30. Jones, Treaty of Medicine Lodge, 67–68; Stanley, “A British Journalist Reports,” 262; Stanley, Early Travels and Adventures, 1: 228–29; Godfrey, “The Medicine Lodge Treaty,” 70–71; New York Daily Tribune, October 23, 1867 (quotes).
31. Jones, Treaty of Medicine Lodge, 72; Stanley, “A British Journalist Reports,” 262–64; Stanley, Early Travels and Adventures, 1: 227, 229–30; New York Times, October 26, 1867, 8; Chicago Tribune, October 1, 1867, 1; New York Daily Tribune, October 23, 1867; Hyde, Life of George Bent, 283.
32. “Report to the President by the Indian Peace Commission,” 4–5 (quote). On Black Kettle and his relations with the Dog Soldiers, see Stan Hoig, Peace Chiefs of the Cheyennes (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1980), ch. 8 (Bull Bear as “the man” quote at 89).
33. Donald J. Berthrong, The Southern Cheyennes (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1963), 56–57; Peter J. Powell, People of the Sacred Mountain: A History of the Northern Cheyenne Chiefs and Warrior Societies, 1830–1879, 2 vols. (San Francisco: Harper and Row, 1979), 1: 506–9, 521.
34. Godfrey, “The Medicine Lodge Treaty,” 71.
35. Jones, Treaty of Medicine Lodge, 80–83; Stanley, “A British Journalist Reports,” 264–68; Stanley, Early Travels and Adventures, 1: 231–33.
36. Leavenworth to Taylor, June 18, 1867, LROIA, reel 375.
37. Jones, Treaty of Medicine Lodge, 205; RG 48, 665, 1: 101.
38. Stanley, Early Travels and Adventures, 1: 235.
39. Jones, Treaty of Medicine Lodge, 84–86.
40. Jones, Treaty of Medicine Lodge, 94–95.
41. Stanley, “A British Journalist Reports,” 269–70; Robinson, Satanta, 67–68.
42. Stanley, “A British Journalist Reports,” 273–74; Robert M. Utley, ed., Life in Custer’s Cavalry: Diaries and Letters of Albert and Jennie Barnitz, 1867–1868 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977), 110–11; Chicago Tribune, October 24, 1867, 2.
43. Mooney, Calendar History of the Kiowa Indians, 321; John Galvin, ed., Through the Country of the Comanche Indians in the Fall of the Year 1845: The Journal of a U. S. Army Expedition led by Lieutenant James W. Abert (San Francisco: John Howell Books, 1970), 39 (“like falling water”); Richard H. Pratt, Battlefield and Classroom: Four Decades with the American Indian, 1867–1904, ed. Robert M. Utley (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1964; reprint, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2003), 67, 96; Jones, Treaty of Medicine Lodge, 109 ($583.65); Sherman to J. C. Kelton, September 24, 1868, LROIA, reel 375 ($1,565).
44. Jones, Treaty of Medicine Lodge, 104–9; St. Germain, Indian Treaty-Making Policy, 61–62; Chicago Tribune, October 24, 1867, 2; David Fridtjof Halaas and Andrew E. Masich, Halfbreed: The Remarkable Story of George Bent (Cambridge, Mass.: Da Capo, 2004), 233–34, 237.
45. Loretta Fowler, Wives and Husbands: Gender and Age in Southern Arapaho History (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2010), 22, 24–25, 27, 50–51; Stanley, “A British Journalist Reports,” 265; Stanley, Early Travels and Adventures, 1: 231.
46. Jones, Treaty of Medicine Lodge, 110–17; Stanley, “A British Journalist Reports,” 269; Stanley, Early Travels and Adventures, 1: 244; New York Times, October 30, 1867, 1; Chicago Tribune, October 25, 1867, 2.
47. Meadows, Kiowa, Apache, and Comanche Military Societies, 40; Robinson, Satanta, 7–9.
48. Jones, Treaty of Medicine Lodge, 111–12; Stanley, “A British Journalist Reports,” 258, 279; Stanley, Early Travels and Adventures, 1: 223, 244.
49. Stanley, “A British Journalist Reports,” 280–81; Stanley, Early Travels and Adventures, 1: 245–47; Proceedings of the Great Peace Commission, 68–69; RG 48, 665, 1: 98–100; Papers Relating to Talks and Councils Held with the Indians in Dakota and Montana Territories in the Years 1866–1869 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1910), 57 (“our richest agricultural land”); Chicago Tribune, October 25, 1867, 2.
50. Stanley, “A British Journalist Reports,” 282; Stanley, Early Travels and Adventures, 1: 247–49; New York Times, October 30, 1867; Chicago Tribune, October 25, 1867, 2; Proceedings of the Great Peace Commission, 69–70; RG 48, 665, 1: 100–101; Papers Relating to Talks and Councils Held with the Indians in Dakota and Montana Territories, 57–58.
51. Stanley, “A British Journalist Reports,” 283–84; Stanley, Early Travels and Adventures, 1: 250–51; Jones, Treaty of Medicine Lodge, 110–16; Proceedings of the Great Peace Commission, 70; RG 48, 665, 1: 102–3; Papers Relating to Talks and Councils Held with the Indians in Dakota and Montana Territories, 58–59; New York Times, October 30, 1867, 1. Thomas W. Kavanagh, in The Comanches: A History 1706–1875 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1999), 410–18, identifies the various Comanches present at the treaty.
52. RG 48, 665, 1: 25–26, 110–12; Papers Relating to Talks and Councils Held with the Indians in Dakota and Montana Territories, 59; New York Times, October 30, 1867, 1.
53. Stanley, “A British Journalist Reports,” 285–86; Stanley, Early Travels and Adventures, 1: 252–54; Robinson, Satanta, 71; Jones, Treaty of Medicine Lodge, 123–26; Proceedings of the Great Peace Commission, 71–72; RG 48, 665, 1: 104–6; Papers Relating to Talks and Councils Held with the Indians in Dakota and Montana Territories, 59–61; New York Times, October 30, 1867, 1.
54. Stanley, “A British Journalist Reports,” 286–87; Stanley, Travels and Adventures, 253–56; New York Times, October 30, 1867; New York Times, October 30, 1867, 1; Jones, Treaty of Medicine Lodge, 127–28; Papers Relating to Talks and Councils Held with the Indians in Dakota and Montana Territories, 61; RG 48, 665, 1: 106–8; St. Germain, Indian Treaty-Making Policy, 132–33.
55. St. Germain, Indian Treaty-Making Policy, 83, 103.
56. Papers Relating to Talks and Councils Held with the Indians in Dakota and Montana Territories, 62: RG 48, 665, 1: 109.
57. Godfrey, “The Medicine Lodge Treaty,” 71.
58. IALT, 977–82.
59. Blue Clark, Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock: Treaty Rights and Indian Law at the End of the Nineteenth Century (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1999), 23.
60. Jones, Treaty of Medicine Lodge, 131–32.
61. Jacqueline Fear-Segal, White Man’s Club: Schools, Race, and the Struggle of Indian Acculturation (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2007), 5.
62. Jones, Treaty of Medicine Lodge, 134.
63. Stanley, “A British Journalist Reports,” 288–89; Proceedings of the Great Peace Commission, 74; RG 48, 665: 109; Papers Relating to Talks and Councils Held with the Indians in Dakota and Montana Territories, 62.
64. Stanley, “A British Journalist Reports,” 288; Jones, Treaty of Medicine Lodge, 136.
65. Jones, Treaty of Medicine Lodge, 137–42, 145–46, 151; Stanley, “A British Journalist Reports,” 289–92; Stanley, Early Travels and Adventures, 1: 259–62; Proceedings of the Great Peace Commission, 77–78; RG 48, 665, 1: 113–15; IALT, 982–84.
66. Stanley, “A British Journalist Reports,” 292–94. Claims then and since that the commissioners gave guns to murdering Indians who promptly turned them on innocent settlers seem to be ill-founded; few firearms appear to have been issued. Jones, Treaty of Medicine Lodge, 143–44; William E. Connelley, “The Treaty Held at Medicine Lodge, between the Peace Commissioners and the Comanche, Kiowa, Arapahoe, Cheyenne and Prairie Apache Tribes of Indians, in October 1867,” Collections of the Kansas State Historical Society 17 (1926–28), 601–6.
67. Candace S. Greene, One Hundred Summers: A Kiowa Calendar Record (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2009), 94–95.
68. Jones, Treaty of Medicine Lodge, 146–49.
69. Stanley, “A British Journalist Reports,” 294–96; also Jones, Treaty of Medicine Lodge, 155–57; New York Times, November 4, 1867; Proceedings of the Great Peace Commission, 83; RG 48, 665, 1: 123–26 (the proceedings here misidentify Satank as Satanta).
70. Stanley, “A British Journalist Reports,” 298–307, 309–11; Jones, Treaty of Medicine Lodge, 159–69; Utley, Life in Custer’s Cav
alry, 114; Chicago Tribune, November 4, 1867, 1.
71. Stanley, “A British Journalist Reports,” 312–13; Jones, Treaty of Medicine Lodge, 170–71; Proceedings of the Great Peace Commission, 79–80; RG 48, 665, 1: 116–19; Papers Relating to Talks and Councils Held with the Indians in Dakota and Montana Territories, 62–63; Chicago Tribune, November 4, 1867, 1.
72. Stanley, “A British Journalist Reports,” 314–15; Jones, Treaty of Medicine Lodge, 172–73; Papers Relating to Talks and Councils Held with the Indians in Dakota and Montana Territories, 64–65; Proceedings of the Great Peace Commission, 80–81; RG 48, 665, 1: 119–21.
73. Stanley, “A British Journalist Reports,” 315–16; Jones, Treaty of Medicine Lodge, 173–75; Mattingly, “Great Plains Peace Commission,” 32–33; New York Times, November 1, 1867; Chicago Tribune, November 4, 1867, 1; Proceedings of the Great Peace Commission, 82; RG, 665, 1: 121–22; Papers Relating to Talks and Councils Held with the Indians in Dakota and Montana Territories, 65.
74. Jones, Treaty of Medicine Lodge, 175.
75. Raymond J. DeMallie, “Touching the Pen: Plains Indian Treaty Councils in Ethnohistorical Perspective,” in Ethnicity on the Great Plains, ed. Frederick C. Luebke (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1980), 40.
76. Jones, Treaty of Medicine Lodge, 176–78; Stanley, “A British Journalist Reports,” 315–16; Chicago Tribune, November 4, 1867, 1 (“obnoxious treaty clause”); St. Germain, Indian Treaty-Making Policy, 132; Powell, People of the Sacred Mountain, 1: 530–31; IALT, 984–89.
77. Stanley, “A British Journalist Reports,” 315–16; Chicago Tribune, November 4, 1867, 1.
78. Utley, Life in Custer’s Cavalry, 115.
79. Hyde, Life of George Bent, 285.
80. Jones, Treaty of Medicine Lodge, 181–82.
81. “By Western Union Telegraph Company,” November 1, 1867, LROIA, Upper Platte Agency, 1867.
82. Stanley, My Early Travels and Adventures, 1: 289–90; Stanley, “A British Journalist Reports,” 320.
83. Jeal, Stanley, 69–70.
84. LROIA, Upper Platte Agency, December 27, 1867.
85. Hagan, United States-Comanche Relations, 42 (quote).
86. New York Times, August 27, 1867, 2 (“humbug”); New York Times, November 8, 1867, 1; Chicago Tribune, November 8, 1867, 2 (order); Robert M. Utley, Bluecoats and Redskins: The United States Army and the Indian, 1866–1891 (London: Cassell, 1975; American title: Frontier Regulars), 132 (“little difference”); Robert G. Athearn, William Tecumseh Sherman and the Settlement of the West (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1956), 210–11 (“kill time”).
87. Jones, Treaty of Medicine Lodge, 182.
88. “Report of the Indian Commission to the President.” The New York Times, January 10, 1868, 5, provided an abstract of the report; the Chicago Tribune, January 11, 1868, 2, printed the report in full.
89. Major Joel H. Elliott, “Official Report, November 2, 1867,” Letters Received, Department of the Missouri, Army-Navy Branch, National Archives, Washington, D.C., cited and discussed in Jones, Treaty of Medicine Lodge, 199–202.
90. ARCIA for 1869: 361.
91. St. Germain, Indian Treaty-Making Policy, 139–40.
92. Proceedings of the Great Peace Commission, 162–63; Sherman to Brevet Major General E. D. Townshend, September 5, 1868; Charles E. Mix, Acting Commissioner of Indian Affairs, to W. J. Otto, Acting Secretary of the Interior, September 12, 1868; Otto to Secretary of War, September 28, 1868, in “Correspondence relating to the implementation of the Medicine Lodge treaties with the Kiowa, Kiowa-Apache, Comanche, Cheyenne, and Arapaho Indians,” July–September 1868, LROAG, M619, reel 629; ARCIA for 1870: 262; Jacki Thompson Rand, Kiowa Humanity and the Invasion of the State (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2008), chs. 3–4.
93. ARCIA for 1869: 385 (Kiowa complaints and corn); ARCIA for 1870: 260–65; Statement of Tosh-o-na [Silver Brooch], March 6, 1868, and McCusker to Commissioner of Indian Affairs, June 5, 1868, LROIA, reel 375.
94. ARCIA for 1867: 18; ARCIA for 1870: 254–55 (rights in Texas). Correspondence regarding captives from Texas is scattered through LROIA, reel 375.
95. Leavenworth to Taylor, May 21, 1868; Sheridan to Gen. Nichols, May 22, 1868 (Leavenworth unsuitable for his position); Commissioner of Indian Affairs to Secretary of Interior, July 1, 1868, LROIA, reel 375.
96. Rand, Kiowa Humanity and the Invasion of the State, 8, chs. 3–4.
97. Capt. Henry Alvord to Maj. Gen. Guerson, April 24, 1869, and Gen. Schofield to Sheridan, May 29, 1869, LROAG, M619, reel 722; Berthrong, Southern Cheyennes, 346.
98. “Correspondence relating to the implementation of the Medicine Lodge treaties with the Kiowa, Kiowa-Apache, Comanche, Cheyenne, and Arapaho Indians”; ARCIA for 1868: 2–3, 256–58, 260–61, 267.
99. Sherman to Maj. Gen. Schriver, September 17, 1868; and Sherman to Brig. Gen. J. C. Kelton, September 19, 1868, “Correspondence relating to the implementation of the Medicine Lodge treaties with the Kiowa, Kiowa-Apache, Comanche, Cheyenne, and Arapaho Indians”; Sherman to Gen. Schofield, September 26, 1868, LROIA, reel 375 (“to their hearts’ content”).
100. ARCIA for 1868: 258.
101. Proceedings of the Great Peace Commission, 170–71.
102. Robinson, Satanta, 88; General G. A. Custer, My Life on the Plains, or Personal Experiences with Indians (London: Folio Society, 1963), 172, 190; Hyde, Life of George Bent, 316–22; Stan Hoig, The Battle of the Washita: The Sheridan-Custer Indian Campaign of 1867–69 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1976), 131–32, 154–62; 40th Congress, 3rd session, Senate Executive Documents 13, 18, 36: Letters and reports relating to the Battle of the Washita; George Bent, “She-Wolf’s Account of the Death of Major Elliott,” in Cozzens, Eyewitnesses, 2: 398–400.
103. Godfrey, “The Medicine Lodge Treaty,” 73.
104. Greene, One Hundred Summers, 96–97.
105. Mooney, Calendar History of the Kiowa Indians, 322–24; Murphy to Charles E. Mix, September 21, 1868, LROIA, reel 375.
106. Sheridan quoted in Custer, My Life on the Plains, 199–200.
107. Interview of General Sheridan with Little Robe of the Cheyennes and Yellow Robe of the Arapahoes, January 1, 1869 (“do not care one cent”), LROAG, M 619, reel 718; Sheridan to Sherman, telegram, June 9, 1869, reel 722.
108. Hoig, Peace Chiefs of the Cheyennes, 94–103; Elliott West, The Contested Plains: Indians, Goldseekers, and the Rush to Colorado (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1998), 313–16; Hyde, Life of George Bent, 331–34, 340.
109. General Orders, June 29, 1869, LROAG, reel 722.
110. Quoted in Robinson, Satanta, 104.
111. “Message of the President,” March 8, 1870, 41st Congress, 2nd session, Senate Executive Document 57, 1–3.
112. Rand, Kiowa Humanity and the Invasion of the State, ch. 4.
113. Mooney, Calendar History of the Kiowa Indians, 327–28; Alice Marriott, The Ten Grandmothers (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1945), 101–11; Robinson, Satanta, 116 (quotation).
114. Nye, Carbine and Lance, 132–43, 147.
115. Kicking Bird to CIA, n.d. (c. 1872), LROIA, Kiowa Agency, quoted in Fear-Segal, White Man’s Club, 48.
116. Mooney, Calendar History of the Kiowa Indians, 329–33; Marriott, The Ten Grandmothers, 124–25; Nye, Carbine and Lance, 143–47.
117. Robinson, Satanta, ch. 10.
118. Nye, Carbine and Lance, 157–60.
119. Brad D. Lookingbill, War Dance at Fort Marion: Plains Indian War Prisoners (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2006), 15.
120. Quoted in Robinson, Satanta, 156.
121. James L. Haley, The Buffalo War: The History of the Red River Indian Uprising of 1874 (New York: Doubleday, 1976), ch. 2; Andrew C. Isenberg, The Destruction of the Bison: An Environmental History, 1750–1920 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), ch. 5 (quote at 128); Richard Irving Dodge, Our Wild Indians: Thirty-Three Years’ Personal Experience among the Red Men of the Gre
at West (1882; reprint, Freeport, N.Y.: Books for Libraries Press, 1970), 293–96.
122. Nye, Carbine and Lance, 159.
123. Haley, Buffalo War, vii, 41–48.
124. Haley, Buffalo War, 143–46; Lookingbill, War Dance at Fort Marion, 22–23.
125. Powell, People of the Sacred Mountain, 1: 531; Berthrong, Southern Cheyennes, 396–99.
126. Nye, Carbine and Lance, 213–30.
127. Robinson, Satanta, 193–95; Nye, Carbine and Lance, 255–56, 261.
128. Pratt, Battlefield and Classroom, 105, 138–44 (list of prisoners).
129. Nye, Carbine and Lance, 127, 231–34; Lookingbill, War Dance at Fort Marion, 16–17, 44.
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