60. Pelling, ‘Practitioners’, p. 188.
61. Mortimer, D&D, pp. 61–3. In 2009 there were 246,181 names on the UK List of Registered Medical Practitioners for a population of 61.7 million.
62. Pelling, ‘Practitioners’, p. 172.
63. Pelling, ‘Practitioners’, p. 174. In addition older men with sufficient experience could join by paying a fee.
64. Mortimer, D&D, pp. 62–3.
65. Morbus Gallicus, f. 8r.
66. For example, Emmison, HWL, p. 138, wrote: ‘to most Elizabethans living outside the big cities neither doctor nor hospital is normally available …’ See Mortimer, ‘Marketplace’, pp. 69–87.
67. Pelling, ‘Practitioners’; Mortimer, D&D, pp. 37, 106, 213. The population figure of 5,000 for Canterbury, used in chapter 1 of this book, has been used rather than the estimate of six to seven thousand in D&D. The figure for people in towns seeking medical help when dying in 1570–99 is 7.3 per cent; those living more than a mile from town paid for medical help in 4.2 per cent of cases.
68. Mortimer, D&D, pp. 43, 61–3; Mortimer, ‘Licensing’. Exeter had only eight freemen apothecaries in the reign, and Devon and Cornwall between them had only thirty-eight licensed physicians and surgeons in 1568–97, and a handful of university-trained physicians. In both counties there were probably no more than sixty apothecaries, fifty licentiates, twenty degree-holders and an unknown number of itinerant physicians. The last-named are likely to have outnumbered all the former, as there was a tradition of not applying for a licence unless one had to, and then only later in one’s career.
69. Lane, John Hall, pp. 138–42.
70. Lane, John Hall, pp. 40–1. For Plat, see Malcolm Thick, Sir Hugh Plat: the search for useful knowledge in early modern London (Totnes, 2010), reviewed by Bee Wilson in TLS (22 December 2010).
71. Thomas Gale, Certaine Workes of Chirurgerie (1563), f. 54r–v.
11. Law and Disorder
1. Machyn, Diary, pp. 227–9, 253, 255, 261, 272, 275, 281.
2. Holmes, London, pp. 55–6.
3. Black, Reign, pp. 211–12.
4. Black, Reign, p. 209n.
5. Pollitt, ‘Story’, pp. 131–56.
6. Black, Reign, p. 143.
7. Philip Sugden, ‘Ratsey, Gamaliel (d. 1605), highwayman’, in ODNB.
8. These are all from Judges, Underworld.
9. Weiner, ‘Sex Roles’, p. 39.
10. Weiner, ‘Sex Roles’, p. 40.
11. Weiner, ‘Sex Roles’, pp. 47–8.
12. Emmison, Disorder, p. 106.
13. Samaha, ‘Hanging’, p. 763.
14. The selling of the girl is in Machyn, Diary, p. 228.
15. Platter, Travels, p. 174.
16. Machyn, Diary, pp. 251–2.
17. Holmes, London, p. 95, quoting Stow.
18. Machyn, Diary, p. 281. See Harrison, Description (chapter 17) for the three tides.
19. Emmison, Disorder, p. 319. Those ‘at large’ have been excluded from this calculation, so the sample is 843 cases.
20. Pollitt, ‘Story’, p. 152.
21. Note ‘drawing’ does not relate to the removal of the entrails. This is clearly noted in chapter 17 of Harrison, Description, and a number of other sixteenth-century and earlier sources, including Machyn, Diary, p. 63. See Ian Mortimer, ‘Why do we say “hanged, drawn and quartered”?’ (http://www.ianmortimer.com/essays/drawing.pdf).
22. Emmison, Disorder, pp. 40–1.
23. Quoted in Picard, London, p. 251. William Harrison emphasises that women who poison their husbands deserve to be punished in this way, although he believes that mass poisoning should still be punished by boiling to death.
24. For an example of a labourer suffering in this way, see Emmison, Disorder, p. 149.
25. Machyn, Diary, p. 279.
26. Beier, ‘Social Problems’, p. 221.
27. Machyn, Diary, p. 246.
28. Machyn, Diary, p. 252.
29. Emmison, HWL, p. 231; Emmison, Morals, p. 31.
30. Machyn, Diary, p. 272.
31. Emmison, HWL, p. 257.
32. Griffiths, ‘Bridewell’, pp. 285, 290.
33. Emmison, Disorder, p. 302.
34. Machyn, Diary, p. 255.
35. Machyn, Diary, p. 273.
36. For example, Machyn, Diary, p. 248.
37. Machyn, Diary, pp. 178 (Queen Mary dead), 196 (slander), 261 (conjuring), 251, 275 and 277 (all counterfeiting), 304 (meat).
38. Machyn, Diary, p. 311.
39. Machyn, Diary, p. 235. Another example appears on p. 236.
40. Machyn, Diary, pp. 196–7.
41. Machyn, Diary, pp. 255, 304 (eating meat).
42. Emmison, HWL, p. 257.
43. Emmison, Morals, p. 31.
44. Thomas, RDM, p. 528.
45. Emmison, HWL, p. 235.
46. Machyn, Diary, pp. 220, 223, 238.
47. Machyn, Diary, pp. 239, 309.
48. Samaha, ‘Hanging’, p. 763.
49. Emmison, Disorder, p. 153.
50. Emmison, Disorder, p. 155.
51. Emmison, Disorder, p. 157.
52. Emmison, Morals, p. 282.
53. Emmison, Morals, p. 300.
54. Emmison, Morals, p. 304.
55. Alan Macfarlane, Witchcraft in Tudor and Stuart England: A regional and comparative study (1970), p. 98.
56. Emmison, Morals, p. 79.
57. Hughes, ‘Godly’, pp. 103, 105.
58. Emmison, Morals, p. 118.
59. Emmison, Morals, p. 59.
60. Weiner, ‘Sex roles’, p. 46.
61. Emmison, Morals, p. 71.
62. Emmison, Morals, p. 26.
63. Emmison, Morals, p. 45.
64. Emmison, Morals, p. 13.
12. Entertainment
1. Platter, Travels, p. 226; Holmes, London, p. 57.
2. Platter, Travels, pp. 163–5.
3. Platter, Travels, pp. 171–3.
4. Holmes, London, p. 57, quoting Stow (giant and dwarf); Hollyband, Campo di Fior, p. 19 (sword swallower); Platter, Travels, 173 (camel).
5. Black, Reign, p. 6; Doran, Exhibition, p. 244; Frances A. Yates, ‘Elizabethan Chivalry: The Romance of the Accession Day Tilts’, Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, 20 (1957), pp. 4–25.
6. Platter, Travels, p. 189.
7. Emmison, Morals, pp. 22–3.
8. Emmison, Disorder, p. 26.
9. Charlton, ‘Tobacco’, p. 103; Black, Reign, p. 274.
10. Picard, London, p. 229, quoting Dekker, The Honest Whore, Act 2, Scene 1.
11. Charlton, ‘Tobacco’, p. 109.
12. Platter, Travels, p. 171.
13. Rowse, Cornwall, pp. 426–33.
14. 33 Henry VIII, cap. 9.
15. Emmison, HWL, p. 238.
16. Port & Trade.
17. Judges, Underworld, p. 129; Eliz. Home, p. 110 (Trumps).
18. Stevenson, ‘Extracts’, pp. 292–301.
19. Salgado, Underworld, p. 22; Judges, Underworld, pp. 27, 41.
20. William Bray, ‘Account of the Lottery of 1567, being the first upon Record’, Archaeologia, 19 (1821), pp. 79–87.
21. Carew, Survey, f. 72v, mentions these four battles.
22. Gunn, ‘Archery’, p. 78.
23. Gunn, ‘Archery’, pp. 53–81.
24. Emmison, HWL, pp. 240–1.
25. Scott, EOaW, p. 111.
26. W. G. Faulkener (comp.), Hawking, Hunting, Fouling and Fishing (1596), n.p.
27. Eliz. Home, pp. 106–7.
28. Sh. Eng., ii, p. 390.
29. Carew, Survey, ff. 75b–76a.
30. Holmes, London, p. 50.
31. Sim, Pleasure, p. 184, quoting Elyot, The booke named the Governor, p. 92.
32. Stubbes, Anatomy, pp. 138–9.
33. Gunn, ‘Archery’, p. 65.
34. Emmison, Disorder, pp. 225–6.
35. Sh. Eng., ii, p. 463.
36. Carew, Survey, ff. 73v–75v.
37.
Platter, Travels, pp. 167–8.
38. Stevenson, ‘Extracts’, p. 297.
39. Sh. Eng., ii, p. 428.
40. Platter, Travels, pp. 168–9. The tense has been changed from the past to the present.
41. Scott, EOaW, quoting Robert Laneham’s letter.
42. Information kindly supplied by Dr Steven Gunn of Merton College, Oxford.
43. Sh. Eng., ii, p. 431; Black, Reign, p. 354.
44. Emmison, HWL, p. 239.
45. Dawson, ‘Bull-Baiting’, pp. 97–101.
46. Sh. Eng., ii, p. 22.
47. Sh. Eng., ii, p. 21.
48. Sim, Pleasure, p. 127.
49. Emmison, HWL, p. 169.
50. Stevenson, ‘Extracts’, p. 296.
51. Machyn, Diary, p. 191.
52. Sim, Pleasures, p. 117.
53. Stubbes, Anatomy, pp. 114, 124.
54. Rowse, Cornwall, pp. 428–9.
55. Carew, Survey, f. 71v.
56. Ringler, ‘Attack’, pp. 391–418.
57. Ringler, ‘Attack’, p. 410.
58. Shapiro, 1599, p. 10.
59. Hughes, ‘Godly’, p. 103; ODNB.
Envoi
1. Eliz. Home, p. 105.
Abbreviations used in the Notes
Airs, TJCH
Malcolm Airs, The Tudor and Jacobean Country House (1995)
Arkell, Death
Tom Arkell, Nesta Evans and Nigel Goose (eds), When Death Do Us Part: Understanding and Interpreting the Probate Records of Early Modern England (Oxford, 2000)
Arnold, Wardrobe
Jane Arnold, Queen Elizabeth’s Wardrobe Unlocked (1998; rep. 2008)
Bearman, Stratford
Robert Bearman (ed.), The History of an English Borough: Stratford-upon-Avon 1196–1996 (1997)
Beer, TEO
Barrett L. Beer, Tudor England Observed (1998)
Before the Mast
Julie Gardiner and Michael J. Allen (eds), Before the Mast: Life and death aboard the Mary Rose, Archaeology of the Mary Rose, vol. 4 (Portsmouth, 2005)
Beier, ‘Social Problems’
A. L. Beier, ‘Social Problems in Elizabethan London’, Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 9, 2 (1978), pp. 203–21
Beier, ‘Vagrants’
A. L. Beier, ‘Vagrants and the Social Order in Elizabethan England’, Past and Present, 64 (1974), pp. 3–29
BL
British Library, London
Black, Reign
J. B. Black, The Reign of Elizabeth 1558–1603 (second edn, Oxford, 1959)
Boorde, Breviary
Andrew Boorde, The Breuiary of Helthe, for all maner of syckenesses and diseases the whiche may be in man, or woman doth folowe (1547)
Boorde, Dyetary
Andrew Boorde, A Compendyous Regyment or a Dyetary of healthe made in Mountpyllyer (1542)
BRO
Berkshire Record Office, Reading
Bullein, Government
William Bullein, The Government of Health (1st edn, 1558; 1595 edn)
CAHEW
Peter J. Bowden (ed.), Chapters from the Agrarian History of England and Wales 1500–1750, vol 1 (1990)
Carew, Survey
John Chynoweth, Nicholas Orme and Alexandra Walsham (eds), The Survey of Cornwall by Richard Carew, Devon & Cornwall Record Society, New Series, 47 (2004)
Charlton, ‘Tobacco’
Ann Charlton, ‘Tobacco or health 1602: An Elizabethan doctor speaks’, Health Education Research, 20, 1 (2005), pp. 101–11
CKS
Centre for Kentish Studies, Maidstone
Clark, ‘Migrant’
Peter Clark, ‘The migrant in Kentish towns 1580–1640’, in Crisis, pp. 117–63
Cookrye
A. W., A book of Cookrye (1591)
Creighton, Epidemics
Charles Creighton, A History of Epidemics in Britain (2 vols, Cambridge, 1891)
Cressy, BMD
David Cressy, Birth, Marriage and Death (Oxford, 1997)
Crisis
Peter Clark and Paul Slack (eds), Crisis and order in English Towns 1500–1700 (1972)
CSPV
Rawdon Brown and G. Cavendish Bentinck (eds), Calendar State Papers Relating to English Affairs in the Archives of Venice, vol. 7:1558–1580 (1890)
CUH
Peter Clark (ed.), The Cambridge Urban History of Britain, vol. 2, 1540–1840 (2000)
Cunnington, Underclothes
C. Willett and Phillis Cunnington, The History of Underclothes (1951)
Dawson, ‘Bull-baiting’
Giles E. Dawson, ‘London’s Bull-Baiting and Bear-Baiting arena in 1562’, Shakespeare Quarterly, 15 (1964), pp. 97–101
Dawson, Jewel (1587)
Thomas Dawson, The Good Huswife’s Jewell (1587)
Dawson, Jewel
Thomas Dawson (intro. Maggie Black), The Good Housewife’s Jewel, (new edn, Lewes, 1996)
Dawson, Plenti & Grase
Mark Dawson, Plenti & Grase: Food and drink in a sixteenth-century household (Totnes, 2009)
DEEH
H. E. S. Fisher and A. R. J. Juřica (eds), Documents in English Economic History: England from 1000 to 1760 (rep. 1984)
Dobson, Contours
Mary Dobson, Contours of Death and Disease in Early Modern England (Cambridge, 1997)
Doran, Exhibition
Susan Doran (ed.), Elizabeth: The Exhibition at the National Maritime Museum (2003)
Drummond, Food
J. C. Drummond, Anne Wilbraham and Dorothy Hollingsworth, The Englishman’s Food: A history of five centuries of English diet (1958)
Duffy, Morebath
Eamon Duffy, The Voice of Morebath (2001)
Dyer, ‘Crisis’
Alan Dyer, ‘Crisis and Resolution: Government and Society 1540–1640’, in Bearman, Stratford, pp. 80–96
EHR
The English Historical Review
Eliz. Home
M. St Clare Byrne (ed.), The Elizabethan Home (2nd edn, 1930)
Eliz. People
Joel Hurstfield and Alan G. R. Smith (eds), Elizabethan People (1972)
Emmison, Disorder
F. G. Emmison, Elizabethan Life I: Disorder (Chelmsford, 1970)
Emmison, HWL
F. G. Emmison, Elizabethan Life: Home, Work and Land (Chelmsford, 1976)
Emmison, Morals
F. G. Emmison, Elizabethan Life II: Morals and the Church Courts (Chelmsford, 1973)
Furnivall, Babees Book
F. J. Furnivall, The Babees Book (rep. 1997)
Gerard, Autobiography
John Gerard (trans. Philip Caraman), The Autobiography of an Elizabethan (1951)
Gerard, Herbal
John Gerard, The Herbal or General Historie of Plants (1597)
Girouard, Architecture
Mark Girouard, Elizabethan Architecture: Its rise and fall 1540–1640 (2009)
Girouard, LECH
Mark Girouard, Life in the English Country House (1978)
Griffiths, ‘Bridewell’
Paul Griffiths, ‘Contesting Bridewell 1576–1580’, Journal of British Studies, 42, 3 (2003), pp. 283–315
Gunn, ‘Archery’
Steven Gunn, ‘Archery practice in Tudor England’, Past and Present, 209 (2010), pp. 53–81
Harding, ‘London’
Vanessa Harding, ‘The population of London, 1550–1700: A review of the published evidence’, in London Journal, 15 (1990), pp. 111–28
Harington, Ajax
Sir John Harington, A New Discourse of a Stale Subject Called the Metamorphosis of Ajax (1586)
Harrison, Description
William Harrison, ‘Description of England’, in Ralph Holinshed, The Historie of England (1577)
Havinden, Inventories
M. A. Havinden (ed.), Household and Farm inventories in Oxfordshire, 1550–1590 (1965), p. 220
Herridge, Inventories
D. M. Herridge (ed.), Surrey Probate Inventories 1558–1603, Surrey Record Society, 39 (20
05)
Hill, Reformation
Christopher Hill, Reformation to Industrial Revolution (1967)
Hodgen, ‘Fairs’
Margaret T. Hodgen, ‘Fairs of Elizabethan England’, Economic Geography, 18, 4 (1942), pp. 389–400
Hollyband, Campo di Fior
Claudius Hollyband, Campo di Fior, or the Flowery Field of Four Languages (1583)
Holmes, London
Martin Holmes, Elizabethan London (1969)
Horman, Vulgaria
William Horman, Vulgaria (2nd edn, 1530)
Hoskins, ‘Rebuilding’
W. G. Hoskins, ‘The Rebuilding of Rural England 1570–1640’, Past & Present, 4, 1 (1953), pp. 44–59
Hoskins, ‘Towns’
W. G. Hoskins, ‘English provincial towns in the sixteenth century’, TRHS, 5th Ser. 6 (1956), pp. 1–19
Hoskins, Exeter
The Time Traveller's Guide to Elizabethan England Page 50
