p. 194. Landibert: Vita Landiberti, ed. Krusch, MGH, SRM, vol. 6, pp. 353-84, cc. 11-17.
p. 194. Aristocratic status markers: Depreux, Les Sociétés occidentales, pp. 149-84; Le Jan, La Société, pp. 133-55; Bede, HE, 4.22.
p. 195. Women’s roles: for gender in general, largely but not only seen through the optic of women’s history, see S. F. Wemple, Women in Frankish Society (Philadelphia, 1981); P. Skinner, Women in Medieval Italian Society 500-1200 (London, 2001); L. M. Bitel, Women in Early Medieval Europe 400-1100 (Cambridge, 2002); L. Brubaker and J. M. H. Smith (eds.), Gender in the Early Medieval World (Cambridge, 2004); Smith, Europe after Rome, pp. 115-47; J. L. Nelson, The Frankish World, 750-900 (London, 1996), pp. 183-221 (brief and crucial insights); Le Jan, La Société, pp. 211-32; H.-W. Goetz, Frauen im frühen Mittelalter (Cologne, 1995); S. Lebecq et al. (eds.), Femmes et pouvoirs des femmes à Byzance et en Occident (Lille, 1999). For queens, P. Stafford, Queens, Concubines and Dowagers (London, 1983); J. L. Nelson, Politics and Ritual in Early Medieval Europe (London, 1986), pp. 1-48 for Merovingians; Gregory, Histories, 5.18, 39, 6.4.
p. 196. Erminethrudis and Burgundofara: ChLA, vol. 14, n. 592; J. Guérout, ‘Le Testament de Sainte Fare’, Revue d’histoire ecclésiastique, 60 (1965), pp. 761-821.
p. 196. Female monastic founders: see R. Le Jan, in M. de Jong and F. Theuws (eds.), Topographies of Power in the Early Middle Ages (Leiden, 2001), pp. 243-69. On women and double monasteries, see S. Foot, Veiled Women, vol. 1 (Aldershot, 2000), pp. 49-56.
p. 196. Plectrude: see Fouracre, Charles Martel, pp. 43-65; I. Wood, in Brubaker and Smith, Gender, pp. 234-56.
p. 197. Anglo-Saxons: see e.g. H. Leyser, Medieval Women (London, 1995), pp. 19-39.
p. 197. Visigoths and Lombards: John of Biclar, Chronicle, trans. K. B. Wolf, Conquerors and Chroniclers of Early Medieval Spain (Liverpool, 1990), cc. 55, 90; Paul the Deacon, History, 2.28-9, 3.30-4.41; CDL, vol. 4.2, nn. 39-42 (Scauniperga); Gregory the Great, Letters, 1.11, 3.1-2, 9.85, 10.6-7 (Clementina); Skinner, Women, pp. 54-9.
p. 199. Rottruda, Taneldis: CDL, vol. 2, n. 163, vol. 5, n. 50. On Taneldis, see C. La Rocca, in Mélanges de l’École française de Rome: Moyen âge, 111 (1999), pp. 933-50; on widows in general, J. L. Nelson, in Davies and Fouracre, Property and Power, pp. 82-113.
p. 199. Morning-gifts: L. Feller, Les Abruzzes médiévales (Rome, 1998), pp. 468-82. In general on dowries see F. Bougard et al. (eds.), Dots et douaires dans le haut Moyen ge (Rome, 2002).
p. 199. Protection: Liutprand 120, 141, trans. Drew, The Lombard Laws; see Skinner, Women, pp. 35 ff; R. Balzaretti in Halsall, Violence, pp. 175-92, and, more generally, in W. Pohl and P. Erhart (eds.), Die Langobarden (Vienna, 2005), pp. 361-82.
p. 200. Britons: see e.g. T. M. Charles-Edwards, in R. Evans (ed.), Lordship and Learning (Woodbridge, 2004), pp. 11-37, at pp. 24-9. On ethnicity in general, see e.g. Smith, Europe after Rome, pp. 257-67 and passim.
p. 200. Memory: see Y. Hen and M. Innes, The Uses of the Past in the Early Middle Ages (Cambridge, 2000).
p. 201. Isidore: trans. Wolf, Conquerors, pp. 82-3.
p. 201. Guidebooks: see esp. the Einsiedeln Itinerary, ed. in R. Valentini and G. Zucchetti, Codice topografico della citta‘ di Roma, vol. 2 (Rome, 1942), pp. 176-207.
p. 201. Ireland: Smith, Europe after Rome, p. 285.
p. 201. Carolingians: M. Innes, in Hen and Innes, Uses of the Past, pp. 227-49; R. McKitterick, History and Memory in the Carolingian World (Cambridge, 2004), pp. 196-210; and eadem, Perceptions of the Past in the Early Middle Ages (Notre Dame, Ind., 2006), pp. 35-61, for a nuanced account of Carolingian attitudes to Rome and its buildings.
Chapter 9
For peasant society in this period, see P. Depreux, Les Sociétés occidentales du milieu du VIe à la fin du IXe siècle (Rennes, 2002); R. Le Jan, La Société du haut Moyen ge (Paris, 2003); J.-P. Devroey, Puissants et misérables (Brussels, 2006); and the old classic, A. Dopsch, Economic and Social Foundations of European Civilization (London, 1937). For the econ omy, see J.-P. Devroey, Économie rurale et société dans l’Europe franque (VIe-IXe siècles) (Paris, 2003); M. McCormick, Origins of the European Economy (Cambridge, 2001); S. Loseby and S. Lebecq, in NCMH, vol. 1, pp. 605-59; R. Hodges and D. Whitehouse, Mohammed, Charlemagne and the Origins of Europe (London, 1983); R. Hodges and W. Bowden (eds.), The Sixth Century (Leiden, 1998); I. L. Hansen and C. Wickham (eds.), The Long Eighth Century (Leiden, 2000). The classic here is G. Duby, The Early Growth of the European Economy (London, 1974). This chapter, more than others, reflects the arguments of my Framing the Early Middle Ages (Oxford, 2005) very closely; wider bibliographies will be found there. I have, however, as far as possible chosen different examples to illustrate the argument here.
p. 203. Anstruda and Campione: the documents are now all assembled, and both the text and Campione society are commented on from a variety of standpoints, in S. Gasparri and C. La Rocca (eds.), Carte di famiglia (Rome, 2005). Anstruda’s text is document n. 1; the others cited are, respectively, nn. 3, 4, 2. (It does not seem to me likely that Anstruda was half-free to start with, as hypothesized by L. Feller, ibid., p. 203.) Anstruda on one level did not get such a good deal, for formula-books and other evidence from Francia show that free women who married unfree men could have all their children recognized as free: see A. Rio, in Past and Present, 193 (2006), pp. 16-23; Italy may have been more restrictive here.
p. 204. Aristocratic wealth: see Wickham, Framing, pp. 168-232, 314-64; for Bavaria, K. L. R. Pearson, Conflicting Loyalties in Early Medieval Bavaria (Aldershot, 1999), pp. 84-100.
p. 205. Rhineland: M. Innes, State and Society in the Early Middle Ages (Cambridge, 2000), pp. 51-68.
. 206. Palaiseau: Das Polyptichon von St.-Germain-des-Pres, ed. D. Hägermann (Cologne, 1993), Section 2. For the society of the polyptychs, see E. Power, Medieval People, 10th edn. (London, 1963), pp. 18-38.
p. 207. Gœrsdorf: Traditiones Wizenburgenses, ed. K. Glöckner and A. Doll (Darmstadt, 1979), nn. 6, 7, 12, 15, 38, 43, 46, 78, 81, 92, 104, 114, 124, 128, 132, 142, 145, 150, 186; for Sigibald and the dukes, see H. J. Hummer, Politics and Power in Early Medieval Europe (Cambridge, 2005), pp. 46-63, 111-13; for Rhineland village societies in general, see F. Schwind, in H. Jankuhn et al. (eds.), Das Dorf der Eisenzeit und des frühen Mittelalters (Göttingen, 1977), pp. 444-93; for general issues of peasant society, see Wickham, Framing, pp. 383-588.
p. 208. Redon: see W. Davies, Small Worlds (London, 1988); pp. 153-4, 196 for Anau.
p. 211. Villages: see E. Zadora-Rio, in E. Mornet (ed.), Campagnes médiévales (Paris, 1993), pp. 145-53. An alternative view is in J. Chapelot and R. Fossier, The Village and House in the Middle Ages (London, 1985), pp. 71, 129; C. Lewis et al., Village, Hamlet and Field (Macclesfield, 1997), pp. 191, 198-201.
p. 212. Policing of free-unfree line: P. Bonnassie, From Slavery to Feudalism in South-western Europe (Cambridge, 1991), pp. 19-25; mixed marriages in Palaiseau, etc.: H.-W. Goetz, Frauen im frühen Mittelalter (Cologne, 1995), pp. 263-7. On unfreedom, see in general W. Davies, in M. L. Bush (ed.), Serfdom and Slavery (Harlow, 1996), pp. 225 - 46.
p. 213. Weaving as ‘womenly work’: D. Herlihy, Opera Muliebria (New York, 1990).
p. 213. Peasant women: see in general Goetz, Frauen; P. Skinner, Women in Medieval Italian Society 500-1200 (London, 2001), pp. 44-9.
p. 214. Army size: see in general G. Halsall, Warfare and Society in the Barbarian West, 450-900 (London, 2003), esp. pp. 119-33, and p. 93 for Charlemagne; for England, R. P. Abels, Lordship and Military Obligation in Anglo-Saxon England (Berkeley, 1988), pp. 35-6.
p. 215. Leudast: Gregory of Tours, Histories, trans. L. Thorpe as The History of the Franks (Harmondsworth, 1974), 5.48.
p. 216. Woods and forests: C. Wickham, Land and Power (London, 1994), pp. 155-99.
p. 216. Villages: H. Hamerow, Early Medieval Settlements (Oxford, 2002), for northern Europe; for southern Europe, the best current overview is G. P. Brogiolo and A. Chavarría Arn
au, Aristocrazie e campagne nell’Occidente da Costantino a Carlo Magno (Florence, 2005).
p. 16. Collective groups of villagers: L. Feller, Les Abruzzes médiévales (Rome, 1998), pp. 540-46; J. Jarrett, in EME, 12 (2003), pp. 241-8.
p. 217. Fall in settlement density: see e.g. T. Williamson, The Origins of Norfolk (Manchester, 1993), pp. 57-8.
p. 217. Plague: see above all the articles collected in L. K. Little (ed.), Plague and the End of Antiquity (Cambridge, 2007), authoritative but in my view too sure of the plague’s serious effect, and the divergent view of J. Durliat in Hommes et richesses dans l’empire byzantin, vol. 1 (Paris, 1989), pp. 107-19.
p. 218. Exchange: see for all this section Wickham, Framing, pp. 693-759, 794-824.
p. 218. Cloth and metal-working in England: C. J. Arnold, An Archaeology of the Early Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms, 2nd edn. (London, 1997), pp. 92-3, 135-46.
p. 219. Imports into Wales and Ireland: J. Wooding, Communication and Commerce across the Western Sealanes, AD 400-800 (Oxford, 1996).
p. 19. Andalucía and Rome: G. Ripoll López, Toréutica de la Bética (siglos VI y VII d.c.) (Barcelona, 1998); M. Ricci, in L. Paroli (ed.), L’Italia centro-settentrionale in eta‘ longobarda (Florence, 1997), pp. 239-73.
p. 220. Rome’s size: see e.g. L. Saguì, in Archeologia medievale, 29 (2002), pp. 7-42.
p. 220. Marseille: S. T. Loseby, in Hansen and Wickham, The Long Eighth Century, pp. 167-93.
p. 220. Reims, Gregory, etc.: MGH, Epistolae, vol. 3, pp. 129 (Reims), 214 (Cahors); Gregory of Tours, Histories, 3.34 (Verdun); ChLA, vol. 14, n. 586 (Saint-Denis). For all this, see D. Claude, in K. Düwel et al. (eds.), Untersuchungen zu Handel und Verkehr der vor- und frühgeschichtlichen Zeit in Mittel- und Nordeuropa (Göttingen, 1985), vol. 3, pp. 9-99.
p. 221. Paris and Cologne: Gregory, Histories, 6.32; H. Hellenkemper et al., in Kölner Jahrbuch, 34 (2001), pp. 621-944; cf. Wickham, Framing, pp. 677-81.
p. 223. Pirenne: (London, 1939). See the critique by A. Riising, in Classica et Medievalia, 13 (1952), pp. 87-130; the archaeological updating in Hodges and Whitehouse, Mohammed; and the rewriting of the history of western Mediterranean trade (based on documents) by D. Claude, in Düwel, Untersuchungen, vol. 2.
p. 224. Spice accessibility: McCormick, Origins, pp. 708 - 16.
p. 224. Merchants: Gregory the Great, Letters, 4.43; Gregory of Tours, Histories, 6.5, 17, 10.26; Fredegar, Chronica, ed. and trans. J. M. Wallace-Hadrill, The Fourth Book of the Chronicle of Fredegar (London, 1960), 4.48, 68, 74-5 (Samo); Lives of the Fathers of Merida, trans. A. T. Fear, Lives of the Visigothic Fathers (Liverpool, 1997), 4.3; G. Dagron and V. Deroche, in Travaux et mémoires, 11 (1991), pp. 17-273; MGH, Diplomata Karolinorum, vol. 1, ed. E. Mühlbacher (Berlin, 1906), n. 46. See in general Claude, in Düwel, Untersuchungen, vol. 3, pp. 62-83; S. Lebecq, in Hansen and Wickham, The Long Eighth Century, pp. 121-48.
p. 225. Wandalbert: Miracula S. Goaris, ed. O. Holder-Egger, in MGH, Scriptores, vol. 15.1 (Hanover, 1887), pp. 363-72, cc. 20, 26, cf. 28; see e.g. McCormick, Origins, pp. 657 - 60.
p. 225. Routes and Willibald: McCormick, Origins, pp. 129 - 34, 502 - 8.
p. 226. Comacchio: R. Balzaretti, in N. Christie and S. Loseby (eds.), Towns in Transition (Aldershot, 1996), pp. 213-34; but see below, note to p. 230.
p. 226. Money: see the basic survey, P. Grierson and M. Blackburn, The Early Middle Ages (Cambridge, 1986), updated by M. Blackburn in NCMH, vol. 1, pp. 660-74 and vol. 2, pp. 538-59; for a structural context see M. F. Hendy, ‘From Public to Private’, Viator, 19 (1988), pp. 29-78; for Italy, A. Rovelli, in Hansen and Wickham, The Long Eighth Century, pp. 193 - 223.
p. 227. Synod of Frankfurt: Cap., vol. 1, p. 74, trans. P. D. King, Charlemagne (Kendal, 1987), p. 225.
p. 227. Distribution maps: D. M. Metcalf, Thrymsas and Sceattas in the Ashmolean Museum Oxford, vol. 3 (London, 1994).
p. 228. Embassies: Cassiodorus, Variae, trans. S. J. B. Barnish (Liverpool, 1992), 1.45, pp. 20-23; Royal Frankish Annals, trans. B. W. Scholz, Carolingian Chronicles (Ann Arbor, 1970), s.a. 757, among others.
p. 228. Gift exchange: P. Grierson, Dark Age Numismatics (London, 1979), study II; Duby, Early Growth, pp. 48 - 57. See further Le Jan, La Societe, pp. 258-67; Devroey, Économie rurale, pp. 175-93. For a critical updating, see F. Curta, in Speculum, 81 (2006), pp. 671 - 99. For Byzantine objects in the West, see A. Harris, Byzantium, Britain and the West (Stroud, 2003).
p. 228. Praetextatus: Gregory of Tours, Histories, 5.18. p. 229. Suspicion of merchants: Ine, law 25, trans. EHD, vol. 1, p. 401; Liutprand 79,
trans. Drew, The Lombard Laws.
p. 229. Agricultural production: Wickham, Framing, pp. 280 - 301.
p. 230. Emporia: R. Hodges, Dark Age Economics (London, 1982); U. Näsman, in Hansen and Wickham, The Long Eighth Century, pp. 35-68; and above, note to p. 160.
p. 230. Charlemagne letter: trans. EHD, vol. 1, pp. 848 - 9.
p. 230. Comacchio and the Adriatic: see S. Gelichi et al., in Archeologia medievale, 33 (2006), pp. 19-48.
Chapter 10
This chapter owes much to the advice and ideas of Leslie Brubaker, as expressed in particular in her forthcoming Looking at Byzantium, which I have seen in early draft. Valuable guides to the political effect of architectural display can be found in M. de Jong and F. Theuws (eds.), Topographies of Power in the Early Middle Ages (Leiden, 2001). The architecture of the period is surveyed competently in three classic manuals published by Penguin, R. Krautheimer and S. uri, Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture, 4th edn. (Harmondsworth, 1986); R. Ettinghausen and O. Grabar, The Art and Architecture of Islam, 650-1250 (Harmondsworth, 1987); K. J. Conant, Carolingian and Romanesque Architecture, 2nd edn. (Harmondsworth, 1966). More up-to-date surveys are needed. There are of course a host of more localized accounts, including of single buildings, some of which are cited below.
p. 232. Hagia Sophia: see esp. R. J. Mainstone, Hagia Sophia (New York, 1988). For contemporary descriptions, Prokopios, On Buildings, ed. and trans. H. B. Dewing (Cambridge, Mass., 1940), 1.1; Paul the Silentiary, Description of the Holy Wisdom, partially trans. in C. Mango, The Art of the Byzantine Empire, 312-1453 (Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1972), pp. 80-96. There is a full trans. of the latter into Italian in M. L. Fobelli, Un tempio per Giustiniano (Rome, 2005).
p. 235. Great Mosque: see above all F. B. Flood, The Great Mosque of Damascus (Leiden, 2001); for context, O. Grabar, The Formation of Islamic Art (New Haven, 1973), esp. pp. 104-38; Ettinghausen and Grabar, Art and Architecture, pp. 37 - 45.
p. 237. City plans: see H. Kennedy, Past and Present, 106 (1985), pp. 3-27.
p. 238. Yeavering: B. Hope-Taylor, Yeavering (London, 1977); C. Scull, in Medieval Archaeology , 35 (1991), pp. 51 - 63; J. Blair, The Church in Anglo-Saxon Society (Oxford, 2005), pp. 54 - 7.
p. 239. The Ruin: trans. S. A. J. Bradley, Anglo-Saxon Poetry (London, 1982), p. 402.
p. 240. S. Prassede: see C. J. Goodson, ‘Revival and Reality’, Acta ad Archaeologiam et Artium Historiam Pertinentia, 15 (2005), pp. 61-92, reacting against a 1942 article by R. Krautheimer, published in Studies in Early Christian, Medieval and Renaissance Art (New York, 1969), pp. 203-56 (a still important article); J. J. Emerick, in Mededelingen van het Nederlands Instituut te Rome, 59 (2000), pp. 129-59; C. J. Goodson, Pope Paschal I and the Churches of Rome (Cambridge, in press). A full analysis of the mosaics is R. Wisskirchen, Das Mosaikprogramm von S. Prassede in Rom (Münster, 1990). For ninth-century Rome, see further T. F. X. Noble, The Republic of St Peter (Philadelphia, 1984), pp. 299 - 324, and the classic, R. Krautheimer, Rome: Profile of a City, 312 - 1308 (Princeton, 1980), with the topographical critiques of R. Coates-Stephens, in Papers of the British School at Rome, 54 (1996), pp. 239 -59, and 55 (1997), pp. 177-232. Noble convincingly argues in ‘Topography, Celebration and Power’, in de Jong and Theuws (eds.), Topographies of Power, pp. 45-91, that the papal building of the century after 750 made Rome a visibly ‘papal city’ for the first time.
p. 240. Liber Pontificalis: trans. R. Davis, The Lives of the Ninth-century Popes (Liverpool, 1995), pp. 1 - 30 (Paschal), 9-13 (S. Prassede).
p. 241. Germigny-des-Prés: see A. Freeman, in Speculum, 32 (1957), pp. 699-701, and 40 (1965), pp. 280-82; eadem and P. Meyvaert, in Gesta, 40 (2001), pp. 125-39; L. Brubaker, in Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 58 (2004), pp. 177-82.
p. 243. Frankish palace excavations: see the materials for France in A. Renoux (ed.), Palais royaux et princiers du Moyen ge (Le Mans, 1996). A quick survey in English of those in modern Germany is G. P. Fehring, The Archaeology of Medieval Germany (London, 1991), pp. 126-35. There are useful sets of plans in C. Stiegemann and M. Wemhoff (eds.), 799: Kunst und Kultur der Karolingerzeit (Mainz, 1999), pp. 130-96. See also, for critical comment, R. Samson, in M. Locock (ed.), Meaningful Architecture (Aldershot, 1994), pp. 99 - 131.
p. 243. Heroic literature: Beowulf, trans. Bradley, Anglo-Saxon Poetry, lines 69, 331-98; Marwnad Cynddylan, trans. J. Rowland, Early Welsh Poetry (Cambridge, 1990), pp. 484-5; Culhwch and Olwen, trans. G. and T. Jones, The Mabinogion (London, 1949), pp. 95 - 136.
p. 243. Priskos: R. C. Blockley, The Fragmentary Classicising Historians of the Later Roman Empire (Liverpool, 1983), vol. 2, pp. 265 - 93 (quotes from pp. 265 and 285); cf. W. Pohl, in de Jong and Theuws (eds.), Topographies of Power, pp. 439-66.
p. 243. Ingelheim: C. Rauch, Die Ausgrabungen in der Königspfalz Ingelheim 1909 - 1914, ed. H. J. Jacobi (Mainz, 1976); W. Sage, in Francia, 4 (1976), pp. 141-60. For the paintings etc., see Ermold, In Honorem Hludovici Pii, partially trans. P. Godman, Poetry of the Carolingian Renaissance (London, 1985), pp. 251 - 5.
p. 244. Notker: trans. L. Thorpe, Two Lives of Charlemagne (London, 1969), 2.6 (Byzantines), 1.30 (windows); cf. S. Airlie, ‘The Palace of Memory’, in S. Rees Jones et al. (eds.), Courts and Regions in Medieval Europe (York, 2000), pp. 1-19, at p. 5.
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