3. James Madison to Thomas Jefferson, September 14, 1805, in Republic of Letters: The Correspondence between Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, 1776–1826, ed. James Smith (New York: W. W. Norton, 1995), 3:1384–86; Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, October 23, 1805, in James Madison, by Irving Brant (Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs-Merrill, 1941–1946), 4:289.
4. Dolley Madison to Anna Cutts, July 31, 1805, in DMDE.
5. Dolley Madison journal, October 24, 1805, in Anthony, Dolley Madison, pp. 169–70.
6. James Madison to Dolley Madison, October 31, 1805, in DMDE.
7. James Madison to Dolley Madison, November 1805, in DMDE.
8. Anthony, Dolley Madison, p. 210.
9. James Madison to Dolley Madison, December 14, 1826, in James Madison's ‘Advice to My Country,’ by James Madison, ed. David Mattern (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1997), p. 67.
10. Smith, Republic of Letters, 3:62–63.
11. Anna Cutts to Dolley Madison, May 1804, in Dolley Madison Papers, North American Women's Letters and Diaries, digital collection, doc. 5.
12. John Quincy Adams, The Diary of John Quincy Adams, 1794–1845: American Diplomacy and Political, Social and Intellectual Life, from Washington to Polk, ed. Allan Nevins (New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing, 1928), February 13, 1806 entry.
13. Dolley Madison to Eliza Rankin, 1807, in DMDE.
14. Dolley Madison to Anna Cutts, April 26, 1804, in Anthony, Dolley Madison, p. 147; Dolley Madison to Anna Cutts, July 26, 1806, in DMDE.
15. Dolley Madison to Anna Cutts, 1804, in Anthony, Dolley Madison, pp. 146–47.
16. Dolly Madison to Anna Cutts, April 26, 1804, in Dolly Madison Papers, North American Women's Letters and Diaries, digital collection, doc. 37; Dolley Madison to Anna Cutts, June 20, 1811, Cutts Family Papers, Library of Congress.
17. Henry Ward and Harold Greer Jr., Richmond during the Revolution, 1775–83 (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1977), pp. 112–13.
18. Richmond Daily Dispatch, August 27, 1853.
19. Pittsburgh Gazette, November 28, 1833.
20. Richmond Enquirer, February 6, 1806; William Crawford, Report on the Penitentiaries of the United States (Montclair, NJ: Patterson Smith, 1969), p. 111; Uniform Crime Statistics (Washington, DC: Federal Bureau of Investigation, 2010), p. 2,011.
21. Jay Worrall, Friendly Virginians: America's First Quakers (unpublished manuscript, 1992), Virginia Historical Society.
CHAPTER 10. THE BATTLES WITH BRITAIN
1. Dumas Malone, Jefferson and His Times (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 2005), 5:69–72; Jefferson inaugural, Paul Ford, Works of Thomas Jefferson (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1903), 9:193–200.
2. John Eppes to James Madison, January 18, 1810, in The Papers of James Madison: Secretary of State Series, Presidential Series, Retirement Series, Personal Papers, ed. Robert Brugger et al. (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1986) (hereafter cited as PJM), presidential ser. 2:189; Paul Hamilton to James Madison, May 23, 1810, in PJM, pp. 349–51.
3. Washington Federalist, January 21, 1808.
4. Ibid., January 23, 1808.
5. Ralph Ketcham, James Madison: A Biography (New York: Macmillan, 1971), pp. 463–64.
6. Albert Gallatin to Thomas Jefferson, December 18, 1807, in Writings of Albert Gallatin, by Albert Gallatin and Henry Adams (New York: Antiquarian Press, 1960), 1:368.
7. Wilson Nicholas to Thomas Jefferson, October 20, 1808, in History of the United States during the First Administration of James Madison, by Henry Adams (New York: Literary Classics of the United States, 1986), 4:345.
8. William Cullen Bryant, The Embargo, facsimile reproduction (Gainesville, FL, 1955), pp. 22–23.
9. Walter Wilson Jennings, The American Embargo, 1807–1809 (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1921), p. 128.
10. Washington Federalist, December 1808.
11. Ibid., May 4, 1808.
12. Ibid., December 1, 1808.
13. Matthew Lyons to a friend in Kentucky, reprinted in ibid., December 1808.
14. James Hillhouse letter in ibid., December 13, 1808.
15. Dolley Madison to Anna Cutts, June 3, 1808, in Dolley Madison Digital Edition, ed. Holly C. Shulman (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, Online Rotunda Edition, 2010–2013) (hereafter cited as DMDE); Dolley Madison to Mary Morris, August 20, 1805, in DMDE; Dolley Madison to Anna Cutts, June 18, 1807, in DMDE.
16. Joseph Story to Stephen White, December 24, 1808, in The Life and Letters of Joseph Story, ed. William Story (Boston: Charles Little and James Brown, 1851), 1:190–92.
17. Aurora, January 3, 1809.
18. Dolley Madison to Anna Cutts, March 1809, in The Great Little Madison, by Jean Fritz (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1989), p. 113.
19. Ketcham, James Madison, p. 498.
20. John Marshall to Rufus King, February 26, 1801, in The Papers of John Marshall, by John Marshall, ed. Charles Hobson (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1993) 6:82–83.
21. Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, March 11, 1808, in Ford, Works of Thomas Jefferson, 11:11–18.
22. Aurora, January 19, 1809; Lexington Reporter comments at beginning of January 1809, reprinted in Aurora, January 19, 1809.
23. Ketcham, James Madison, p. 465.
24. James Madison to William Pinckney, April 4 and 8, 1808, and May 1, 1808, Princeton University Library.
25. Katherine Anthony, Dolley Madison: Her Life and Times (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1949), p. 191.
26. Thomas Jefferson to the citizens of Anne Arundel County, Maryland, February 17, 1809, in Aurora, March 8, 1809.
27. Dolley Madison to Anna Cutts, August 28, 1808, in Lucia Cutts, Memoirs and Letters of Dolley Madison, Wife of James Madison, President of the United States (1886; repr. Port Washington, NY: Kennikat Press, 1971), pp. 65–66.
28. James Madison to correspondent, 1833, in Selected Letters of Dolley Payne Madison, by Dolley Madison, ed. David Mattern and Holly Schulman (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 2003), p. 54.
CHAPTER 11. MISTER PRESIDENT
1. John Quincy Adams, The Diary of John Quincy Adams, 1794–1845: American Diplomacy and Political, Social and Intellectual Life, from Washington to Polk, ed. Allan Nevins (New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing, 1928), p. 58.
2. Washington Federalist, December 31, 1808; Aurora, January 18, 1809.
3. Washington Federalist, April 8, 1808.
4. Charles Ambler, Thomas Ritchie: A Study in Virginia Politics (Richmond: Bell, Book and Stationary, 1913), pp. 45–47.
5. John Randolph in the House of Representatives, June 1, 1809, quoted in National Intelligencer, June 21, 1809.
6. Samuel Smith to Cary Nicholas, April 1, 1806; Henry Adams, History of the United States during the First Administration of James Madison, condensed volume (New York: Literary Classics of the United States, Library of America, 1986), p. 170.
7. John Pancake, Samuel Smith and the Politics of Business, 1752–1839 (Birmingham: University of Alabama Press, 1972), pp. 78–79.
8. Ibid., pp. 99–100.
9. Harry Ammon, James Monroe: The Quest for National Identity (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1971), p. 278.
10. Martin Zahniser, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney: Founding Father (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1967), p. 254; Washington Federalist, January 25, 1808.
11. Washington Expositor, March 1808.
12. Ibid., December 4, 1807.
13. Aurora, January 18, 1809; Dumas Malone, Jefferson and His Time (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 2005), 5:99–101.
14. Samuel Mitchill, “Dr. Mitchill's Letters from Washington: 1801–1813,” Harper's New Monthly Magazine 58 (April 1879): 752.
15. Washington Expositor, February 17, 1808.
16. Aurora, March 4, 1809.
17. Ralph Ketcham, James Madison: A Biography (New York: Macmillan, 1971), p. 428.
18. Ibid., p. 429.
19. John Quincy Adams, Lives of Celebrated Statesmen (New York: W. H. Graham, 1846), p. 37.
20. Ketcham, James Madison, p. 429; Noble Cunningham Jr., Jeffersonian Republicans: The Formation of Party Organization, 1789–1801 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1957), p. 232.
21. Maud Goodwin, Dolly Madison (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1940), p. 118.
22. National Intelligencer, March 7, 1808.
23. Tom Abernathy, The South in the New Nation, 1789–1819 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1961), p. 313.
24. Washington Federalist, November 7, 1807.
25. Dolley Madison to Anna Cutts, June 18, 1807, in Dolley Madison Digital Edition, ed. Holly C. Shulman (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, Online Rotunda Edition, 2010–2013) (hereafter referred to as DMDE).
26. John Marshall to Charles Pinckney, October 19, 1808, in The Papers of John Marshall, by John Marshall, ed. Charles Hobson (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1993), 7:184.
27. William Plumer Jr., The Life of William Plumer (Boston: Phillips, Sampson, 1857), p. 362.
28. Washington Federalist, May 7, 1808.
29. James Madison, speech to the Constitutional Convention, July 11, 1787, in The Papers of James Madison: Secretary of State Series, Presidential Series, Retirement Series, Personal Papers, ed. Robert Brugger et al. (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1986) (hereafter cited as PJM), 10:98.
30. James Madison to Nicholas Trist, April 23, 1828, in The Selected Letters of Dolley Payne Madison, by Dolley Madison, ed. David Mattern and Holly Schulman (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 2003), pp. 82–83.
31. Ketcham, James Madison, p. 435.
32. Aurora, January 5, 1809; Virginia Moore, The Madisons: A Biography (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1979), pp. 214–15.
33. Levi Lincoln to Thomas Jefferson, April 16, 1801, in The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, by Thomas Jefferson, ed. Julian Boyd and Barbara Oberg (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2007), 33:596–99n.
34. Charles Cotesworth Pinckney to John Rutledge Jr., August 24, 1808, in Pinckney Cotesworth Harrington Papers, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina; Zahniser, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, p. 252.
35. Eliza Collins Lee to Dolley Madison, March 2, 1809, in DMDE.
36. Stella Sutherland, Population Distribution in Colonial America (New York: Columbia University Press, 1936), introduction charts; National Gazette, December 19, 1791.
37. James Madison, Letters of Helvidius, no. 3, September 1793, in PJM, 15:98.
38. National Gazette, February 18, 1792.
39. James Madison to Lafayette, November 25, 1820, in Madison, Selected Letters of Dolley Payne Madison, p. 14.
40. James Madison, inaugural address, March 4, 1809, in The Writings of James Madison, by James Madison and Galliard Hunt (New York: Russell and Russell, 1968), 8:47–50.
41. Margaret Bayard Smith, The First Forty Years of Washington Society, ed. Galliard Hunt (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1906), p. 58.
42. Ibid., pp. 61–62.
43. Ketcham, James Madison, pp. 474–75.
44. Noble Cunningham Jr., “The Frances Few Diary,” Journal of Southern History 29, no. 3 (August 1963), March 3, 1809 entry; Ketcham, James Madison, p. 476.
45. “Journal of Alexander Dick,” March 1809, in James Madison, by Irving Brant (Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs-Merrill, 1941–1946), 5:33.
46. William Story, ed., The Life and Letters of Joseph Story (Boston: Charles Little and James Brown, 1851), 1:218; Abraham Hasbrouck to Severyn Bruyn, January 29, 1814, in DMDE.
47. Madison and Hunt, Writings of James Madison, 1:66–68, 269.
48. Robert Rutland, The Presidency of James Madison (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1990), p. 21.
49. Ibid.
50. Harriet Martineau, Society in America (New York: Saunders and Otley, 1837), 1:60.
51. John Jackson to Dolley Madison, March 5, 1809, in DMDE.
52. Washington Expositor, March 12, 1809.
53. Thomas Jefferson to Levi Lincoln, August 26, 1801, in Paul Ford, Works of Thomas Jefferson (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1903), 4:406.
54. Fawn Brodie, Thomas Jefferson: An Intimate History (New York: W. W. Norton, 1974), p. 425; Katherine Anthony, Dolley Madison: Her Life and Times (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1949), p. 192.
55. Aurora, April 21, 1809.
56. Brodie, Thomas Jefferson, p. 381; Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, July 26, 1806, in Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Princeton University Library; James Madison to Nicholas Trist, July 6, 1826, in Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Princeton University Library.
57. Thomas Jefferson to Dupont Nemours, March 2, 1809, in Writings of Thomas Jefferson, by A. A. Lipscomb and A. E. Bergh (Washington, DC: Thomas Jefferson Memorial Association of the United States, 1903), 5:432–33.
58. James Madison to William Pinckney, March 17, 1809, in PJM, presidential ser. 1; Madison Papers, Princeton University Library.
59. James Madison to Thomas Jefferson, October 24, 1787, in The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, by Thomas Jefferson, ed. Julian Boyd and Barbara Oberg (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2007), 12:276–77.
60. Garry Wills, James Madison (New York: Henry Holt, 2002), pp. 3–5.
61. Plumer's Memorandum, April 8, 1806, p. 478, William Plumer Papers, Library of Congress, New Hampshire State Library.
62. Ibid.
63. Albert Gallatin to Joseph Nicholson, December 16, 1808, New York Historical Society.
64. Dolley Madison to Anna Cutts, June 5, 1805, in Madison and Mattern (ed.) and Schulman (ed.), Selected Letters of Dolley Payne Madison, pp. 61–62.
65. Dolley Madison to Anna Cutts, May 25, 1804, in DMDE; Dolley Madison to Anna Cutts, June 4, 1805, in DMDE.
66. James Madison to James Monroe, December 26, 1803, in Madison and Hunt, Writings of James Madison, 2:189–91.
67. James Madison to William Claiborne, February 20, 1804, in ibid., 1:199–200.
68. Ethel Arnett, Mrs. James Madison: The Incomparable Dolley (Greensboro, NC: Piedmont Press, 1972), p. 253; “miscellany” notes in Dolley Madison Papers, North American Women's Letters and Diaries, digital collection.
69. Dolley Madison to Anna Cutts, May 22, 1804, in Anthony, Dolley Madison, p. 164.
70. Phoebe Morris to Dolley Madison, July 22, 1809, in DMDE.
71. Ibid.; Dolley Madison to Anna Cutts, October 27, 1810, in DMDE.
72. James Madison to Thomas Jefferson, August 9, 1805, and James Madison to Governor Claiborne, August 28, 1804, in PJM, secretary of state ser. 7:643–45.
73. James Madison to James Monroe, November 9, 1804, in Madison and Hunt, Writings of James Madison, 2:208–10; James Madison to Thomas Jefferson, May 22, 1808, in The Republic of Letters: The Correspondence between Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, 1776–1826, ed. James Smith (New York: W. W. Norton, 1995); Madison to Jefferson, July 28, 1806, in Smith, Republic of Letters, 3:1422, 1429.
74. James Madison to William Hayward, March 19, 1809, in Madison and Hunt, Writings of James Madison, 2:434–35.
75. Madison's political skills were evident in a letter to Jefferson on August 20, 1805, in Smith, Republic of Letters, 3:1379–80; Adrienne Koch, Jefferson and Madison: The Great Collaboration (Birmingham, AL: Palladium Press, 2005), pp. 126–27; National Gazette, December 20, 1792; Madison to Edmund Pendleton, January 21, 1792, in Madison and Hunt, Writings of James Madison, 1:546.
76. James Madison, Federalist No. 55, February 13, 1788, in PJM, 10:505.
77. Coles to Harold Grigsby, December 23, 1854, in Rives Papers, Library of Congress.
78. Charles Adams, “The Madison Papers,” North American Review 53 (1841): 75.
79. Aurora, March 22, 1809.
80. James Madison to Thomas Jefferson, October 30, 1808, in Smith, Republic of Letters, 3:1554–57.
81. Aurora, March 10, 1809.
CHAPTER 12. A NEW ADMINISTRATION AND
A NEW COUPLE
1. Kurt Leichtle and Bruce Carveth, Crusade against Slavery: Edward Coles, Pioneer of Freedom (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2011), pp. 29–30.
2. Elbridge Gerry Jr., The Diary of Elbridge Gerry Jr. (New York: Brentano's, 1927), p. 179.
3. Benjamin Latrobe to Dolley Madison, March 20, 1809, in Dolley Madison Digital Edition, ed. Holly C. Shulman (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, Online Rotunda Edition, 2010–2013) (hereafter referred to as DMDE).
4. Catherine Allgor, A Perfect Union: Dolley Madison and the Creation of the American Nation (New York: Henry Holt, 2006), p. 153.
5. James Madison to Dolley Madison, November 1805, in DMDE; James Madison to Dolley Madison, December 2, 1799, in DMDE.
6. Maud Goodwin, Dolly Madison (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1940), pp. 138–39.
7. Washington Federalist, March 3, 1808.
8. Ibid., March 19, 1809.
9. Ibid., March 12, 1809.
10. Ibid., October 1808.
11. Washington Expositor, May 4, 1808.
12. Virginia Moore, The Madisons: A Biography (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1979), pp. 202–203.
13. John Randolph to James Garnett, August 31, 1808, in Randolph-Garnett Letters, Library of Congress.
14. Albert Gallatin to James Madison, October 29, 1809, in The Papers of James Madison: Secretary of State Series, Presidential Series, Retirement Series, Personal Papers, ed. Robert Brugger et al. (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1986) (hereafter cited as PJM), presidential ser. 2:45.
15. James Dinsmore to James Madison, October 29, 1809, in ibid., presidential ser. 2:44.
16. James Madison to Thomas Jefferson, October 30, 1809, in ibid., presidential ser. 2:48–49; George Davis to Dolley Madison, July 12, 1806, in Moore, Madisons, p. 205; Lucy Washington to Anna Cutts, July 20, 1811, in Lucia Cutts, Memoirs and Letters of Dolley Madison, Wife of James Madison, President of the United States (Port Washington, NY: Kennikat Press, 1971).
17. Dolley Madison to John Payne, September 21, 1809, in DMDE; Dolley Madison to David Warden, March 8, 1811, in DMDE.
18. Charles Goldsborough to James Madison, November 9, 1809, in PJM, presidential ser. 2:62–64.
19. Dolley Madison to a friend, April 9, 1804, in Dolly Madison Papers, North American Women's Letters and Diaries, digital collection, doc. 8; Moore, Madisons, p. 188; Goodwin, Dolly Madison, pp. 121–23.
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