by Gilbert King
appeal for W. Irvin stay of execution and, 341–42
examination of and report on Norma Padgett, 142–43, 150–52, 162
J. Hunter’s failure to call to testify, 268
Black, Hugo (Supreme Court Justice), 53–54, 70, 196, 342
Black, Lucille (NAACP official), 201
Black migratory labor, citrus industry and, 77–81
Black-owned property, white mob violence and destruction of, 92–93, 95–97, 108
Blair, Collis (Methodist clergyman), doubts about N. Padgett rape story, 161–62
Blair, Julius, 11–12
Blair, Sol, 13, 20
Blue Flame (club), 73, 114, 149
Blue Moon (club), 114
B’nai B’rith, Ku Klux Klan attacks on, 265
Bogar, William “Bill” Jackson, 91, 93, 173
as FBI informant from within KKK, 184
Bolita lottery game, 78–79, 247
Ernest Thomas as peddler of, 114–15
Henry Singleton and Sheriff W. McCall’s control of Lake County, 78–79, 114, 167
Bolles, Marie (newspaper editor), 236, 237
Bowen, Reeves (Florida assistant attorney general), 216, 218, 342
Bowles, Bryant, 341
Branch, Bobbie (NAACP office manager), 198
Brandenberg, Clarence, 359
Brandenburg v. Ohio, 359
Brandon, F. R. (judge), 227
Briggs v. Elliott, 203, 288, 333–34, 335
Brooklyn, Earl, 357
Brown v. Board of Education, 4, 203, 333, 335, 336–40
Buie, A. P. “Sam” (Florida assistant state attorney), 235
claims conspiracy between J. Hunter and W. McCall to kill Groveland Boys, 344–45
role as prosecutor in W. Irvin retrial, 312–14, 315, 316, 330
Bullets as evidence in shootings of S. Shepherd and W. Irvin, 251–52, 255, 263, 268
Bumpus, Paul F. (Tennessee district attorney general), Columbia Race Riot trial and, 7–9
Bunin, Norman (news reporter), his investigation of Groveland Boys case, and exposé in St. Petersburg Times, 199–200, 204, 222
Burtoft, Charlotte (mother of Lawrence Burtoft), 212–13, 309
Burtoft, Lawrence, 321
attempt to remove J. Hunter from retrial of W. Irvin for failure to include testimony of, 267–68
as critical witness in Groveland Boys retrial, 225, 230, 295, 299–300, 307
encounter with N. Padgett following alleged rape, 59–60, 212–13
interviewed by reporter N. Bunin, 199
N. Padgett’s testimony on, 298
prosecutor J. Hunter’s attack on character of, 316
relationship of, with C. Howard, 305
testimony in W. Irvin retrial, 307–10, 324
Byrd, Daniel Ellis (NAACP field secretary), 47, 201, 249, 272
Caldwell, Millard (Florida governor), 79, 108
Campbell, Alexander (assistant attorney general), 142–43
Campbell, Leroy (deputy sheriff, Lake County, FL), 62, 88, 304
beating of C. Greenlee by, 73–75, 130–31, 135, 138–42, 184–85
beating of S. Shepherd and W. Irvin by, 124–25, 127–30, 135, 138–42, 184–85, 259–62
FBI investigation of, 138–42, 194–95
grand jury fails to indict, for Groveland Boys beatings, 194–95
first questioning of C. Greenlee by, 65–68
testimony of, in W. Irvin retrial, 315–16
Cannon, Poppy, 68–69
Capital punishment program, NAACP, 5
Carter, Richard (news reporter), 295, 300, 329–30
on bolita business and Groveland Boys case, 114–15
Carter, Robert (NAACP attorney), 195, 203, 210
Groveland Boys appeal to U.S. Supreme Court and role of, 215–17, 219–20
Cash, W. J., 51–52
Cassell v. Texas, 205, 220
Chalmers, Allan Knight (clergyman), 347, 348
Chambers v. Florida, 53–54, 338
Cheatwood, Vernon (special investigator), Lyons murder trial, 53, 55–56
Cheek, Cordie, 12
Chesley, Mabel Norris, 358, 359. See also Reese, Mabel Norris
Chicago Defender (newspaper), 28, 152, 159–60, 256, 257, 260, 294, 330
Christian Science Monitor (newspaper), 152
Citrus industry
black labor needed by central Florida, 76–81, 86–88, 94, 96–97, 132–33
hurricane effects on, 148
Civilian Conservation Corp (CCC), 76
Civil Rights Congress (CRC), 26–27, 152–55, 181, 223, 281, 291
Clarendon County, South Carolina, school desegregation case Briggs v. Elliott in, 203, 288, 333–34
Clark, Kenneth, 288, 337
Clark, Tom C. (U.S attorney general, Supreme Court justice), 20, 82–83, 111, 126, 196, 218
Cockcroft, Flowers, mob violence and role of, 63, 64, 68, 73, 91–93, 184
Cockroft, Mrs. (wife of Flowers Cockroft), 228
Colclasure, E. O., 57
Coleman, Bill, 191
Collier’s (periodical), 287, 288
Collins, LeRoy (Florida governor), 331, 341, 342–43, 344, 346–51, 360
commutation of W. Irvin’s sentence, 344, 348–55
on death penalty, 349, 351
orders investigation of Groveland Boys case, 348, 350, 353
Columbia (Tennessee) Race Riot and trial (1946), 7–20, 29, 30
threats to T. Marshall following, 15–20
trial proceedings, 7–11, 14–15
white mob violence in, 7, 11–14
Commission on Civil Rights, President’s, 110
Committee of 100, 267, 307, 347, 348
Communism
T. Marshall’s efforts to dissociate NAACP from, 26–27, 110–12, 153–55, 206–7
Red Scare and national fear of, 34, 82, 153
Confessions, cases involving coerced, 53–55
Groveland Boys and, 128–29, 131, 134, 178–80
Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), 80–81, 221
Connie’s Inn (Harlem club), 23
Constitution, U.S.
equal protection clause of 14th Amendment, 107
T. Marshall on establishing civil rights precedents and reform of, 2, 48–49
Cooperative groceries, Harlem, 24
Cotton Club (Harlem club), 23
Crawford, George, NAACP defense of, 42
Criminal justice system, Thurgood Marshall and reform of, 2–3
Crisis (NAACP periodical), 69, 192
Cunningham, Evelyn “Big East” (news reporter), 47
coverage of lynchings by, 40–41
coverage of S. Shepherd and W. Irvin shootings, 245
Current, Gloster B. (NAACP official), 104–5, 201, 264–65, 272, 339
criticism of Harry T. Moore by, 246–47, 248
Daily Compass (newspaper), 114
Daily Worker (newspaper), 15, 20, 332
Davis, Benjamin O., 29
Davis, Jack E., 108
Davis, John Aubrey, 339
Daytona Beach Morning Journal, 358
Dean, Libby (wife of Curtis Howard), 303, 306
Death penalty, 227, 229, 349, 351
De Forest, L. B. (detective), undercover private investigation of N. Padgett by, 204, 210–14, 227–29, 358
anti-death penalty petition book of, 227, 229, 351, 354, 355
DeMille, Arnold (newspaper columnist), 256, 286, 294, 330
on S. Kennedy’s information about Groveland Boys beatings from J. J. Elliott, 259–62
Democratic Party in Florida, 82–83
Denton, C. Hayes, 20
Dixiecrat Party, 83
Dodson, Denmedia “Medi” and Clarence “Boots” (T. Marshall’s aunt and uncle), 22–23
Doggett, Caxton (Methodist clergyman), 271
Douglas, Aaron, 25–26
Douglas, William O. (Supreme Court justice), 338
Driver, J. E., 165
Driver, Lois, 165
DuBois, W. E. B., 26, 28, 44
Earp, Curtis (county judge), 117
Eatonville, Florida, 37
Ebony (magazine), 26, 28
Economic interests of central Florida
citrus industry, black labor and, 76–81, 93–94, 96–97, 132–33
Groveland disturbances detrimental to, 86–87, 93–94
Edge, L. Day, 87, 93–94, 140, 141
Education
NAACP challenge to inequalities in teacher pay, 107
NAACP challenge to segregated, 43–44, 143, 185–91, 203, 205, 333, 335–40
NAACP study of school inequalities, 42–43
Ellington, Duke, 25
Elliott, Jefferson Jennings, 357
on beatings of Groveland Boys, 259–60
investigation of shootings of S. Shepherd and W. Irvin by, 241, 244–45, 256
investigation of Washington, D.C. gambling, 258–59
Klan membership of, 259, 261, 262
response of, to H. T. Moore assassination, 279, 280, 281, 282
warns T. Marshall about threats, 290–91
Ellison, Ralph, 25
Equal pay, NAACP lawsuit for teacher, 107
Ervin, Richard W. (Florida attorney general), response to U.S. Supreme Court decision on Groveland Boys case, 220
Eustis Lake Region News, 236
Evans, Wesley, 91, 129, 184
FBI investigation of, 138–42
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 27
criticized for failure to investigate lynchings, 110–11
finds physician who examined Norma Padgett, 151
informants for, 184, 248
investigation of civil rights violations by Sheriff W. McCall, 80, 141–42, 184, 284
investigation of Groveland Boys beatings, 138–42, 184, 194–95, 260–62
investigation of H. T. Moore assassination, 277, 280, 282, 284, 357
investigation of shootings of S. Shepherd and W. Irvin, 234–35, 236, 254, 263–64, 268, 284
protection of Thurgood Marshall provided by, 283–84
Feminism, Thurgood Marshall’s, 46–47
Ferguson, Thomas Virgil, 228
Field, Marshall, III, 335
Fisher, Bill (chief of police), 227
Fleming, Billy, 11
Florida
demographic shift in, during mid-1950s, and resulting social and economic changes, 343–44
effect of H. T. Moore assassination on economy of, 279
lynchings in, 3, 100–105, 108
peonage system in citrus industry, and black labor, 76–81, 96–97, 132–33, 212
Florida Foods Corporation, 76
Florida State prison. See Raiford, Florida State Prison at
Florida Supreme Court, Groveland Boys trial verdicts and appeals to, 191, 194, 335, 336, 341–42
Florida Writers’ Project, 259
Fordham, William (attorney), 127
Frankfurter, Felix (Supreme Court justice), 190, 191, 217
Franklin, John Hope, 336–37
Fruitland Park rape case, 356
Fryar, Mack, 79–80
Futch, Truman G. (judge), 109, 145 174, 213
access to W. Irvin in hospital limited by, 234–35, 238
Groveland Boys rape trial and role of, 137, 143, 146, 148, 156–57, 162, 167, 169, 173, 180, 183
Groveland Boys (W. Irvin) retrial and role of, 267–69, 286, 287–302, 308, 312, 314–16, 320, 324, 327, 332
orders W. McCall to transport W. Irvin to court following shooting, 262–63
presides over grand jury investigation of clemency for W. Irvin, 354–55
removes T. Marshall and J. Greenberg from Irvin defense team, 269, 270–71
response to U.S. Supreme Court decision, 220
shootings of S. Shepherd and W. Irvin, and response of, 241, 253, 254, 255
Gambling
bolita lottery game in Lake County, FL, 78–79, 114–15
Florida Governor F. Warren and, 247–48
in Harlem, 26, 28
in Washington, D.C., 258–59
Gilbert, Leon, 208
Goff, Cynthia, 101–2
Goff, Phil, lynching of W. Howard and, 102, 104
Graham, Edward T. (Baptist clergyman), 270
Graham, Jimmie, 173
Green, Samuel, 86
Greenberg, Jack (Legal Defense Fund attorney), 49, 181, 182, 186, 202, 203, 210, 230, 303, 358
fund-raising speeches made by, 334
Groveland Boys case and trial, and role of, 194, 205, 215, 222, 224, 226, 246, 262
Groveland Boys retrial (W. Irvin) and role of, 270–71, 284–88, 292, 293, 296, 327, 338
interaction with J. Hunter about W. McCall, 315
McLaurin and Sweatt cases and work of, 189, 190, 198
removed from defending W. Irvin, 269
shootings of S. Shepherd and W. Irvin and work of, 232–34, 241, 246
witnesses Ku Klux Klan rally, 285–86
Greenlee, Charles (Groveland Boy), 64–68, 72, 73, 167
appeal to Florida Supreme Court, 193
beating of, by law enforcement officers, 73–75, 127, 130–31, 135, 138–42, 184–85
coerced confession from, 179–80
friendship with E. Thomas, 64–65
indictment against, 109
interviewed by F. Williams, 130–31
jailed by Groveland police, 65–68
Legal Defense Fund decision not to include in appeal, 182–83
life after prison sentence, 357–58
moved to prevent lynching, 88
sentencing of, 180
trial testimony, 169–71
Griffin, Noel (deputy sheriff, Lake County, FL), 356
Groveland, Florida, 34
white mob violence in, following N. Padgett rape report, 62–68, 72–73, 84–99, 108–9, 161
Groveland Boys, 3, 72. See also Greenlee, Charles; Groveland Boys rape case and trial; Irvin, Walter; Shepherd, Samuel; Thomas, Ernest
beatings of, by law enforcement, 73–74, 127–32, 135, 138–42, 147, 184–85, 259–62
indictments against, 109
initial encounter with Padgetts, 36–39
physician’s examination of, following beatings, 135–36
removal from Tavares jail to Raiford prison to prevent lynching of, 62–68
shootings of (see Groveland Boys, shootings of S. Shepherd and W. Irvin)
trial appeal of (see Groveland Boys appeal to U.S. Supreme Court)
Groveland Boys appeals to U.S. Supreme Court, 202, 210, 215–20
Court agrees to hear case, 205
W. Irvin retrial and, 336, 338
T. Marshall’s work on, 215–18
S. Shepherd and W. Irvin convictions overturned, 219–20
Groveland Boys rape case and trial, 3–4
N. Bunin investigation of, and exposé in St. Petersburg Times, 199–200, 204, 222
confessions in, 128–29, 131, 134, 178–80
connection to citrus industry, black labor, and returning black veterans, 132–33
convictions overturned, 219–20
evidence in, 156, 166, 312–14, 315
Governor Collins’s secret investigation into, 348
indictments, 97–98
jury selection for, 155, 162–63, 216–18, 219–20
posttrial appeal to Florida Supreme Court, 191, 193–94
posttrial appeals strategy, 180–83
posttrial motions rejected, 180
posttrial threats to black attorneys and reporter, 174–77
press coverage, 98, 142, 152, 157–61, 163, 164, 171–74, 180–81, 183–84
pretrial hearings, pretrial motions, and defense strategy in, 146–49, 155–56
pretrial investigation by F. Williams, 125–37, 160–62
retrial [see Irvin, Walter (Groveland Boys), retrial of]
search for Florida attorney for trial by F. Williams, 126–27, 136, 143–44
S. Shepherd and W. Irwin encounter with Padgetts and fight with Willie Padgett, 36–39
testimony during trial, 163–73, 213–15
C. and E. Twiss’s and L. Burtoft’s encounters with N. Padgett following alleged rape, 58–60
verdict and sentencing, 173–74, 180
Groveland Boys, shootings of S. Shepherd and W. Irvin, 230–45, 284
access to W. Irvin limited by Judge Futch, 334–35, 238
alleged conspiracy between J. Hunter and W. McCall, 344–45
coroner’s inquest into S. Shepherd’s death, 249–53
Deputy J. Yates’s role in, 230–31, 234–36, 237, 238, 243–44, 245, 247
J. J. Elliott investigation of, 241
J. Hunter’s response to, 247–48
W. Irvin’s statements on, 242–45, 247, 250, 254
M. J. Leiby claims Shepherd and Irvin planned escape, 263–64
T. Marshall’s response to, 241–47
physical evidence in, 250, 251, 252, 253, 255, 263, 268
press coverage of, 241, 245, 247, 255–56
Sheriff W. McCall’s version of 235–38, 250–53
Soviet criticism of, 240
Guthrie, Woody, 121
Hall, W. Troy Jr. (judge, coroner), 235, 262
shootings of S. Shepherd and W. Irvin and, 237–38, 249–53
Hamlin, Alan (court reporter), questioning of W. Irvin after shooting and, 242–44
Hammerstein, Oscar, II, 333
Hampton, L. R., 289
Happy Rhone’s Paradise (Harlem club), 26
Harlem, New York City, 22–28
cooperative groceries in, 24
rent parties in, 23–24
Sugar Hill neighborhood of, 24–28
Harlem Hospital, 30
Harlem Renaissance, 22, 23, 24, 26, 37
Harlow, S. Ralph (clergyman), 307
Harrington, Donald (clergyman), 279–80
Harris, Bill, Governor L. Collins orders investigation into Groveland Boys case by, 348, 350, 353–54
Harris, Louis (pollster), 226, 290
Harris, Tom (news editor), 344, 355
Hastie, William H. (judge), 32, 120, 196–97, 205, 335, 338
Hatcher, Reuben (jailer, Lake County, FL), 61, 72, 236
beating of C. Greenlee and, 74, 75
Hawkins, Virgil, 143
Hendrix, Bill (KKK official), 265, 285
Henry, Tom (sheriff), 104
Herlong, James (National Guard lieutenant), 87, 91–92, 184
Heyward, Sammy, 333
Hill, Horace (attorney), 127, 130, 142, 174–77
Holland, Howard (physician), 151
Holland, Spessard (Florida governor), 103
Holland, Spessard L, Jr. (attorney), 136–37
Hoover, J. Edgar, 4, 27, 134, 142, 282. See also Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
