person + 한테
person + 한테(서) Love
Celebrating special days
26 이 근처에 맛있는 이태리 식당 있어요?
Are there any tasty Italian restaurants near here? adjective stem (으)ㄴ / 는 + noun
verb stem + 아 / 어 / 여 보다
verb stem + (으)러
르 irregular conjugation
ㅎ irregular conjugation Adjectives 2 & Colors
Korean superstition
27 수영 잘해요?
Can you swim well? noun + 만
noun + 은 / 는요?
noun + 도요
Adverbs Adverbs
Late night fun in Korea
28 이번 주말에 뭐 할 거예요?
What will you do this weekend? verb stem + (으)ㄹ 거예요
(time1)부터 (time2)까지
time + 동안 Hobbies
Noraebang
29 담배 피우지 마세요.
Please don’t smoke. verb / adjective stem + (으)세요
verb stem + 지 마세요
noun + 마다 Body
Drinking culture
30 잘 부탁드립니다.
I’m at your service. Formal polite ending
verb stem + 고 있다 Company positions
Speaking style
31 학생 식당은 싸고 맛있어요.
The student cafeteria is cheap and delicious. Complex sentences Describing people
Korean affection
HANGEUL(Korean alphabet) 한글
1. Introduction
▲King Sejong (1397-1450)
① Hangeul, created by King Sejong in 1443, is the only writing system on earth whose inventor is known. You can see King Sejong’s statue in Gwanghwamun Square, and his picture on the 10,000 won note.
② Hangeul is one of the world’s most scientific writing systems and can express up to 10,000 combinations of sounds.
③ Hangeul carries meaning in relation to Confucian philosophy. The vowels express the phenomena of the universe.
④ Hangeul’s vowels represent Confucianism’s three basic components of the universe in Confucianism.
As if by magic, these three components alone combine to form 21 vowels.
• : heaven ㅡ : earth ㅣ : man
⑤ Hangeul’s consonants mimic the shape of the vocal apparatus, representing the positions of the tongue, lips, and throat during the expression of the associated sounds.
2. Korean alphabet
The Korean alphabet consists of 40 letters.
10 basic vowels
ㅏ ㅑ ㅓ ㅕ ㅗ ㅛ ㅜ ㅠ ㅡ ㅣ
11 compound vowels
ㅐ ㅒ ㅔ ㅖ ㅘ ㅙ ㅚ ㅝ ㅞ ㅟ ㅢ
14 basic consonants
ㄱ ㄴ ㄷ ㄹ ㅁ ㅂ ㅅ ㅇ ㅈ ㅊ ㅋ ㅌ ㅍ ㅎ
5 double consonants
ㄲ ㄸ ㅃ ㅆ ㅉ
3. Sound value
① Vowels
The position of the tongue in the mouth determines the sound of a vowel.
Try making the vowel sounds according to the following chart.
Vowels square
introduction
Front Central Back
High ① ㅣ [i] ④ ㅡ [eu]
Mid ② ㅔ [e] ⑤ ㅓ [eo] ⑦ ㅜ [u]
Low ③ ㅐ [ae] ⑥ ㅏ [a] ⑧ ㅗ [o]
Practice in numerical order to memorize them more quickly.
Korean doesn’t distinguish ㅔ from ㅐ aurally. But you should still know the difference between these two letters, because we use them to spell different words–for example, we write 게 for ‘crab’ and 개 for ‘dog’, 네 for ‘you’ and 내 for ‘I’.
Position of tongue in mouth
ㅣ ㅔ ㅐ ㅡ ㅓ ㅏ ㅜ ㅗ
i e ae eu eo a u o
② Compound vowels
Hangeul is formed by the combination of basic vowels.
The following ‘Magic Chart’ can help you learn the combined vowels more quickly.
introduction
ㅣ
i ㅡ
eu ㅢ
ㅡ+ㅣ
ui
ㅔ
e ㅖ
ㅣ+ㅔ
ye
[ㅕ+ㅣ] ㅞ
ㅜ+ㅔ
we ㅓ
eo ㅕ
ㅣ+ㅓ
yeo ㅝ
ㅜ+ㅓ
weo ㅜ
u ㅠ
ㅣ+ㅜ
yu ㅟ
ㅜ+ㅣ
wi
ㅐ
ae ㅒ
ㅣ+ㅐ
yae
[ㅑ+ㅣ] ㅙ
ㅗ+ㅐ
wae ㅏ
a ㅑ
ㅣ+ㅏ
ya ㅘ
ㅗ+ㅏ
wa ㅗ
o ㅛ
ㅣ+ㅗ
yo ㅚ
ㅗ+ㅣ
oe
〈Magic Chart〉
③ Consonants
Hangeul’s basic consonants were created to mimic the shape of the major vocal apparatus.
ㄱ : shape of tongue
ㄴ : shape of tongue
ㅁ : shape of lips
ㅅ : shape of teeth
ㅇ : shape of the glottis
The sound of consonants
ㄱ
g/k ㄴ
n ㄷ
d ㄹ
r/l ㅁ
m ㅂ
b ㅅ
s ㅇ
ng ㅈ
j ㅎ
h
ㅋ
k ㅌ
t ㅍ
p ㅊ
ch aspirated consonants
ㄲ
kk ㄸ
dd ㅃ
bb ㅆ
ss ㅉ
jj tensed consonants
introduction
가[ga] 나[na] 다[da] 라[ra] 마[ma] 바[ba] 사[sa] 아[a]
자[ja] 차[cha] 카[ka] 타[ta] 파[pa] 하[ha]
가[ga] 카[ka] 까[kka]
다[da] 타[ta] 따[tta]
바[ba] 파[pa] 빠[ppa]
사[sa] 싸[ssa]
자[ja] 차[cha] 짜[jja]
④ Final consonants
The sounds of some consonants change naturally when they are the final consonants in a syllable. Although there are 14 consonants in Korean, there are only 7 sounds possible for consonants in final position. These 7 representative sounds, and the consonants that change to them in final position, are given below.
ㄱ(ㅋ) ㄴ ㄷ(ㅅ, ㅈ, ㅊ, ㅌ, ㅎ) ㄹ ㅁ ㅂ(ㅍ) ㅇ
k n d l m b ng
As seen above,ㄱ, ㄴ, ㄷ, ㄹ, ㅁ, ㅂ, andㅇ are the 7 representative final consonant sounds. When in the final position of a syllable, the sounds of the consonants listed in parentheses behind each of these sounds change to the sound of the representative consonant. For example, ㅋ in final position is pronounced ㄱ. Similarly, ㅅ, ㅈ, ㅊ, ㅌ, and ㅎ in final position are all pronounced ㄷ, and so on.
4. How to form syllables
There are four ways of forming syllables in Korean.
① Vowel only
Vowels can form syllables by themselves. In this case, the ㅇ letter is placed at the front of the syllable as a filler, it does not make any sound.
Vertical forms : 이, 에, 애, 어, 아, 예, 얘, 여, 야
Horizontal forms : 으, 우, 오, 유, 요
Combine forms : 위, 외, 웨, 왜, 와, 워, 의
② Consonant + Vowel
Vertical forms : 가, 너, 대, 벼
Horizontal forms : 고, 소, 초, 표
Combine forms : 과, 뒤, 줘, 최
③ Consonant + Vowel + Consonant
한, 국, 강, 산
④ Consonant + Vowel + Consonant + Consonant
In the case of a double final consonant, only one representative sound is produced.
넋, 앉, 찮, 낡, 젊, 넓, 핥, 읊, 곯, 값
5. Pronunciation drill table
> ㄱ ㄴ ㄷ ㄹ ㅁ ㅂ ㅅ ㅇ ㅈ ㅊ ㅋ ㅌ ㅍ ㅎ
ㅏ 가 나 다 라 마 바 사 아 자 차 카 타 파 하
ㅑ 갸 냐 댜 랴 먀 뱌 샤 야 쟈 챠 캬 탸 퍄 햐
ㅓ 거 너 더 러 머 버 서 어 저 처 커 터 퍼 허
ㅕ 겨 녀 뎌 려 며 벼 셔 여 져 쳐 켜 텨 펴 혀
ㅗ 고 노 도 로 모 보 소 오 조 초 코 토 포 호
ㅛ 교 뇨 됴 료 묘 뵤 쇼 요 죠 쵸 쿄 툐 표 효
ㅜ 구 누 두 루 무 부 수 우 주 추 쿠 투 푸 후
ㅠ 규 뉴 듀 류 뮤 뷰 슈 유 쥬 츄 큐 튜 퓨 휴
ㅡ 그 느 드 르 므 브 스 으 즈 츠 크 트 프 흐
ㅣ 기 니 디 리 미 비 시 이 지 치 키 티 피 히
6. Reading practice
introduction
Read the following words and try to remember Hangeul.
① Countries
프랑스
France
스위스
Switzerland
캐나다
Canada
필리핀
The Philippines
인도네시아
Indonesia
② Cities
서울 Seoul
뉴욕 New York
런던 London
도쿄 Tokyo
워싱턴 Washington, D.C.
③ Foods
바나나
banana
주스
juice
커피
coffee
파인애플
pineapple
샌드위치
sandwich
④ Things
버스
bus
택시
taxi
피아노
piano
디지털카메라
digital camera
컴퓨터
computer
샴푸
shampoo
⑤ Name of Brand
삼성 Samsung
아이폰 iPhone
스타벅스 Starbucks
맥도날드 McDonald’s
버거킹 Burger King
유투브 YouTube
페이스북 Facebook
7. Writing practice
Writing rules : Top to bottom, left to right.
① 모음
② 자음
We change the shape of ㄱ into in vertical forms.
Basic rules of Korean pronunciation 기본 발음 규칙
These Korean pronunciation rules have been made for convenience. So, you don’t need to memorize the following rules–you will pick them up naturally(not even Koreans know the rules!).
1. Representative sounds
When a syllable ends with a consonant, there are 7 possible representative sounds for that final consonant.
consonants representative sounds
ㄴ ㄴ [n]
ㄹ ㄹ [l]
ㅁ ㅁ [m]
ㅇ ㅇ [ng]
ㄱ, ㄲ, ㅋ ㄱ [k]
ㅂ, ㅍ, ㅃ ㅂ [b]
ㄷ, ㅌ, ㅅ, ㅆ, ㅈ, ㅉ, ㅊ, ㅎ ㄷ [d]
① 각 → [각, gak]
갘 → [각]
갂 → [각]
② 갑 → [갑, gab]
갚 → [갑]
③ 갇 → [갇, gad]
같 → [갇]
갓 → [갇]
갔 → [갇]
갖 → [갇]
갗 → [갇]
갛 → [갇]
2. Liaison
When a syllable ending in a consonant is followed by a syllable beginning in a vowel, the final consonant of the earlier syllable is carried over to the initial position of the next syllable.
① 이름이 → [이르미]
② 직업이 → [지거비]
③ 사람이에요 → [사라미에요]
④ 있어요 → [이써요]
3. Fortis
When the final consonant of a syllable ends in one of the consonants ㄱ, ㄲ, ㅋ, ㄷ, ㅌ, ㅍ, ㅅ, ㅆ, ㅈ or ㅊ, and the next syllable begins with one of the consonants ㄱ, ㄷ, ㅂ, ㅅ or ㅈ, then the initial consonant of the second syllable is pronounced with the tensed sound ㄲ, ㄸ, ㅃ, ㅆ, or ㅉ.
① 막걸리 → [막껄리]
② 식당 → [식땅]
③ 엽서 → [엽써]
④ 맥주 → [맥쭈]
⑤ 옷장 → [옫짱]
4. Nasalization
When the final consonant of a syllable ends in one of the consonants ㄱ, ㄲ, ㅋ, ㄷ, ㅌ, ㅂ, ㅍ, ㅅ, ㅆ, ㅈ or ㅊ, and the initial consonant of the next syllable begins with ㄴ or ㅁ, then the final consonant of the first syllable must be changed according to the following rule:
ㄱ, ㅋ, ㄲ → ㅇ
ㅂ, ㅍ → ㅁ
ㄷ, ㅌ, ㄸ, ㅅ, ㅆ, ㅈ, ㅊ, ㅎ → ㄴ
① 한국말 → [한궁말]
② 박물관 → [방물관]
③ 죄송합니다 → [죄송함니다]
④ 작년 → [장년]
⑤ 끝나다 → [끈나다]
5. Aspiration
When the consonants ㄱ, ㄷ, ㅂ, or ㅈ are adjacent to ㅎ(before or after), then these consonants are pronounced as ㅋ, ㅌ, ㅍ, and ㅊ, respectively.
① 좋고 → [조코]
② 좋다 → [조타]
③ 좋지 → [조치]
④ 밥하고 → [바파고]
⑤ 축하해요 → [추카해요]
UNIT 1
안녕하세요? How are you?
Function | Saying hello
Korean culture | K-Pop
Let's Chat
Track 1
Teacher Han Gongju introduces herself.
안녕하세요?① Hello.
한공주예요.② I am Han Gongju.
한국 사람이에요.③ I am a Korean.
Marie introduces herself in the same way as Han Gongju.
안녕하세요? Hello?
마리예요. I am Marie.
캐나다 사람이에요. I am a Canadian.
학생이에요. I am a student.
빅뱅 팬이에요. I am a fan of Big Bang.
Gongju and Marie say goodbye to each other.
마 리 안녕히 계세요. Goodbye.
한공주 안녕히 가세요.⑤ Goodbye.
VOCABULARY & EXPRESSIONS
안녕하세요? How are you? / How do you do? / Hello
한국 Korea 사람 people / person / man / human 한국 사람 Korean
캐나다 Canada 캐나다 사람 Canadian 학생 student
빅뱅 Big Bang(popular Korean boy band) 팬 fan
안녕히 계세요 Goodbye(please stay in peace)
안녕히 가세요 Goodbye(please go in peace)
Just Follow Me!
● Learn more about this dialogue
① 안녕하세요?
안녕하세요? means ‘How are you? / How do you do? / Good morning / Good afternoon / Hello’. In Korea, you can say this in any greeting situation. Unlike English, greeting in Korean is not constrained by the time of day. However, you should bow when greeting someone. We have other forms of greeting, too. One is a formal style, 안녕하십니까, and another is 안녕. 안녕 is used between friends or to younger people.
② 한공주예요.
name + 이에요 / 예요 is ‘I am (name) / My name is (name)’. So 한공주예요 means ‘My name is Han Gongju’.
③ 한국 사람이에요.
name of country + 사람이에요 is ‘I am from (country)’. So 한국 사람이에요 means ‘I am from Korea / I am a Korean’.
④ 안녕히 계세요.
안녕히 means ‘peacefully’ and 계세요 means ‘please stay’. So 안녕히 계세요 means ‘Please stay in peace’. You can say this when someone is staying behind while you leave.
⑤ 안녕히 가세요.
가세요 means ‘please go’. So 안녕히 가세요 means ‘Please go in peace’.
You can use it when someone departs while you stay behind.
Grammar
● name / noun + 이에요 / 예요 : (I) am~ / (It) is~
When we introduce or indicate people or things, we use –이에요 / –예요. The subject can be omitted.
When the final syllable of a noun ends in a consonant, we use –이에요, and it ends in a vowel, we use –예요. There is no space placed between the noun and 이에요 / 예요.
ending in a consonant + 이에요 ending in a vowel + 예요
•한국사람이에요. I am a Korean.
•묘묘예요. I am Myomyo.
•펜이에요. It is a pen.
•컴퓨터예요. It is a computer.
•아이스크림이에요. It is ice cream.
•주스예요. It is juice.
Additional Vocabulary LEVEL OF IMPORTANCE
★ ★ ★ ☆ ☆
나라 이름 Country names
Track 1
한국
Korea
일본
Japan
중국
China
인도
India
필리핀
The Philippines
미국
The USA
캐나다
Canada
멕시코
MAGIC KOREAN: Mastering Korean for Beginners in 31 days Page 2
