9 The Memoirs of Robert Carey, p. 99; all the English accounts carefully record this scene in which Elizabeth verbally or by gesture named James as her successor, whereas ambassadors’ reports have conflicting versions, some claiming that Elizabeth made no declaration as to her heir. BL Cotton MS Titus C vii 57, a note of some public proceedings and death of Elizabeth. De Beaumont’s account says that she put her hand to her head, Birch, Memoirs of Reign of Elizabeth, II, p. 508.
10 The Memoirs of Robert Carey, p. 60.
11 Ibid., pp. 59–61.
12 The Diary of John Manningham, p. 208.
13 James F. Larkin and Paul L. Hughes, eds, Stuart Royal Proclamations, 2 vols (Oxford, 1973), I, pp. 1–2. Nichols (ed.), The Progresses, Processions and Magnificent Festivities of King James the First, 4 vols (London, 1828), vol. I, pp. 25–31.
14 Robert Carey, The True Narration of the Entertainment of his Royall Majestie … (London, 1603), p. 61.
15 The Memoirs of Robert Carey, p. 9.
16 The Diary of John Manningham, pp. 208–9.
17 Clapham, Elizabeth of England, p. 99.
Chapter 61: Regina Intacta
1 James V. Ricci, The Genealogy of Gynaecology (Philadelphia, 1950), p. 230.
2 Ben Jonson, ‘Conversations with William Drummond of Hawthornden’, in The Complete Poems, ed. George Parfitt (London, 1975), pp. 459–80 (at p. 470). The rumour about Elizabeth’s imperforate hymen was reported to the Queen by Mary Queen of Scots. See Murdin, Burghley’s State Papers, pp. 558–60.
3 Harington, A Tract on the Succession to the Crown, pp. 39–41.
4 Ibid.
5 CSP Ven, 1603–7, p. 3.
6 Clapham, Elizabeth of England, p. 190.
7 TNA E351/3145 fols 22ff, 25; TNA LC 2/4/4/2r.
8 TNA E531/3145 fol. 25.
9 The Diary of John Manningham, p. 223.
10 Catherine Loomis, ‘Elizabeth Southwell’s Manuscript Account’, p. 485; K. A. Cregan, ‘Early modern anatomy and the Queen’s body natural: The sovereign subject’ in Body & Society 13.2 (2007), pp. 47–66; K. A. Cregan, The Theatre of the Body. Staging Death and Embodying Life in Early Modern England (Turnhort, Belgium, 2009).
11 It is possible that Elizabeth’s body was opened but this was not mentioned in any of the other sources, as her councillors wanted it to appear that they had obeyed her orders.
12 Clapham, Elizabeth of England, p. 110.
13 Ibid., p. 111; TNA E351/3145 fols 22ff, 25; TNA LC 2/4/4/2r.
14 The Diary of Lady Anne Clifford, p. 4.
15 Catherine Loomis, ‘Elizabeth Southwell’s Manuscript Account’, p. 485.
16 Robert Persons, The Judgment of a Catholicke English-man, Living in Banishment for His Religion (St Omer, 1608).
17 Ibid., pp. 26–43.
18 Ibid., pp. 31–2.
19 Robert Persons, A Discussion of the Answere of M.William Barlow (St Omer, 1612), pp. 220–8.
Chapter 62: The Queen’s Effigy
1 Nigel Llewellyn, ‘The Royal Body: Monuments to the Dead, For the Living’, in Renaissance Bodies, Gent and Llewellyn (eds), pp. 218–240. See R. E. Giesey, The Royal Funeral Ceremony in Renaissance France (Geneva, 1960), pp. 19, 145.
2 CSP Ven, 1603–7, p. 22. See W. St J. Hope, ‘On the Funeral Effigies of the Kings and Queens of England’, in Archaeologist, LX (1907), pp. 517–70. John Colte was paid £10 ‘for ye Image representing hir late Majestie with diverse other thinges, viz one paire of straite bodies, a paire of drawers, bumbastm iiij screwing irons & other Irons, a payre of lastes, lace & pointes & also a Chest to cary ye same’. TNA LC2/4 (4) fol. 20. Walter Ripin was paid £15 ‘for one new Chariott with wheeles, carriages, boxes, hoopes and one new Cradle to the same, wherein the Corpes & representation was carried’. LC2/4(4) fol. 11. It seems likely that the crimson satin robe listed among the funeral expenses was used to cover the wooden effigy before it was dressed in the royal robes: ‘Paied to the said William Jones her late Majesties tayler for making the said Robe of Satten crymsin for the Royall Representacion aforesaid xiijs iiijd (ibid., fol. 11v). See also Anthony Harvey and Richard Mortimer, The Funeral Effigies of Westminster Abbey (Woodbridge, 1994).
3 CSP Ven, 1603–7, p. 3.
4 Jennifer Woodward, The Theatre of Death: The Ritual Management of Royal Funerals in Renaissance England, 1570–1625 (Woodbridge, 1997), p. 129.
5 W. Rye, England as seen by Foreigners (London, 1865), p. 164. Clare Gittings, Death, Burial and the Individual in Early Modern England (London, 1984), p. 223. For Elizabeth’s effigy, a crimson satin robe was sewn, lined with white fustian, with batons and a coif of cloth of gold, while £6.13s.4d was spent on ‘the crown sceptre and ball, being all gilt with fine gold burnished, the crown set with stones’.
6 See D. R. Woolf, ‘Two Elizabeths? James I and the Late Queen’s Famous Memory’, Canadian Journal of History, 20 (1985), pp. 167–91.
7 Stow, The Annales, p. 813.
8 Clapham, Elizabeth of England, p. 110; CSP Dom, 1603–16, p. 9.
9 CSP Ven, 1603–7, p. 23.
10 TNA LC 5/37; TNA LC 2/4/4 fol. 19.
11 Clapham, Elizabeth of England, p. 144.
12 Ibid., p. 111; for the funeral see TNA LC 2/4/4; E 351/3145; BL Add. MS 35324, fols 26–39; BL Cotton MS Faustina E I printed in Nichols (ed.), Progresses of Queen Elizabeth, III, pp. 620–6.
13 Ibid.
14 Henry Cheetle, Englands Mourning Garment (London, 1603), sig. F2r.
15 Ibid., sig. F2r.
16 Stow, The Annales, p. 815.
17 Thomas Dekker, The Wonderful Year, 1603, edited by George B. Harrison (New York, 1924).
18 Clapham, Elizabeth of England, pp. 114–15.
19 The Letters of Philip Gawdy, p. 128.
20 CSP Ven, 1603–7, p. 22.
21 Ibid., pp. 22, 24, 41; Henry Cheetle, The Order and Proceedings at the Funeral of Elizabeth (1603).
22 CSP Ven, 1601–3, p. 41.
23 Thomas Millington, The True Narration of the Entertainment of his Majesty from his departure from Edinburgh till his receiving at London, in Stuart Tracts 1603–1693, ed. C. H. Frith (New York, 1964), p. 15.
Epilogue: Secret Histories
1 An entry in the abbey account books for 1606 records: ‘for removing of Queene Elizabeth’s Body … 46 shillings 4 pence’, Westminster Abbey archives.
2 Letter dated 20 September 1613 – James to Dean of Peterborough, BLO, Ashmole MS 836 fol. 277.
3 See Julia M. Walker, The Elizabeth Icon, 1603–2003 (New York, 2004).
4 See Richard Burt, ‘Doing the Queen: Gender, Sexuality and Censorship of Elizabeth I’s Royal Image from Renaissance Portraiture to Twentieth-Century Mass Media’, in Andrew Hadfield (ed.), Literature and Censorship in Renaissance England (London, 2001), p. 207.
5 Julia M. Walker, ‘Reading the Tombs of Elizabeth I’, English Literary Renaissance, 26:3 (1996), pp. 510–30; ‘Bones of Contention: Posthumous Images of Elizabeth and Stuart Politics’, in Julia M. Walker (ed.), Dissing Elizabeth.
6 Thomas Newton, Atropoion Delion (London, 1603), sig. A3r.
7 Ibid., sig. B4v.
8 Purit-Anus (1609).
9 Francis Osbourne, Traditional Memoirs on the Reign of Queen Elizabeth and King James (London, 1658).
10 The Secret History of the Most Renowned Queen Elizabeth and the Earl of Essex (London, 1680).
11 John Banks, The Unhappy Favourite, ed. Thomas Marshall Howe Blair (New York, 1939).
12 Fraser’s Magazine for Town and Country, 48 (Oct. 1853), p. 376.
13 Charles Kingsley, ‘Sir Walter Raleigh and His Time’, in Plays and Puritans and Other Historical Essays (London, 1873), p. 123.
14 John Neale, Queen Elizabeth I (London, 1934).
15 W. C. Sellar and R. J. Yeatman, 1066 and All That (London, 1930), p. 59.
16 See for example S. Cunliffe-Owen, The Phoenix and the Dove (London, 1930).
17 Lytton Strachey, Elizabeth and Essex: A Tragic History (London, 1928).
18 Philip Reed (ed.), Letters from a Life: The Selected Letters of Benjamin Britton, volume four, 1952–57 (Woodbridge, 2008), p. 150.
19 Jean Plaidy, Queen of this Realm: The Story of Elizabeth I (London, 1983); Philippa Gregory, The Virgin’s Lover (London, 2010).
Bibliography
UNPUBLISHED SOURCES
Manuscripts
Archivo General de Simancas, Spain
Estado 814, 812, 815, 949, 8340
Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris
Fonds Français MSS 15970, Fonds Italien MS 1732
Bodleian Library, Oxford
Ashmole MS, Rawlinson MS, Tanner MS
British Library, London
Additional MSS 12506, 12507, 15914, 19401, 26056, 27401, 30078, 32379, 35183, 35324, 35830, 35831, 37749, 44839, 48018, 48023, 48027, 48049, 70093; Egerton 2124, 2806, 2836; Cotton Caligula C II; Cotton Caligula C IX; Cotton Caligula B X; Cotton Caligula D I; Cotton Caligula E V; Cotton Julius F VI; Cotton Nero B III; Cotton Faustina E I; Cotton Vespasian F XII; Cotton Vitellius C VII; Cotton Titus B II; Cotton Titus F I; Cotton Titus F III; Cotton Vitellius C VII; Cotton Galba E VI; Royal App 68; Stowe MS 143, 145, 147, 167, 555, 557; Tanner 76; Harleian MS 260, 290, 787, 1582, 5176, 6035, 6286, 6850, 6949; Lansdowne MS 29, 30, 33, 39, 41, 43, 62, 72, 102, 128, 703, 982, 1236; Sloane MS 326, 3846
Hatfield House, Hertfordshire
Cecil Papers
Keele University Library, Staffordshire
Paget Papers
Lambeth Palace Library, London
MS 604, 651, 664, 3197, 3199, 3201
Longleat House, Wiltshire
Dudley Papers
The National Archives, London
C 66, 115; SP 10, 12, 15, 27, 31, 46, 52, 53, 56, 63, 70, 78, 83; E 351/3145; LC 2, 4, 3, 5; KB 8/40, KB 8/55, 31/3
National Library of Scotland, Edinburgh
Advocates MS 1.2
St John’s College, Cambridge
MS I.30
PhD Theses
Brogan, Stephen, ‘The Royal Touch in Early Modern England: its Changing Rationale and Practice’, Birkbeck, University of London, 2011
Bundesen, Kristin, ‘No Other Faction but My Own: Dynastic Politics and Elizabeth I’s Carey Cousins’, University of Nottingham, 2008
Goldsmith, H., ‘All the Queen’s Women: the Changing Place and Perception of Aristocratic Women in Elizabethan England, 1558–1620’, Northwestern University, 1987
Merton, Charlotte, ‘The Women who Served Queen Mary and Queen Elizabeth: Ladies, Gentlewomen and Maids of the Privy Chamber, 1553–1603’, Cambridge University, 1992
PUBLISHED SOURCES
Primary
Acts of the Privy Council, ed. J. R. Dasent (London, 1890–1907)
Adams, S., ‘The Lauderdale Papers 1561–1570: the Maitland of Lethington State Papers and Leicester Correspondence’, Scottish Historical Review, 67 (1988), pp. 28–55
Allen, William, An Admonition to the Nobility (London, 1588)
Anon., Cabala, Sive Scrinia Sacra: Mysteries of State and Government in Letters (London, 1691)
_______‘Dudley and the Catholic Conspirators of 1561, An Anonymous History from Edward VI to December 1562’, British Library MS Additional 48023, ff. 350–369v, 1563, in Religion, Politics, and Society in Sixteenth-century England, eds Ian W. Archer, Simon Adams, and George Bernard, Camden Society, 5th series, vol. 22 (Cambridge, 2003)
Arnold, Janet, Lost from Her Majesties Back: Items of clothing and jewels lost or given away by Queen Elizabeth I between 1561 and 1585, entered in one of the day books kept for the records of the Wardrobe of the Robes (Wisbech, 1980)
Bacon, Francis, ‘Apophthegms’, in The Works of Francis Bacon, ed. Basil Montague (London, 1823)
_______A Letter Written out of England … containing a True Report of a Strange Conspiracy (London, 1599)
Baker, J. H., ed. Reports from the Lost Notebooks of Sir James Dyer, 2 vols (London, 1994)
Beale, Robert, A Treatise of the Office of a Councellor and Principall Secretarie to the Majestie, 1592, in Conyers Read, Mr Secretary Walsingham and the Policy of Queen Elizabeth, vol. 1 (Hamden, 1967)
‘Ben Jonson’s Conversations with William Drummond of Hawthornden’, in Ben Jonson, eds C. H. Herford, P. Simpson, and E. Simpson (Oxford, 1925–52)
Berry, Lloyd E., John Stubbs’s ‘Gaping Gulf’ with Letters and other Relevant Documents (Charlottesville, Virginia, 1968)
Birch, Thomas, Memoirs of the Reign of Queen Elizabeth, from the year 1581 till Death, 2 vols (London, 1754)
Blackwood, Adam, Martyre de la royne d’Escosse (Edinburgh, 1588)
Bodin, Jean, De la Demonomanie des Sorciers (Anvers, 1580)
Bohun, Edmund, The Character of Queen Elizabeth (London, 1693)
Boorde, Andrew, The Breuiary of Helthe, for all maner of syckenesses and diseases the which may be in man, or woman doth folowe (London, 1547)
_______The Fyrst Boke of the Introduction of Knowledge (London, 1547)
Brenchley Rye, William, England as Seen By Foreigners in the Days of Elizabeth and James the First (London, 1865)
Bruce, John, ‘Annals of the First Four Years of the Reign of Queen Elizabeth by Sir John Hayward’, Camden Society (Cambridge, 1840)
_______Letters of Queen Elizabeth and James VI of Scotland (London, 1849)
_______Correspondence of King James VI of Scotland (London, 1861)
Bullein, William, A newe boke of phisicke (London, 1599)
_______Bulwarke of defence againste all Sicknes, Sornes and Woundes (London, 1562)
Calendar of Letters, Despatches and State Papers Relating to the Negotiations between England and Spain, Preserved in the Archives at Simancas and Elsewhere, ed. Royall Tyler, 13 vols (London, 1862–1954)
Calendar of the Manuscripts of His Grace the Duke of Rutland, 4 vols (London, 1888)
Calendar of the Manuscripts of Lord De L’Isle and Dudley, Preserved at Penshurst Place, 6 vols (London, 1933)
Calendar of Manuscripts of the Marquess of Bath at Longleat, Wilts, 3 vols (London, HMSO, 1908)
Calendar of the Manuscripts of the Most Hon. the Marquis of Salisbury, K.G, &c, Preserved at Hatfield House, Hertfordshire, 24 vols (London, 1883–1976)
Calendar of State Papers, Domestic Series, Addenda, 1566–1579, ed. M. A. Green (London, 1871)
Calendar of State Papers, Domestic Series of the Reigns of Edward VI, Mary, Elizabeth, 1547–1625, eds Robert Lemon and Mary Anne Everett Green, 12 vols (London, 1856–72)
Calendar of State Papers, Foreign Series, of the Reign of Elizabeth, eds Joseph Stevenson et al. (London, 1863–1950)
Calendar of State Papers and Manuscripts Relating to English Affairs, Existing in the Archives and Collections of Venice and Other Libraries of Northern Italy, eds Rawdon Brown and G. Cavendish Bentinck, 38 vols (London, 1864–1947)
Calendar of State Papers Relating to English Affairs, Preserved Principally in the Archives of Simancas, Elizabeth, eds M. A. S. Hume et al. (London, 1892–9)
Calendar of State Papers Relating to English Affairs, Preserved Principally at Rome at the Vatican Archives and Library, ed. J. M. Rigg (London, 1916–26)
Calendar of State Papers Relating to Scotland and Mary Queen of Scots, eds Joseph Bain et al., 5 vols (Edinburgh, 1898–1952)
Camden, William, Annales: The True and Royall History of the Famous Empresse Elizabeth … (London, 1625)
Canestrini, G. and Desjardins, A., Negociations Diplomatiques de la France avec la Toscane, 5 vols (Paris, 1865–75)
Carey, Robert, The Memoirs of Robert Carey, ed. F. H. Mares (Oxford, 1972)
Carleton, Dudley, ‘Dudley Carleton to John Chamberlain 1603–1624’, in Jacobean Letters, ed. Maurice Lee Jr (New Brunswick, 1972)
Castelnau, Michel de, Memoires, ed. Jacques Castelnau (Paris, c.1621)
Catherine de Medicis, Lettres de Catherine de Medicis, ed. H. de la Ferrière-Percy (Paris, 1880)
Cecil, William, The Execution of Justice in England for Maintenance of Publique and
Christian Peace (London, 1583)
Chamberlain, J., The Letters of John Chamberlain, ed. N. E. McClure (Philadelphia, 1939)
Chettle, Henry, England’s Mourning Garment (London, 1603)
_______The History of the Most Renowned and Victorious Princess Elizabeth, Late Queen of England … (London, 1630)
Churchyard, R., The Firste Parte of Churchyardes Chippes, Containing Twelve Severall Labours (London, 1575)
Clapham, J., Elizabeth of England: Certain Observations Concerning the Life and Reign of Queen Elizabeth, eds E. P. Read and C. Read (Oxford, 1951)
Clay, W. K., ed. Liturgies and Occasional Forms of Prayer Set Forth in the Reign of Queen Elizabeth (Cambridge, 1847)
Clifford, Arthur, The State Papers and Letters of Sir Ralph Sadler, 2 vols (London, 1809)
Clowes, William, A Briefe and Necessarie Treatise Touching the Cure of the Disease Called Morbus Gallicus (London, 1585)
_______A Right Fruitful and Approved Treatise for the Artificial Cure of that Malady Called in Latin Struma (London, 1602)
Colección de Documentos Inéditos para la Historia de España (Codoin), eds M. F. Navarete et al. (Madrid, 1842–95)
Collection of State Papers, Relating to Affairs in the Reigns of King Henry VIII, King Edward VI, Queen Mary and Queen Elizabeth, from the Year 1542 to 1570, ed. Samuel Haynes (London, 1740)
Collins, A. F., ed. Jewels and Plate of Queen Elizabeth I: the Inventory of 1574, from MS 1650 and Stowe MS 555 in the British Museum (London, 1955)
A Conference about the Next Succession to the Crowne of Ingland (Antwerp, 1594)
‘The Count of Feria’s Dispatch of 14 November 1558’, eds M. J. Rodriguez-Salgado and S. Adams, Camden Miscellany, 27 (1984), pp. 302–44
Coxe, Francis, A Short Treatise Declaring the Destestable Wickednesse of Magicall Sciences, as Necromancie, Coniurations of Spirites, Curiouse Astrologie and Such Lyke (London, 1561)
Dalrymple, David, ed. The Secret Correspondence of Sir Robert Cecil with James VI (Edinburgh, 1766)
Dee, John, ‘The Compendious Rehearsal of John Dee’, in Hoannis, confratis & monachi Glastoniensis, chronica sive historia de rebus Glastoniensibus, ed. T. Hearne, 2 vols (Oxford, 1726)
D’Ewes, Simonds, The Journals of all the Parliaments in the Reign of Queen Elizabeth (London, 1682)
The Queen's Bed: An Intimate History of Elizabeth's Court Page 51
