by E. Paul Zehr
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid): aging and, 250
behavior and, 22–25
mitochondria, 87
nucleus, 14
parental transmission, 16, 25
physical structure, 17–19
protein synthesis and, 20
replication, 24, 29
dopamine, 108
“dose-response,” in adaptations, 60–62
double muscling, in animals, 26–27
Ducard, Henri, 114–15, 150
Eastern martial arts, 124–25, 128–29, 169
electric signals: head trauma and, 225
motor activity, 6, 48–49, 104–5
neuron conduction, 12–14
electrolytes: cell membrane channels, 13, 78, 224
endocrine regulation, 34
emotion, as performance factor, 141–43, 237
empty hand fighting, 135, 152, 167, 169, 230
endocrine system, 34–37, 62, 96, 237
endorphins, 186
endurance, muscular: gendered, 244
genetics, 25–26
training adaptations, 96–97
energy balance: in metabolism, 76–79, 85
standing and, 172–74
trauma and, 225–26, 234
energy expenditure: in training, xviii, 92–95
in work, 77–78, 83–84
energy level, influences on, 202, 244
energy of motion, 78
explosive power, 162–65
first law, 162
material strikes, 166–70
relative, 163
second law, 164
velocity in, 164
energy source: currency exchange analogy, 86–87
for exercise, 80, 84–87
for fights, 89–91
for muscle contraction, 51, 79
stored, 78–79, 84–85, 87, 91, 172
energy systems, over time, 88–89
engagement distance, 130–32, 244
environment: bone protection, 64, 66
genetic predisposition vs., 22–23, 29
heat sources, 194–96
homeostasis challenges, 41–42, 61–62
stressful, performance and, 145–46
epilepsy, 46, 116
epinephrine, 36
espionage, in ninjutsu, 134–35
estrogen, bone remodeling and, 70
ethics, in combat, 126, 129, 135, 139, 151–53, 156, 161
exercise physiology, xiii
body clock and, 201–2
fluid loss and, 196–97
heat loss/gain, 194–96. See also physical training
task performance 171–73
exhaustion, 33, 41
exoskeleton, 191–93, 249
expired gases, measurement, 92–93
falls/falling, 173–76, 222–23
fast (type II) motor units, 52, 255
fatigue, 33, 41, 52, 233, 237
fat mass, 4
energy from, 85, 91
measurement, 5–7
fats: classifications, 81
energy content, 85–87
intake recommendations, 79–80
metabolism, 84–85
fatty acids: energy content, 87–88, 91
essential, 81
free, 83–84
feedback: negative, in adaptation, 33–34, 41, 53
in reflexes, 109–12
sensory, in movement, 102–6, 108–9, 141
femur, response to load, 70–71, 230–31
Fernel, Jean, 109
fighting: energy expenditure, 94
force translated into, 169–70
gender and, 239–46
injuries, 221, 230
as martial art, 125–27, 129–33, 136
motor learning, 122
ultimate, peak performance, 262
“fight or flight” response, 32–33, 95, 155
Finger, Bill, ix
fingers: flexion, 105–6
hardening, 182–83
fingertips, in conditioning, 182, 189–90
firefighters, protection for, 193–94
fist strikes, materials for, 166–70
flexibility, in collisions, 164–65
flexion movements: finger, 105–6
in strength training, 54, 60
fluid loss, during exercise, 196–97
focus, mental, 139–40, 147, 149
food labels, 80–81
football players: career length, 253, 262
helmets, 227–29
injuries, 221–22, 227–28
performance factors, 22–23, 147, 206–7
throwing motions, 163
foot strikes: in conditioning, 182–83, 185
velocity/force, 168–69, 244. See also kicks/kicking
force(s): boxing, 169–70
break-falling, 175–76
environmental, protection from, 66
impulse and, 164–65, 193
injuries, 222, 230–31
judo throws, 171–73
material strikes, 165–70
mechanical, physiological response, 41, 56–57, 77
muscle production, 46, 51–52, 54, 57
Newton’s law, 162
pressure and, 165
strength/power, 45, 58, 60
summation, 162–63
transfer across bones, 64–66
Foreman, George, 257–58
Fujita, Seiko, 135
Funakoshi, Gichin, 120, 128
functional capacity, aging and, 248, 252, 254–55
gan, 144
GAS. See general adaptation syndrome
gate control theory of pain, 186–87
gender, as performance factor, 239–46
gene mutations, 26
of myostatin, 26–28
general adaptation syndrome (GAS), 33, 41, 66
in injury recovery, 233
in sleep deprivation, 212, 215
genes/genetics: cloning, 29
expression, 16–17, 53
mitochondria, 87
in neurodegenerative disease, 253
parental transmission, 15–16, 25
physical fitness contributions, 25–26, 57, 62
science of, 14–15, 24, 29, 261
as training limit, xvii, 10–11, 21–25
genetic code/coding, 15, 17–20, 22–25
genotype, 17
Giant Batman Annual #1 (1961), 115, 266, 270
gigantism, 39–40
gloves, boxing, 169–70
for head injury prevention, 227–28
glucose: endocrine regulation, 37–39
energy from, 79, 88, 91
metabolism, 84–85, 87
sleep deprivation and, 211
glycogen, 84, 91
glycolysis, 88
golf/golfers, 23
mental aspects, 140, 143, 147
motor learning, 121, 140–43
Gordon, Barbara, 239. See also Batgirl
Gordon, James, police commissioner, x, 83, 239
Gotham City: body clock and, 209–11
defense of, xiv, xvi, 4, 58, 72, 134, 233, 245, 248
grappling: bone adaptations, 72
gender and, 243, 245
martial arts, 131–33, 135
gravity: bone function, 65–66
judo, 171–73
Grayson, Dick, 136. See also Robin
The Greatest Batman Stories Ever Told (Girodano), xiv, 11, 123
gripping, bone adaptations, 72–73
growth and development, 65, 78
endocrine regulation, 34, 39–40
growth factors: insulin-like, 39–40, 254, 256
training response, 57–58
growth hormone, 39–40, 96
guns: Batman’s attitude toward, 151–52, 155, 249
sleep-related accidents, 213
gunshot wounds, 107, 193
gymnastics, 172
hammer fist strike, 166–68
hand conditioning, 182–83
savage
technique, 189–90
skin deep, 184–85
hand strikes: in conditioning, 182–83, 185
knife, 182, 189–90
open, 125, 128
surface area and, 165
velocity/force of, 166–70, 244
hand throw, in judo, 173–74
hand-to-hand fighting, 127, 136, 170
empty, 135, 152, 167, 169, 230
hardening. See body conditioning Harley Quinn, 140
Haversian canal, 68–69
Hayflick limit, 249, 255
head bashing, 181–82, 227
head injuries: concussion, 166, 169–70, 220–22
gunshot, 107, 193
physiology, 222–27
prevention, 227–29
repetitive effects, 225–27, 252–53
heat: biochemical, 86
loss/gain in exercise, 194–96
muscle production, 79, 194, 196
Hebb’s postulate, 118
height, body, 6–7, 29
helmets: boxing, 169–70, 227–28
football, 227–29
heredity: blood types and, 17–18
environmental conditions vs., 22–23
physical traits and, 15–17, 24
hippocampus, 116, 225
hockey players, aging and, 257–58
homeostasis: aging and, 249–50
batsuit effect, 194, 196
becoming Batman, 260–61
concept of, xi, 31–32, 237
energy balance, 77–78, 85, 94
injury recovery and, 224–25, 233
nervous system role, 85, 95–96
results of challenges, 41–42, 46, 53, 61, 211
stress and, 32–33, 39, 41
homunculus, 47, 104, 121
hormones: decline over life span, 254, 256
life stress and, 40–42
metabolic role, x, xviii, 34, 96
sleep–wake cycles and, 200–201, 203, 206, 211
stress response, 30–33, 36–37
training response, 57, 70
types, 36–37. See also anabolic-androgenic steroids (AASs)
Howe, Gordie, 257–58
human body: cells, 12–14, 34, 56, 184
conditioning, 181–91
gender and, 244–45
tissues, 4–5, 14, 31
viability curve, 250–51
weak points, 176–79
Human Genome Project, 20–21, 24–25
humans (Homo sapiens): abilities vs. superpowers, x, xiii–xviii, 135, 260
adaptability, xviii, 15, 24, 213, 215
aging, 248–51
becoming Batman, xi, xiii–xv, xvi–xviii, 260–63
sleep needs, 199, 211–13, 215
humerus, response to load, 70–71
Huntress, 154
hypertrophy, of muscles, 56–57, 62, 83
hypothalamus, 195
Identity Crisis (2005), 271
ikken hissatsu, 169
immune system, 39
impulse: in head injury prevention, 229
physics of, 164, 175, 193
injuries, 219–38
aging and, 250
concussions, 107, 166, 169–70, 193, 220–29, 252
force of motion, 166, 169–70
head vs. body, 220–21
occupational, 219–22, 250
recovery from, x–xi, 192, 220, 233–35
strains/sprains, 66–67, 70, 221, 229–31
tissue aspects, 185–88, 219–20
whiplash, 231–32
injuring, killing vs., 150–57, 176 292
injury prevention: break-fall movements in, 173–76
headgear for, 169–70, 227–29
innervation ratio, 255
Inoue, Motokatsu, 135
insulin, 37
insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), 39–40, 254, 256
inverted U relationship, of arousal and performance, 146–49
ion channels: cellular, 13, 20, 57
energy expenditure, 78
head trauma and, 224–25
iron, 81, 83
iron chi kung training, 181–83
Iron Silk (Salzman), 183
islets of Langerhans, 38
Japanese martial arts, 124–25, 128–29, 134–35
body hardening, 189–90
jet lag, 200, 205–9
joint locks/locking: biomechanics, 162
as conditioning, 187
incapacitating, 156
in martial arts, 126, 128, 132–33
weak points for, 176, 178–79
Joker, xiv, 51, 140, 164–65
judgment, influences on, 146, 156
judo, 124, 126–29, 132–33
biomechanics, 162, 170–73
bone adaptations, 72
jujutsu, 126–28, 132, 171
Kane, Bob, ix, xv
Kano, Jigoro, 127, 171
karate, xiii, 124, 128, 133, 189
aging and, 259
as batchoice, 129, 132–33
biomechanics, 162–66
bone adaptations, 72
conditioning, 189–90
expired gas measurement, 92
headgear, 228
motor learning, 119–21
weapons, 132
Keaton, Michael, 180, 191
kendo, 132–33, 228
kickboxing, 133
kicks/kicking: biomechanics, 162, 164–65, 168, 170
bone adaptations, 72
gender and, 243
in martial arts, 126, 132, 135
motor learning, 113–15
Killer Croc, 89–90, 137, 164–65, 220
killing, wounding vs., 150–57, 176
kinetic energy, x, 78, 164
gender and, 244
throwing and, 174–75
kneeing, in martial arts, 132
knife hand strike, 182, 189–90
Knightfall Part 1: No Rest for the Wicked (1993), 271
Knightfall story arc, 41, 152, 221
knives, 165, 173–74
knockout gas, 154, 156
knockouts, 176
boxing, 169–70
gender and, 243, 245
head injuries, 222, 228
knuckle push-ups, 184, 190
Koga ninjutsu, 135
Korean martial arts, 125, 128–29, 133
kote kitai, 190
kung fu, 127
Kung Fu (1972–1975 TV series), 151, 272
Kyokushinkai karate, 189
kyusho, 177
lactic acid, 232
Lady Shiva, 152, 239, 242–43
lamellae, 68
Langstrom, Kirk, 36
The Last Samurai (2003 movie), 139, 143, 272
L-dopa, 36
lean body mass, 4–6
Lee, Bruce, 126, 132–33, 162
Legends of the Dark Knight Annual #5 (1998), 223, 271
leg movements, in kicking, 163–65
“leopard blow,” 152
lethal force, in combat, 150–57, 176
life span: active exercise/aging in, 254, 256
stressors of, 31, 40–42, 256
of various species, 250–51
ligaments, 53, 230
light level/exposure: body clock and, 201–2, 207–9
seasonal changes, 205–6
shift work and, 210–11
limbic processing, of emotion, 141–42
liver, energy sources, 84–85, 91
load/loading, mechanical: bone response, 66–67, 69–72
muscle hypertrophy, 56
repetitive in injuries, 66, 70–71, 230–31
strength training, 60
long-term potentiation (LTP), 116
loss of consciousness, 223, 228–29, 253
Lowry, Dave, 187
Luthor, Lex, 156
macronutrients, 79–80
magnesium, 81, 83
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): for body composition, 5
functional, of motor skill activity, 141
–42
makiwara, 190
Man-Bat, 36, 223
manganese, 81, 83
Manimal: Proving Ground (1994), 271
manipulation: engagement distance, 130–32, 244
joint conditioning, 187
martial artists, 183
actors as, 7, 123, 126, 132–33, 162
aging and, 257, 259
bone adaptations, 72
injury rates, 221
martial arts: aiming for weak points, 176–79
batchoice for, 129–33, 137, 152
biomechanics, x, 162–65
distance-based categorization, 130–32
expired gas measurement, 92–93
flavors of, 123–24, 126–27
gendered performance, 242
historical origins, 124–25
killing/wounding, 150–57, 176
language metaphor, 124, 130, 136–37
mind-set, 126, 129, 135, 139, 141, 144
motor learning, 113–15, 118–21
philosophy, 124, 126, 129, 135, 139, 151–53, 156
power/strength, 58, 60
weapons, xiii, 125–26, 128, 130–33, 135–36
martial arts training, 123–24, 126–28
actors’, 132–33
Batman’s, 129–33, 137, 152
milestones, xiii–xiv, xvi, 265
objective, 153–54
masks, face: expired gas measurement, 92–93
football, 229
ninjutsu, 134, 136
scare effect, 156
mass: center of, 172, 244
kinetic energy, 164, 169
potential energy, 173
materials science, x, 165–70, 193, 244
mathematical laws, in bone adaptation, 66
McGwire, Mark, 237
McNair, Ronald, 167
mechanical stress: bone structure and, 66–67
musculoskeletal strains, 230–31
physiologic response, 41–42, 53, 57, 253.
See also load/loading
mechanical work, 77–78
mechanocytes, 41, 53
melatonin, 36, 39, 200–204, 206
memory: degenerative disease, 252–54
formation/storage, 116–19
head injury, 225
skill learning/retention, 119–21
Mendel, Gregor, 12, 15–16
mental control, for crime fighting, 138–40, 144, 156
mental performance factors, 202–4, 210–11
mental pressure/stress, 145–50
metabolic cart, 92
metabolic rate. See basal metabolic rate (BMR)
metabolism, 77
aerobic/anaerobic, 87–88, 91, 95
bone, 65–70
cellular, 13–14, 77, 86
daily patterns, 203–4
endocrine regulation, 34, 37–38, 237
energy balance and, 76–79, 85, 95
glucose, 37, 84–85, 87
head trauma and, 225–26
nervous system role, 95–96
shift work and, 209–10
sleep deprivation and, 211, 215
stress response and, 96–97, 121
vitamins/minerals, 81–83
military: armor, 193
energy expenditure, 95
head injuries, 107
overtraining, 118–19
