 70, 100–1, 110, 121, 131, 136, 188, 213; body brought to Venice, 71, 96, 121, 136; relics, 72; lion, 87, 276; statue, 101; feast day, 112, 251; body rediscovered, 121
St Mark’s basilica, Venice, 78, 88–9, 100, 188, 250, 277; rebuilding, 73–4, 92–3, 101–2, 103, 106, 135; procurators, 93, 163, 168; reliefs of Hercules, 93, 114–16; arrival of the horses, 94–7, 274; burial place of doges, 108–9; as hippodrome, 119; civic ritual in, 122; Canova’s funeral, 211, 240; new republic celebrated, 242; Manin’s burial, 244; Ruskin’s description, 248; collapse of Campanile, 251; horses moved inside, 255, 256
baptistery, 109; chapel of St John the Evangelist, 109; chapel of San Isodoro, 109; Loggia, 5, 8, 89, 94–7, 109–10, 112, 116, 118, 132, 134, 138, 163, 211, 224, 235, 250, 252–4, 275, 276; mosaic of St Peter, 148; Palo d’Oro, 106, 109; Porta dei Fiori, 100; Porta San Alipio mosaic, 93, 96, 97, 100, 114, 116; Treasury, 87, 88, 93–4; see also horses of St Mark’s
St Martin, 149–51, 153
St Paul the Martyr, 87
St Peter Damian, 100
St Symeon, 87
St Theodore, 71, 72; statue, 72, 87, 101
Salamis, 85
Samos, 51, 59
Samson, 116
Sand, George, 125
Sangallo, Giuliano da, 142
Sanskrit, 237
Sansovino, Francesco, 140–1, 152
Sansovino, Jacopo, 54, 162, 163, 168, 171, 173, 235, 248, 251
Sanudo, Marin, 136
Sardinia, 191
Savelli, Paolo, 156
Savoy, 192; house of, 239
Scandinavia, 275
Schlegel, August Wilhelm von, 237–8
Schlegel, Friedrich von, 237
Schwarzenberg, Prince of, 219
Scipio Africanus, 136
Scott, Walter, 210
Scrovegni, Enrico, 102–3
sculpture, ancient (classical), 139–41, 146, 174, 259; see also Parthenon sculptures
Sea of Marmara, 85, 138
Second Sophistic period, 267
Second World War, 254
Seine, River, 220
Selene, 35, 230, 232
Septimius Severus, emperor, 21, 30, 269–71
Serbs, 110
sestertius, 48
Sgrabi, Vittorio, 276
Shaftesbury, third Earl of, 181
Shakespeare, William, 237
Shelley, Percy Bysshe, 245
Sicily, king of, 108, 117
Sidon, 258
Siena cathedral, 102
silver, 265
Sirmium, 24
Sitte, Camillo, 245
Sixtus IV, Pope, 169
Sobry, M., 237
Society of Dilettanti, 228
Sol, 17–18, 26, 27
Sol Invictus, 17, 20
Soldani, Massimiliani, 171
Song of Songs, 100
Sophocles, 39
Soranzo, Doge Giovanni, 109, 136
Spain, 167, 191, 205, 206, 207
Sparta, 264
Spinario, 171, 200
Standing Venus, 174–5
Stendhal, 213
Stephen (monk), 66–7
Stravinsky, Igor, 246
Strong, Eugenie, 256
Stuart, James, and Nicholas Revett, Antiquities of Athens, 143
Suetonius, 48, 134
Sulla, 200
sun, 16–20, 26–8, 40; see also Sol, Sol Invictus
Symonds, John Addington, 245
Syracuse, 50
Syria, 17
Tacitus, 140, 236
Taj Mahal, 273
Talier, Angelo, 195
Tarentum, 26
Tarquinia, 41
Telemachus, 33
terraferma, 128, 129, 134, 136, 191–3, 198, 211
Theodora, empress, 65
Theodosius I, emperor, 27, 63, 108, 111
Theodosius II, emperor, 30, 80, 89, 259
Theophilus, 265
Thrace, 85, 86
Thucydides, 30
Thurn und Taxis, Princess Marie von, 249
Tiber, River, 236
Tiberius, emperor, 46, 268
Tiepolo, Doge Giacomo, 105, 108
Tiepolo, Giambattista, 176
Tigris, River, 269
tin, 50, 56, 263, 265
Tintoretto, 3, 196, 245
Tiridates, King of Armenia, 140
Titian, 3, 146, 152, 1
67–8, 169, 170, 176, 196, 211, 213, 245, 275; Assumption, 167; The Death of St Peter Martyr, 196
Trafalgar, battle of, 218
Trajan, emperor, 17, 22, 203; forum in Rome, 158
Treaty of Amiens, 215
Treaty of Campio Formio, 196
Treaty of Tolentino, 199, 207, 218
Treviso, 128, 211
Trier, 21, 24
Trieste, 129, 175, 184, 241
Trinidad, 4
triumphal arches, 47–8, 236–7, 256, 267, 269, 271
triumphs, 44–7, 64, 98, 267, 274
Troy, fall of, 70, 84
Turin, 200
Turks, 98, 118, 128, 176, 276; take Constantinople, 62, 128, 134–5; take Athens, 141; defeated at Lepanto, 166
Turner, William, 247
Tyche, 28, 29, 112, 268, 270
Tyre, fall of, 75
Uccello, Paolo, 148
Udine, 128
Ulm, battle of, 203
usury, 74, 103
Valéry, Monsieur, 245
Vasari, Giorgio, Lives of the Artists, 156
Vasco da Gama, 129
Veneti, 116
Venetian Academy, 214, 224, 235, 239
Venetian empire, 105, 136, 138
Veneto, 70, 89, 243; artists, 144, 148
venezianita, 246
Veneziano, Paolo, 149, 151
Venice, 3, 6, 31, 54; trade, 68, 71, 74–7, 82, 85, 86, 92, 94, 118–19, 123, 126, 128–9, 175, 245; first inhabitants, 69–70, 72, 194; architecture, 71–2, 135–6, 168–9, 187, 247–9, 275; artificial heritage, 73, 176; shipyards, 77; elections, 85; treasures looted from Constantinople, 87–91, 93–5, 106; thirteenth-century prosperity, 92, 122–3; under doges, 105–20; processions, 108, 112, 114, 121–2; scuole, 112, 122; republic, 121–31, 186; ‘marriage’ with the sea, 117; political crisis, 117–19; Great Council, 119–20, 125–6, 135, 193–4; the Serrata, 119, 125, 194; nobility, 119–20, 125–6, 163, 191, 193–4, 195; Council of Ten, 119, 176, 196; cittadini, 122; new building, 122–3, 235; Piovego, 122; fires, 123, 162; colleganza, 123; aristocracy, 123, 125; Senate, 126, 127, 145, 156, 163, 158, 192–3; Collegio, 126, 192; Signoria, 126, 156; at war, 127–9, 166, 175–6; secret of survival, 130–1; Petrarch visits, 133–4; Roman heritage, 134–6, 156, 163; influx of Greeks, 134–5; combined Roman and Greek heritage, 136–7, 233; Cyriacus visits, 138; Bembo’s history, 145; art, 148–9, 168, 176; Dürer visits, 152; the Schiavoni, 161; Coryat visits, 166; alleged public torture, 166; decadimento, 166; Bucintoro, 167, 196; courtesans, 167, 177; outbreak of plague, 168; economic decline, 169, 175, 190, 225, 241, 242; loss of purpose, 176; subject to derision, 177; Goethe visits, 186–9, 233; singers, 186–7; theatre, 187; fall of republic, 189, 190, 194, 213; barnabotti, 191; reduced military strength, 191; threatened by Napoleon, 192–4; ‘tyranny’, 192, 193; art treasures seized, 193, 196, 206, 214, 221; Committee of Public Instruction established, 194; history revised, 194; Tree of Liberty erected, 194–5; Golden Book, 195; Jewish ghetto opened up, 196; handed over to Austria, 196, 239, 241–3; lion, 197, 221; Canova negotiates return of art treasures, 218–19, 239; integrated into kingdom of Italy, 235; growing Italian nationalism, 239–40, 241; Canova’s funeral, 239–40; carbonari, 239; economic recovery, 241; tourists and expatriates, 241, 244–6, 276; middle classes, 242–3; new republic, 242, 244, 254; Wagner visits, 243; incorporated into Italy, 243–4; riots, 244; sexual licence, 245; decay, 245–6; restoration, 246; Ruskin visits, 247–8; Proust visits, 249; collapse of Campanile, 251, 277; air raids, 252; floods, 276; see also doges; horses of St Mark’s
LANDMARKS: Accademia, 112, 151, 240; Arsenale, 135, 224, 226; Bacino, 72, 162, 169; Campanile, 73, 94, 128, 162–3, 224, 244n, 251, 277; Campo dei Santi Giovanni e Paolo, 152, 154, 157; Church of St Barnabas, 191; Church of San Cipriano, 194; Church of San Gemignano, 73, 158, 235; Church of San Giorgio Maggiore, 124–5, 169, 224; Church of San Nicolo, 167; Church of Santa Maria dei Frari, 156, 167, 196, 240; Church of Santi Giovanni e Paolo, 108, 156, 196; Church of the Redentore, 169; Colonna del Bando, 94, 251; Dandolo Palace, 88; Doge’s Palace, 72, 92, 94, 120, 126, 135, 136, 162, 193, 224, 252, 254; Fenice, 195; Florian’s coffee-house, 177, 242, 254; Fondacio dei Tedeschi, 123; Fondacio dei Turchi, 245, 246; Giudecca, 169; Grand Canal, 74, 167, 244; Lido, 78, 167, 187, 245, 246; Loggetta, 163, 248, 251; Merceria, 74; Molo, 72, 94; monastery of San Giorgio Maggiore, 196; Murano, 123, 167; Palazzo Farsetti, 212; Palazzo Foscari, 167; Piazza San Marco, 73, 78, 92–3, 97, 101, 106, 108, 110–11, 114, 116–18, 120, 121, 125, 127, 147, 154, 156, 158, 162–3, 166, 177, 178–9, 194–5, 197, 211, 224, 235, 239, 242–5, 251, 275; Piazetta, 72, 73, 87, 94, 101, 109, 125, 135, 162–3, 169, 188, 197, 224, 226, 249, 251; Porto della Carta, 120; Procuratie Nuove, 235; Procuratie Vecchie, 162; Quadri coffee-house, 177; Rialto, 69, 74–5, 123; Rialto Bridge, 124–5; Sansovino’s Library, 162, 163, 173, 235, 251; Scala dei Giganti, 120, 136; Torcello, 72; Torre dell’Orologio, 147–8, 161–2; Zecca, 163; see also St Mark’s basilica
Venus de’ Medici, 170, 172, 174, 200
Venus Victrix, 217
Verona, 73, 125, 128, 186; Comte de Lille proclaimed king of France, 191; French occupy, 192
Veronese, 196, 221; Marriage at Cana, 206
Verrochio, Andrea del, 152, 155–7
Versailles, 172, 200
Vespasian, emperor, 106
vestigia, 133
Vesuvius, Mount, 256
Vicenza, 128, 168
Vickers, Michael, 89n
Vico, Enea, 158
Victoria and Albert Museum, London, 172
Victory, 131, 204, 220, 271
Vienna, 170, 219
Virgil, 133, 145, 259
Virgin Mary, 70, 80, 93, 106, 130, 132; see also Mother of God
Vitruvius, 168
Vivaldi, Antonio, 176
Vix krater, 38
Voltaire, 5
Vulgate, 97
Wagner, Richard, 243, 246
Walters Art Gallery, Baltimore, 161
Waterloo, battle of, 207, 208
Wellington, Duke of, 208, 209, 216, 221
Winckelmann, Johann, 6, 180–5, 200, 228, 230, 234, 238, 247, 273
Yeats, W. B., 62
York, 64
Zanella, Giacomo, 275
Zanetti, Anton Maria di Gerolamo and Anton Maria Alessandro, 173–4, 223
Zara, 78, 79, 80, 119; Cathedral of St Anastasia, 151, 153
Zeno, Doge Reniero, 107, 108, 109, 116–17, 118
Zeno, Marino, 105
Zeus Helios, 29, 90, 91, 268
Zeuxis, 147, 228
Ziani, Pietro, 105–6, 108
* John Martin and Dennis Romano, Venice Reconsidered.
* The word quadriga could be used of either the chariot with its four horses or the team of horses alone.
* Winckelmann’s theory is explored on pp. 180–85.
* In the Colosseum the emperor had some relationship with the crowd; but the hippodrome was much larger and more directly associated with the imperial palace, and so became the main political arena in Rome.
* This obelisk was found many centuries later buried on the site and is now re-erected in Rome in the Piazza del Popolo.
* In some hippodromes the eggs were replaced by model dolphins, believed to be the fastest living animals.
* The word ‘kudos’ comes directly from the original Greek for ‘honour and glory’.
* The name ‘Choniates’ comes from his home town Chonai in Phrygia.
* I am grateful to Michael Vickers for this suggestion.
* Phidias is normally given credit for the inspiration of the Parthenon marbles, even if the actual sculpting of them was not his. He is known to have sculpted the huge cult statue of Athena that stood inside the Parthenon.
* Laocoön was a Trojan priest who warned the Trojans against admitting the Wooden Horse into their city. He and his two sons were attacked and strangled by snakes, sent by Athena, supporter of the Greeks. Their frenzied struggle with the snakes is the subject of the sculp
ture.
* Corsica became French in 1768, just a year before Napoleon’s birth.
* It has not survived, having been destroyed in a fire in 1868.
* As the Arc du Carrousel where the horses were eventually to stand had not even been imagined in 1798, this, together with Napoleon’s presence, was a piece of poetic licence.
* This was how the Salon, the exhibition of approved French art which was so impressively boycotted by the Impressionists, originated.
* The Rosetta Stone, now in the British Museum, was inscribed with a text in hieroglyphics, Greek and demotic Egyptian and provided the key to the decipherment of Egyptian hieroglyphics by Jean-François Champollion.
* Prince Borghese was rumoured to be impotent, and Pauline gained her reputation as Venus Victrix by her adventures in other beds than his.
* In fact, quite the opposite. There was an assumption that Greek sculpture had originally been left in its white marble and unpainted. In the 1930s a misguided attempt to recreate originality led to some of the marbles being scraped down to improve their whiteness!
* Memories of Venetian independence still linger. On 12 May 1997, the bicentenary of the death of the republic, the Campanile was captured by eight men and a new Serenissima declared, albeit only briefly, before the authorities regained control.
* One can see the same effect on Ghiberti’s celebrated Gates of Paradise in the baptistery in Florence (1425–37). Here the gilding has been scraped away on the plainer empty surfaces, the sky and the walls.
* ‘Augustus’ and ‘Caesar’ reflected the imperial hierarchy, the former title carrying more prestige than the latter.
* Zanella (1820–88) was a priest, an Italian nationalist, a poet and a scholar who taught at the University of Padua, a hotbed of nationalism, until thrown out by the Austrians in 1853. On the liberation of Venice in 1866 he returned to Padua as professor of Italian literature. The poem was written to commemorate the marriage of Giovanni Rossi, the son of a friend, to one Signorina Maria Bozzotti in April 1877.
The Horses of St. Mark's Page 28
