FIRST SEALS
Copyright © 2014 by Patrick K. O’Donnell
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. For information, address Da Capo Press, 44 Farnsworth Street, 3rd Floor, Boston, MA 02210.
Book design by Cynthia Young
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
O’Donnell, Patrick K., 1969–
First SEALs : the untold story of the forging of America’s most elite unit / Patrick K. O’Donnell. — First edition.
pages cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-306-82173-8 (e-book)
1. World War, 1939–1945—Commando operations—United States. 2. United States. Navy—Commando troops—History. 3. United States. Navy. SEALs—History. 4. United States. Navy. Underwater Demolition Teams—History. 5. United States. Office of Strategic Services—History. 6. World War, 1939–1945—Campaigns—Mediterranean Region. 7. World War, 1939–1945—Campaigns—Italy. 8. World War, 1939-1945—Campaigns—Austria. 9. World War, 1939–1945—Amphibious operations. I. Title. II. Title: First SEALs, the untold story.
D794.5.O37 2014
940.54'8673—dc23
2014026097
First Da Capo Press edition 2014
Published by Da Capo Press
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10987654321
To Jack Taylor and the renaissance men of the Maritime Unit
To Lily
To Dawn
CONTENTS
List of Maps
Preface
Prologue
1“Cavities in the Lion’s Mouth”: The Birth of Underwater Combat Swimming
2Area D
3The Race to Design a Rebreather
4Combat Swimmers
5Silver Springs
SEA
6Crazy Yanks: The Maritime Unit’s Beachhead in Egypt
7Pirate Yachts and Spies of the Cloth
8“Haggling, bribing, fines, delays, inspections, bullshit,”
9Treasure Island
10The Yankee, Operation Audrey, and the Boot
11“The Little Pearl Harbor,”
12The Ultimate Rescue
13Back to Albania
14No Picnic
15The Kelly Plan
16Ossining
17Swimmer Commandos
AIR
18The Dupont Mission
19“I was promised this mission, and I want it,”
LAND
20Vienna Captivity
21Decima MAS Strikes Back
22The Eighth Army Detachment
23Stella
24Indiana Jones
25Surviving
26Mauthausen
27Last Acts
28God Bless America
29Sunset
30“This is the first time I’ve ever been in the movies,”
Epilogue
The First SEALs after the War
Acknowledgments
Notes
Index
LIST OF MAPS
OSS Training Grounds in the Washington Area
Eastern Mediterranean Area of Operations
Catalina Island-Treasure Island-Pacific Area of Operations
Italy and Yugoslavia Area of Operations
Northern Italy and Austria Area of Operations
PREFACE
BEGINNING IN THE SUMMER OF 1942, an extraordinary group of men embarked on an experiment that would alter the course of modern warfare. A dentist, a Hollywood star, a British World War I veteran, an archaeologist, California surfers, a medical student, and even former enemies of America united to pioneer U.S. Sea, Air, and Land operations. They combined intelligence gathering with special operations, much like today’s Navy SEALs. Known as the Maritime Unit, these were America’s first swimmer commandos, an elite breed of warrior-spies decades ahead of their time. Technically, there were no SEALs in World War II, as the unit officially formed in 1962. But the Maritime Unit bent the norm to create tactics, technology, and a philosophy that live on in the modern U.S. Navy SEALs and shape the battlefield of today. No other American World War II unit was quite like it.
The men of the Maritime Unit maintained their vows of silence. Their story was classified, lost, and buried in miles of warehoused government records. Now, the World War II generation is in its twilight, and the last of these extraordinary men are slowly fading away.
This is their story.
PROLOGUE
NOVEMBER 1942, SHOREHAM HOTEL, WASHINGTON, D.C.
At the intersection of Connecticut Avenue and Calvert Street in Washington, D.C., stands the well-appointed Shoreham Hotel. Built in 1930, the impressive art deco structure boasts 832 luxurious guest rooms, several elegantly furnished ballrooms, high-ceilinged dining rooms, and a sumptuous lobby illuminated by a host of glittering chandeliers. The hotel features nearly every amenity a discerning traveler or even a president could desire. At the behest of Franklin D. Roosevelt’s staff, the hotel quietly added a special ramp and elevator to accommodate the president’s wheelchair, allowing the Shoreham to serve as the venue for FDR’s first inaugural ball and host inauguration galas for every subsequent president throughout the twentieth century.
The Shoreham has had more guests and hosted more functions than history has recorded, but on the evening of November 18, 1942, a small group of men gathered at the hotel to engage in an activity that would directly and substantially influence the evolution of America’s military. They came not to stay in one of the suites or to eat in the dining room or even to relax with a drink in one of its lobbies. Instead, they gathered around the hotel’s expansive indoor pool, which at the time was one of the largest in Washington, D.C.
On that cold November night, Jack Taylor was gearing up for the evening’s demonstration while guards posted at the pool doors turned away any guests who came down to enjoy a swim. A renowned Hollywood dentist, Taylor put his livelihood on hold during World War II to serve his country. He was an avid swimmer and lifelong adventurer who had a penchant for racing yachts, sailing solo halfway around the world, and flying airplanes. An ultimate survivor, he once escaped from an Alaska gold mine after being trapped for two days following an earthquake. After Pearl Harbor, Taylor volunteered for the U.S. Navy, which initially relegated him to a dull dental position on a ship. Later, the highly secretive Office of Strategic Services (OSS) sought to recruit him, and Jack enthusiastically volunteered to join its ranks.
This swim was unlike any other in Taylor’s lifetime. He dipped his toes into the 60-plus degree water and put on a face mask, carefully checking the hoses and buckles of the newly invented Lambertsen Amphibious Respiratory Unit (LARU), a breakthrough underwater breathing device that was a precursor to SCUBA (self-contained underwater breathing apparatus). Initially constructed in the inventor’s garage from an old World War I gas mask and a bicycle pump, the LARU was the first closed-circuit rebreathing device that would be used in American military underwater operations. That night at the Shoreham pool, America would finally have a device that would enable it to compete with the Axis powers’ much more advanced and sophisticated underwater military operations. The LARU pro
vided the technology America needed to pioneer the formation of an elite and highly effective American commando unit that would ultimately do it all: sea, air, and land operations.
Taylor secured the oxygen tank and scrubber, then plunged into the pool. The water enveloped his body as he remained submerged, breathing with the assistance of the LARU, swimming one lap after another. Normally exhalation underwater would cause a stream of air bubbles—a telltale trace that could reveal the presence of any diver. Any sign of bubbles remained absent as Taylor’s audience watched him swim without coming up for air.
The small retinue of men present for the testing included the device’s inventor, twenty-five-year-old Christian Lambertsen, a medical student. In the coming months, Lambertsen would covertly engage in testing and development of the LARU, traveling back and forth to Washington, D.C., from Philadelphia, where he attended the University of Pennsylvania’s Medical School. Sworn to secrecy, he couldn’t tell anyone—not even the school dean—the true reason for his trips.
Standing next to Lambertsen was British officer Commander H. G. A. Woolley of the Royal Navy, on loan to the OSS. Recently Woolley had been serving on the personal staff of the British Chief of Combined Operations and the British Joint Staff Mission in Washington, D.C. General William J. Donovan personally chose him to “assist in the study of British methods of training operatives and raiding forces.” Prior to the war, Woolley lived in Hollywood, where he was a successful scriptwriter for several major studios. It is likely Taylor and Wooley ran in the same circles and were friends before the war. The bearded World War I veteran possessed the dynamic transformative leadership capabilities that could take an idea and develop it into a new form of warfare. With very few resources, he quickly built a new organization that would reshape intelligence gathering and warfare for generations to come.
On that cold November night, Taylor, Woolley, and Lambertsen made history. Their successful experiment in the Shoreham’s pool spawned the beginnings of one of America’s most elite military units—the U.S. Navy SEALs.*
*U.S. Army Special Forces, the Green Berets, also trace their combat swimmer program to the OSS Maritime Unit.
1
“CAVITIES IN THE LION’S MOUTH”: THE BIRTH OF UNDERWATER COMBAT SWIMMING
DECEMBER 19, 1941, THE WATERS OUTSIDE ALEXANDRIA HARBOR
Resting silently in the dark, cold waters of the Mediterranean at a depth of forty-five feet below the surface, the Scirè released three lethal maiali (pigs) that would change the balance of power in the region. Frogman Luigi Durand de la Penne and his five other confederates riding the maiali were part of a special undersea Italian commando group known as Decima Flottiglia Mezzi d’Assalto, or, simply, Decima MAS. Created more than a year earlier, the unit consisted of Gamma men (frogmen specially trained in affixing underwater explosives), a parachute battalion, and the San Marco Battalion, a group of highly trained operatives and boat handlers.
Early in the war, the Italian Navy had modified the 709-ton Auda-class Italian submarine to deliver the twenty-four-foot, 1.6-ton torpedoes as well as the specialized SEAL-like teams trained to maneuver the warheads and affix them to their intended targets. An electric motor powered the submersibles, which were guided by two frogmen who rode atop them. This daring mission called for the men and their pigs to travel over a mile underwater and stealthily enter the lion’s den: Alexandria Harbor, one of the most heavily defended Allied harbors in the world and where many of the prized ships of the Royal Navy were berthed. To reach their objectives, the divers would have to carefully and covertly navigate the maze of torpedo nets and other defenses that ringed the harbor.
The Gamma men wolfed down a quick meal and took stimulants before being discharged from the submarine. On their way to the deck from which they would be launched, the commanding officer of the submarine, Prince Junio Valerio Scipione Borghese, also the leader of Decima MAS and known as the “Black Prince,” gave each of them a ceremonial kick in the ass for good luck. The Black Prince was largely responsible for pioneering and directing Italy’s underwater combat operations.
Surreptitiously, the commandos rode through the water, quickly advancing on their intended targets. Patiently, de la Penne and the others riding the pigs waited for the Allies to open up their defenses to let three British destroyers exit the harbor. The massive hulls of the Royal Navy ships loomed in front of them when a small British motorboat appeared suddenly from the night’s gloom and randomly dropped a series of depth charges in the harbor. The crude tactic was meant to repel Axis underwater operatives, who the British had encountered several months earlier.
Booming underwater concussions began wreaking havoc on the men’s bodies, “painfully constricting [their] legs.” Undaunted, de la Penne and his partner were closing in on the HMS Valiant when everything began to go wrong. As he was maneuvering around the many underwater obstacles that littered the harbor, de la Penne ripped his wetsuit and icy seawater hit his skin. Despite months of training to condition his body to withstand the elements, hypothermia began to take its toll. Increasing the likelihood of detection, his partner’s underwater breathing device failed, and he had to surface. De la Penne was now swimming solo atop the gigantic torpedo when suddenly the propeller stopped after snagging a cable. Unable to disentangle it, he was forced to transport the huge underwater explosive manually. As de la Penne recalled, “[I had] to drag the torpedo along in the mud by [my] strength until directly beneath the ship. The mud was extremely gooey and cut out all visibility, but I guided my pig by the noise of one of the pumps on board the enemy ship. . . . Seawater seeped into my mask, and I had to drink it to avoid drowning.”
Despite all the adversity, he somehow managed to attach a 230-kilogram explosive charge of TNT under the centerline of the hull of the Valiant and set the time-activated detonator. The pigs were the pinnacle of high technology for the time, one of Italy’s most classified secrets. Naturally, they didn’t want the crafts to fall into enemy hands. They were equipped with self-destruct mechanisms, but de la Penne knew he didn’t need it on this occasion because the explosion would destroy the submersible. Though his teammates failed to locate their primary target, a British aircraft carrier, they were able to attach their mines to the battleship HMS Queen Elizabeth and to a large Norwegian tanker known as the Sagona. The Gamma men also carried with them incendiary devices to ignite oil from the destroyed tanker with the goal of wreaking further havoc in the harbor following the explosions.
Out of air and exhausted, de la Penne surfaced. When a crewman aboard the Valiant spotted him, the ship sent a hail of machine-gun fire his way, forcing him and his partner to surrender. Ironically, both men were taken aboard the Valiant and placed in a compartment near the location of the explosive charge they had just planted. Fifteen minutes before the explosives were scheduled to detonate, de la Penne made an urgent request to speak to the ship’s commanding officer (CO), Captain Charles Morgan. After approving the request, the CO listened intently as the Gamma man informed him of the imminent explosion on his ship. However, the cagey Italian frogmen refused to reveal the location of the mine. Morgan, in no mood for games, ordered the Italians to be placed in the hold. Before they reached their destination, a tremendous blast ripped apart the Valiant’s hull.
Simultaneous explosions echoed across the harbor as the limpets affixed to the other ships detonated. The Sagona lost her entire stern. A destroyer, the HMS Jarvis, berthed alongside the Norwegian tanker, was also badly damaged, as were many other craft in the area. The two battleships, Valiant and Queen Elizabeth, sank in a few feet of water, effectively putting them out of action for nearly a year. One historian has noted, “Overnight, [the eastern Mediterranean] had become an Axis lake, and the Italian Navy held the dominating power.” Although the Italians succeeded in their mission, they failed to escape capture. Ultimately, the British arrested all of the Gamma men involved in the attack, though two nearly escaped by disguising themselves as French sailors. En route to rendezv
ous with the Scirè, the “French sailors” attempted to exchange British currency outside Alexandria and blew their cover, leading to their rapid arrest.
The Scirè’s crew observed the devastation the explosions caused as they waited at the rendezvous point. Time passed. Eventually it became clear to everyone on the ship that the Gamma men would not be returning. Borghese ordered his vessel to depart the area. He had reasons to be pleased, as he had seen his prophecy become a reality. In a coded message to headquarters prior to the attack he predicted, “Foresee cavities developing in Lion’s mouth.”
This innovative, highly trained group of Italian Gamma men had changed the course of underwater combat forever.
FOLLOWING THE ITALIANS’ successful underwater attack on the British Navy, an intense race ensued among the powers of the world to replicate Decima MAS. At the time the United States was the furthest behind. The federal agency in charge of developing special operations units and gathering foreign intelligence was the newly formed office of the Coordinator of Information (COI), later known as the Office of Strategic Services (OSS).
Prior to World War II, no national intelligence agency existed, and America lagged far behind the world’s major powers. Several departments within the U.S. federal government each collected intelligence separately and sent reports on to the White House as they saw fit. Rather than sharing, agencies hoarded what they knew, and the president received a hodgepodge of reports that may or may not have been important enough to warrant his attention. As one intelligence officer lamented, “Our intelligence organization in 1940 was primitive and inadequate . . . operating strictly in the tradition of the Spanish-American War.”
To help integrate the stove-piped organizations, Franklin Delano Roosevelt established the COI to aggregate the intelligence reports, making them available to various departments and the White House as necessary. According to the organization’s official history, “through COI and its successor, the Office of Strategic Services (OSS), the United States was beginning its first organized venture into the fields of espionage, propaganda, subversion and related activities under the aegis of a centralized intelligence agency.” Although the concepts of spies, sabotage, and propaganda were as old as warfare itself, “the significance of the COI/OSS was in the concept of the relationship between these varied activities and their combined effect as one of the most potent weapons in modern warfare.”
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