by Ilan Pappe
7 Almog, ‘Pluralism in the History of the Yishuv and Zionism’.
8 See Norman Finkelstein, ‘Disinformation and the Palestine Question: The Not-So-Strange Case of Joan Peters’ From Time Immemorial’, in Edward Said and Christopher Hitchens, ed., Blaming the Victims: Spurious Scholarship and the Palestinian Question, London: Verso, 1988, pp. 33–70.
9 D. F. Merriam, ‘Kansas Nineteenth-Century Geologic Maps’, Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science, 99 (1996), pp. 95–114.
10 J. B. Harely, ‘Deconstructing the Map’, Cartographica, 26:2 (Summer 1989), p. 1.
11 Martin Gilbert, The Atlas of the Arab–Israeli Conflict, New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.
12 Ibid.
13 See the Palestinian point of view in Ilan Pappe, A History of Modern Palestine: One Land, Two Peoples, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003, pp. 105–7.
14 The British Government in Palestine, The Palestine Survey, prepared in December 1945 and January 1946 for UNSCOP.
15 Salman Abu-Sitta, Atlas of Palestine, 1948, London: Palestine Land Society, 2004.
2 The Alien Who Became a Terrorist: The Palestinian in Zionist Thought
1 Edward Said and Jean Mohr, After the Last Sky, New York: Columbia University Press, 1998, p. 4.
2 Directed by Michael Parzan, Israel First Channel co-production with Doc en Stock, January 2012.
3 Barbara Smith, Roots of Separatism in Palestine: The British Economic Policy, 1920–1948, London and New York: I. B. Tauris, 1993.
4 David Ben-Gurion, from a speech celebrating the twenty-fifth anniversary of the Second Aliyah, The Book of the Second Aliyah, Tel Aviv: Am Oved, 1947.
5 Ibid., Mendel Zinger, ‘From Barodi (a Shtetl in the Ukraine) to Eretz Israel’, p. 128.
6 Ibid.
7 Ibid., Moshe Beilinson, ‘Rebelling Against Reality’, p. 48, and Ben-Gurion’s anniversary speech, p. 17.
8 Ibid., Zinger, ‘From Barodi (a Shtetl in the Ukraine) to Eretz Israel’.
9 Ibid., Natan Hofshi, ‘The Pioneers of Zion’, p. 139.
10 Ibid., Yona Hurewitz, ‘From Kibbush Ha ’avoda to Settlement’, p. 210.
11 Natan Hofshi, ‘A Pact with the Land’, The Book of the Second Aliyah, p. 239.
12 Ben-Gurion’s anniversary speech, The Book of the Second Aliyah, p. 17.
13 Ibid., Alexander Zaid, ‘The Genesis’, p. 169.
14 Michal Sadan, ‘The Hebrew Shepherd’, PhD Thesis, Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University, 2006.
15 See Zaid, ‘The Genesis’, pp. 169–70.
16 Ibid.
17 Natan Shifris, ‘The Memoirs of a Factory Worker’, The Book of the Second Aliyah, p. 191.
18 Ibid.
19 Israel Kadishman, ‘Neither by Might, Nor by Force’, The Book of the Second Aliyah, p. 293.
20 Yossef Rabinowitch, ‘Entries from the Rehovot Diary’, The Book of the Second Aliyah, p. 234.
21 Ibid., p. 235
22 For these and other typical references, see Yair Baumel, Blue and White Shadow: The Israeli Establishment Policy and Action, The Formative Years, 1958–1968, Haifa, Israel: Pardes, 2007 (Hebrew).
23 See Ilan Pappe, The Forgotten Palestinians: A History of the Palestinians in Israel, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2011, pp. 126–7.
24 Anita Shapira, The Dove’s Sword: Zionism and Force, Tel Aviv: Am Oved, 1992, (Hebrew).
25 Golda Meir at a London press conference in 1969, quoted in Marie Syrkin, A Land of Our Own: An Oral Autobiography, New York: Putnam, 1973, p. 242.
26 Ilan Pappe, The Rise and Fall of a Palestinian Dynasty: The Husaynis, 1700–1948, Berkeley, CA: California University Press, 2011, pp. 212–42.
27 Shai Lachman, ‘Arab Rebellion and Terrorism in Palestine, 1929–1939: The Case of Izz al-Din al-Qassam and His Movement’, in Elie Kedourie and Sylvia Haim, ed., Zionism and Arabism in Palestine and Israel, London and New York: Frank Cass, 1982, pp. 53–69.
28 A view formed already by one of the leading Arabists of the Zionist movement, Ezra Danin, and adopted by generations of Israeli historians thereafter; see Ezra Danin, Documents and Photos from the Archives of the Arab Gangs, 1936–1939, Jerusalem: Manges, 1981 (Hebrew).
29 Jenny Laval, Haj Amin and Berlin, Tel Aviv: Hakibbutz Hameuhad, 1996 (Hebrew).
30 Benny Morris, 1948: A History of the First Arab–Israel War, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2010.
31 Benny Morris, Israel’s Border Wars, 1949–1956: Arab Infiltration, Israeli Retaliation, and the Countdown to the Suez War, New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.
32 Jillian Becker, The PLO: The Rise and Fall of the Palestine Liberation Organization, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1984.
33 Morris, Israel’s Border Wars.
34 Avi Shlaim, The Iron Wall: Israel and the Arab World, New York: Norton, pp. 143–56.
35 Ze’ev Schiff and Ehud Ya’ari, Intifada: The Palestinian Uprising – Israel’s Third Front, New York: Simon and Schuster, 1990.
36 Yehoshua Porath, The Emergence of the Palestinian-Arab National Movement, 1918–1929, London: Frank Cass, 1974, and The Palestinian Arab National Movement, 1929–1939, London: Frank Cass, 1977.
37 Yehoshafat Harkabi, Arab Attitudes to Israel, New York: Wiley and Sons, 1974, p. 1.
38 Matti Steinberg, Unending Quest: The Development of Palestinian National Consciousness, Tel Aviv: Dekel, 2000.
39 Moshe Shemesh, The Palestinian Entity, 1959–1974: Arab Politics and the PLO, London: Frank Cass, 1988; Avraham Sela, The Decline of the Arab–Israeli Conflict: Middle East Politics and the Quest for Regional Order, Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1997; and Shaul Mishal, The PLO Under Arafat: Between Gun and Olive Branch, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1986.
40 Noam Chomsky, Powers and Prospects: Reflections on Human Nature and the Social Order, New York: South End Press, 1999.
41 Pappe, Forgotten Palestinians, pp. 50–63.
42 Sammy Smooha, ‘Arab–Jewish Relations’, Ephrain Yaari and Zeev Shavit, eds, Trends in Israeli Society, Tel Aviv: Open University, 2001, p. 238 (Hebrew).
43 Sammy Smooha, Israel, Pluralism and Conflict, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1978, p. 31.
44 Sammy Smooha, The Orientation and Politicisation of the Arab Minority in Israel, Haifa, Israel: The Arab-Jewish Centre, 1984.
45 Uri Ram, The Changing Agenda of Israeli Sociology: Theory, Ideology and Identity, New York: State University of New York Press, 1994.
46 Calvin Goldscheider and Dov Friedlander, ‘Reproductive Norms in Israel’, in Usiel Oskar Schmelz and Gad Nathan, ed., Studies in the Population of Israel, Volume 30, Jerusalem: Magnes Press, 1986, pp. 15–35.
47 Elia Zureik, ‘Prospects of the Palestinians in Israel: A Review Article’, Journal of Palestine Studies, Part I, 22: 2 (Winter 1993), pp. 90–109 and Part II, 22: 4 (Summer 1993), pp. 73–93.
3 The War of 1948 in Word and Image
1 Netanel Lorch, The Edge of the Sword: Israel’s War of Independence, 1947–1949, New York: Textbook Publishers, 2003, p. 1.
2 Ibid. See also Alon Kadish, ed., Israel’s War of Independence, 1948–1949, volumes I–II, Tel Aviv: Ministry of Defence Publications, 2004 (Hebrew).
3 Porath, The Emergence of the Palestinian-Arab National Movement.
4 Shemesh, The Palestinian Entity.
5 Lorch, The Edge of the Sword; Jon and David Kimche, Both Sides of the Hill: Britain and the Palestine War, London: Secher and Warburg, 1960.
6 Gershon Rivlin and Elhanan Oren, ed., The War Diary, 1948, Volume I, Tel Aviv: Ministry of Defence Publication, 1982, p. 9 (Hebrew).
7 The Hebrew Encyclopaedia, Volume Six.
8 Ibid.
9 Anita Shapira, Walking Along the Horizon, Tel Aviv: Am Oved, 1989, p. 54 (Hebrew).
10 See Ben-Zion Dinur’s introduction in the opening pages of Yehuda Slutzky, The History of the Hagana, volumes I–III, Tel Aviv: Ministry of Defence Publication, 1982.
11 Cathedra, 1 (1976) was d
evoted to this debate.
12 Amiztur Ilan, ‘The Prophecy of a Jewish State and Its Realisation, 1941–1949’, Ha-Ziyonut, 10, p. 279 (Hebrew).
13 Michael Cohen, Palestine and the Great Powers, 1945–1948, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1982; Ilan Pappe, Britain and the Arab–Israeli Conflict, 1948–1951, London: Macmillan, 1988.
14 See David Ben-Gurion, When Israel Went to War, Tel Aviv: Am Oved, 1975 (Hebrew).
15 David Greenberg, The Cinema, Tel Aviv: Am Oved, 1967, p. 212 (Hebrew).
16 Nurith Gertz, Hirbet Hiza’a and The Morning After, Tel Aviv: Hakibbutz Hameuhad, 1983, p. 168 (Hebrew).
17 Nurith Gertz, A Story from the Movies, Tel Aviv: Open University Press, 1993, p. 21 (Hebrew).
18 Directed by Thorold Dickinson in 1955. See Ella Shohat’s critique of the film in Ella Shohat, Israel: Cinema: East/West and the Politics of Representation, Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 1989, pp. 58–64.
19 Gilbert, Atlas of the Arab–Israeli Conflict.
20 They Were Only Ten, directed by Baruch Dienar (1961).
21 See Shohat, Israeli Cinema, pp. 70–1.
22 I have analysed the background for the British decision in Pappe, Britain and the Arab–Israeli Conflict.
23 Directed by Yossi Milo in 1967.
24 See Shohat, Israeli Cinema, pp. 120–1.
25 Directed by Nathan Axelrod in 1963.
26 Waltz with Bashir was directed by Ari Folman and The Gatekeepers by Dror Moreh.
27 The director was Menahem Golan and the film is based on a children’s story by Yemima Avidar-Chernowitz, a famous children’s author. In the original story the villian was German; in the film he was both a Nazi and an Arab.
28 The director was Gil Sadan in 1988.
29 The director of that sequence was Nissim Dayan in 1989.
4 The Trailblazers
1 Daniel Florentine, Conversations with Maxim Ghilan, Tel Aviv: Yaron Golan Publication, 1998 (Hebrew).
2 Ibid.
3 I have gathered his biographical details from, among other sources, an excellent article by Eli Aminov, ‘Judaism, Zionism and Israel Shahak’, in Haoketz (Haoketz.org), (1 December 2011). See also, ‘The Life of Death: An Exchange’, by Israel Shahak with a reply by Timothy Garton Ash, New York Review of Books, 34:1, (29 January 1987), and Morton Nezvinsky, ‘In Memoriam: Israel Shahak’, Washington Report on Middle East Affairs, (August/September 2001).
4 Israel Shahak, Jewish History, Jewish Religion, London: Pluto, 2010.
5 Ibid., pp. 79, 89.
6 Ibid., p. 125.
7 In 2010, Boaz Evron wrote a book on his life and writing titled Athens and the Land of Oz, published by Nahar Publications in Tel Aviv. On the Canaanite movement, see Yaacov Shavit, The New Hebrew Nation, London and New York: Routledge, 1987.
8 Boaz Evron, ‘How Can One Enjoy from All the Worlds (How Can One Have the Cake and Eat It)’, Yedioth Ahronoth, 8 December 1978, republished in his new book Athens and the Land of Oz.
9 Avraham Shapira, Conversations Between Soldiers, Tel Aviv: The Kibbutz Movement, 1967. See the analysis of this publication in Piterberg, The Returns of Zionism, pp. 232–333.
10 Boaz Evron, A National Reckoning, Tel Aviv: Devir Publications, 1988.
11 He said this on the Sixth Session in the Russian Social-Democratic Party’s Second Congress, 1903, published by Index Books, London, 1978.
12 Evron, A National Reckoning, pp. 328–32.
13 There are not many English sources on the life of this brilliant scholar. There is a good summary in Joel Greenberg, ‘Yeshayahu Leibowitz, 91, Iconoclastic Israeli Thinker’, New York Times, (19 August 1994). His most important book in English is Judaism, Human Values and the Jewish State, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995 (and a book on Maimonides that appeared a year later).
14 Yeshayahu Leibowitz, ‘After Qibiya’, Beterm, 1953/1954 (in Hebrew).
15 Ibid.
16 These views are reproduced in Dror Moreh’s film, The Gatekeepers (2012).
17 Yitzhak Laor, ‘Israel the Grandfather, and Also a Scientist and a Hero Who Abhorred Heroism’, Haaretz, (28 September 2012).
18 Yeshayahu Leibowitz, Faith, History and Values, Jerusalem: Magnes, 1982, p. 225 (Hebrew).
19 Ibid.
20 Uri Avnery, In the Fields of the Philistines, Tel Aviv: Zemora-Bitan, 1990 (Hebrew).
21 Uri Avnery, The Other Side of the Coin, Tel Aviv: Shimoni Publications, 1950 (Hebrew).
22 Nitza Erel, Uri Avnery: Without Bias and Without Fear, Jerusalem: Magnes Publications, 1990 (Hebrew).
23 Akiva Orr, ‘How Did I Arrive at Politics, the Communist Party and Matzpen’, matzpen.org, (1 September 2008) (Hebrew).
24 Avigail Abarbanel, Beyond Tribal Loyalties: Personal Stories of Jewish Peace Activists, Newcastle, UK: Cambridge and Scholars Publishing, 2012.
25 Akiva Orr with Moshe Machover, Peace, Peace and No Peace, Tel Aviv: Matzpen, 1950. There is also a limited English edition, which can be accessed through Orr’s open-access books site akivaorrbooks.org/hebrew, with the title The Un-Jewish State: The Politics of Israel.
26 See Michael Warschawski, On The Border, Tel Aviv: Carmel, 1989 (Hebrew), which also came out in English, under the same title with South End Press in 2005.
27 Ilan Halevi wrote a semi-autobiographical novel, Allers-retours, Paris: Flammarion, 2005.
28 Uri Davis, Crossing the Border: An Autobiography of an Anti-Zionist Palestinian Jew, London: Books & Books Ltd, 1995.
29 Uri Davis, Apartheid Israel: Possibilities for the Struggle Within, London: Zed Books, 2004.
30 This has also happened to the anthropologist Samadar Lavie, who taught in several Israeli universities before being forced to leave.
31 Nitza Erel, Matzpen: The Conscience and the Fantasy, Tel Aviv: Resling, 2010 (Hebrew). The word matzpen (compass) and the word matzpun (conscience) have a similar etymology.
32 Ran Greenstein, ‘Class, Nation, and Political Organization: The Anti-Zionist Left in Israel/Palestine’, International Labour and Working-Class History, 75 (Spring 2009), pp. 85–108.
33 Yitzhak Rubin (director), Udi Adiv, A Broken Israeli Myth, 2010 (Teknews Media Ltd).
34 Uriel Tal, ‘Reciprocity Between General and Jewish History, Yahdaut Zemanenu 3 (1986), pp. 3–12.
35 The most comprehensive analysis of the Black Panthers in Israel can be found in Sami Shalom Chetrit, Intra-Jewish Conflict in Israel: White Jews, Black Jews, London and New York: Routledge, 2009, pp. 81–140 (and his notes on Abargel on page 100–7).
36 See also Ilan Pappe, A History of Modern Palestine: One Land, Two Peoples, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006, pp. 211–13.
37 Shmuel Noah Eisenstadt, Introduction to the Social Structure of the Mizrachi Communities, Jerusalem: The Szold Institute, 1948; The Social Structure of Israel, Beit Berl Publications, 1958; The Israeli Society: Background, Development and Problems, Jerusalem: Magnes, 1967; and The Transformations in Israeli Society, Jerusalem: Magnes, 1989. Although scores of his books on modernisation elsewhere in the world and on the theory of modernisation appeared in English, only the last book on Israel appeared in English.
38 Sholmo Svirsky, ‘Notes on the Historical Sociology of the Yishuv Period’, in Uri Ram, ed., Israeli Society: Critical Perspectives, Tel Aviv: Breirot, 1993, p. 80 (published originally in the University of Haifa Notes on Critique and Theory) (Hebrew).
39 Ibid., and Sammy Smooha, ‘Class, Ethnic and National Cleavages and Democracy in Israel’, in Uri Ram, Israeli Society, pp. 172–202 (Hebrew).
40 Smooha, ‘Class, Ethnic and National Cleavages and Democracy in Israel’, p. 183.
41 Baruch Kimmerling, Zionism and Territory: The Socio-Territorial Dimensions of Zionist Politics, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1983; Yonathan Shapira’s most important book in this respect is Elite Without Successors: Generations of Leaders in the Israeli Society, Tel Aviv: Poalim, 1984.
42 Yonathan Shapira, ‘T
he Historical Origins of Israeli Democracy’, in Uri Ram, Israeli Society, p. 52 (Hebrew).
43 Baruch Kimmerling, ‘State-Society Relations in Israel’, in Uri Ram, Israeli Society, p. 336 (Hebrew).
44 Shapira, Elite Without Successors.
45 Baruch Kimmerling’s last book was Politicide: The Real Legacy of Ariel Sharon, London: Verso, 2006.
46 Erel, Matzpen.
47 Maxime Rodinson, Israel: A Colonial-Settler State?, New York: Monad Press, 1973.
48 Anita Shapira, Visions in Conflict, Tel Aviv: Am Oved, 1988 (Hebrew).
49 Ran Aaronson, ‘Settlement in Eretz Israel – A Colonialist Enterprise? “Critical” Scholarship and Historical Geography’, Israel Studies, 1:2 (Fall 1996), pp. 214–29.
50 Gershon Shafir, Land, Labour, and the Origins of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989.
51 Deborah S. Bernstein, Constructing Boundaries: Jewish and Arab Workers in Mandatory Palestine, Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 2004; David De Vries, Diamonds and War: State, Capital and Labour in British-Ruled Palestine, London: Berghahn Books, 2010.
5 Recognising the Palestinian Catastrophe: The 1948 War Revisited
1 The information about this episode is gathered from an article by Shay Hazkani, titled ‘The Research That Was Meant to Prove That the Arabs Had Fled in 1948’, published in Haaretz weekend supplement, (17 May 2013).
2 Ibid.
3 Ibid.
4 Ibid.
5 Rony Gabbay, A Political Study of the Arab–Jewish Conflict: The Arab Refugee Problem, Geneva: Librarie Droz, 1959.
6 Quoted in Hazkani, ‘The Research That Was Meant to Prove That the Arabs Had Fled in 1948’.
7 Quoted in ibid.
8 See Noam Chomsky and Ilan Pappe, The War on Gaza, Penguin: London, 2010, pp. 19–56.
9 Simha Flapan, The Birth of Israel: Myths and Realities, New York: Pantheon Books, 1988, pp. 3–6.
10 Ibid.
11 Ibid.
12 Ibid.
13 Ibid., p. 33.
14 Ibid., pp. 55–81.
15 Ibid., pp. 82–118.
16 Israel Baer, Israel’s Security: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow, Tel Aviv: Maarachot, 1966 (Hebrew).
