Book Read Free

Becoming Batman

Page 32

by E. Paul Zehr

procedural tasks, 120

  sleep deprivation, 213

  Special Forces, 135

  stress and, 32, 145–46, 149

  mindlessness, 143

  mind-set: during combat, 139–40

  martial arts, 126, 129, 135, 139, 141, 144

  motor skills, 140, 143–44

  performance under pressure, 145–50

  minerals: in bone, 65, 68, 71

  metabolic functions, 81–83

  mitochondria, 14, 87, 95, 234

  mitosis, 249

  molecular biology, 18–19, 57

  momentum, in energy of motion, 164, 169

  monks, 125, 150–51

  Moraga, 109

  morphine-like painkillers, internal, 186

  mortality rates, for various species, 250–51

  mortal man, x, xiv–xv, 249, 262

  motion. See energy of motion

  motor entries; movement production motoneurons: aging and, 255–56

  lower/upper, 48, 104–5

  physiology, 46–49, 108, 110

  motor control: adaptive calibration, 192

  emotion and, 141–43

  head trauma and, 254

  nervous system role, 101–3, 107, 117

  overview, xiii–xiv, xiv–xviii

  proprioception, 53, 108–10

  motor cortex: emotion and, 141–43

  feedback mechanisms, 104–5, 141

  neuron physiology, 46–49

  primary/supplementary, 105–6, 140–41

  motor learning: emotion and, 141, 143

  enough/too much, 118–22

  stages, 113–15

  motor skills: aging and, 250–51, 254–57

  brain activity, 141–43

  fine/gross, 141

  gender and, 242

  learning/teaching, xvii–xviii, 113–15

  memory and, 117

  overlearning, 119–20

  retention, 119–21

  stress response and, 121–22

  motor units, 48–50

  activation, 52, 105

  aging and, 255–56

  recruitment/rate coding, 51–52

  types, 52, 255

  motor vehicle accidents, 175, 213

  movement control. See motor control movement production: automatic, 101–2, 109–10, 119

  bone dynamics, 64–65, 67

  brain physiology, 46–51, 104–5, 107

  deficits, 107–8

  emotion and, 141–43

  limits, 78, 161

  specific, 104–6

  training adaptations, 51–52, 54–55

  muscle activity: brain mapping, 46–47, 104, 121

  self-generation, 53

  timing of distal/proximal, 163

  muscle cells/fibers: aging and, 255–56

  contractile proteins, 50–51, 56–57

  motoneurons paired with, 12, 14, 48–50

  skeletal, 40–41, 53, 56

  stem cells, 56

  training adaptations, 52, 57

  muscle contractions: activation, 46–47, 52, 105

  automatic, 109–10, 119

  bone role, 65–66

  and CNS, 47–50, 104, 108

  energy expenditure, 78–79

  heat production, 79, 194, 196

  metabolic byproducts, 232

  motor units, 51–52

  speed determinants, 51–53

  training adaptations, 51–52, 118

  types, 231–32

  muscle mass: age and, 254, 256

  endocrine regulation, 39–40, 62

  steroids for growth, xviii, 83, 236–37, 256

  muscles: body composition, 4–5, 9

  doubling, 26–27

  exercise and, x, 8, 10

  functions, 45, 91

  hypertrophy, 56–57, 62, 83

  injuries, 221–22, 230

  mechanical stress response, 40–41, 53, 57

  selection for movement, 104–6

  sore, 231–32

  training adaptations, 51–56, 118

  wasting, 39, 41, 238

  musculoskeletal injuries, 221–22, 229–31

  physiologic response, 66–67, 70

  mushin no shin, 139–40, 143

  myosin, in muscle fibers, 50–51, 56

  myostatin, gene mutations of, 26–28

  NASCAR drivers, 96, 175, 193

  nature vs. nurture debate, 22, 24–25, 29

  negative feedback: in adaptation, 33–34, 41, 53

  for reflexes, 109–12

  nerve cells. See neurons

  nerve conduction, aging and, 254–55

  nerves: for pain perception, 179, 185–88

  in weak points, 176–78

  nervous system. See central nervous system (CNS)

  neurodegenerative disorders, 107–8, 117, 252–54

  neurofibrillary tangles, 252–54

  neurons: aging and, 255–56

  basal ganglia, 103, 104, 106, 107–8

  body clock and, 200

  command, in motor output, 46–49, 108

  components, 48

  functions, 12–14, 34

  memory formation, 116, 118

  muscle contraction and, 46–52

  trauma and, 223–25, 228, 234. See also motoneurons

  neuroscience, x, xiii, 118

  clinical, 106–7, 234

  neurotransmitters, 49, 108, 211, 225

  Newton, Isaac, 65, 162, 164

  newtons (N), in material strikes, 166

  NFL (National Football League). See football players

  niacin, 81–82

  nighttime missions, 134, 199–200

  adverse effects, 210–14, 248, 256

  and body

  clock, 200–203, 205, 209–10

  temperature regulation, 200, 202–5

  Nightwing, 233, 259

  ninja, Batman as, 133–37

  ninjutsu, 133–35

  nociceptors/nociception, 179, 185–88

  No Man’s Land Vol. 3 (2003), 150, 271

  “no mind” state, 139–40, 143–44

  nonlethal force, in combat, 150–57, 176

  Norris, Chuck, 126, 132–33

  nuclei: cellular, 12, 14, 24, 87

  suprachiasmatic, body clock and, 200

  nucleotides, 18–19

  nutrients: cellular regulation, 13, 20, 31

  fed/fasted state, 84. See also diet

  occupational hazards, 219–22, 230, 250

  Okinawan martial arts, 125, 128, 137

  body hardening, 181, 190

  weapons, xiii, 128

  Olympic sports, 128, 190, 233, 235, 262

  open hand strike, 125, 128

  osteocytes, 41, 53, 69–70

  osteon, 68

  osteopenia, 254

  osteoporosis, 65, 248, 254, 257

  ovaries, endocrine role of, 35, 40

  overload, as training principle, 118

  for strength, 54–55, 57, 59

  “overreaching,” 42, 232

  overthinking, 143

  overtraining/overlearning, 42, 118–22, 233

  overuse, bone adaptations, 66–67

  oxidation, in dietary energy, 85, 87

  oxygen consumption: cellular metabolism, 91–94

  energy balance, 85, 87

  head trauma and, 225–26

  Oyama, Mas, 189

  pain perception: body hardening and, 183, 185, 187–88

  physiology, 179, 185–87, 232

  pancreas, endocrine role, 35, 38

  paralysis, from injuries, 233–34

  parathyroid hormone, 70

  Parkinson’s disease, 107–8, 254

  Penfield, Wilder, 46

  Penguin, xiv, 51, 105–6, 108, 110, 164, 215

  perceptual narrowing, 147, 149

  performance: achieving peak, xvi–xviii, 4, 9, 260–63

  arousal level and, 146–49, 155

  environmental/genetic factors, 22–23, 25–26. See also mental performance factors

  task performance<
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  performance mind, 141, 143

  peripheral vision, acuity in, 149

  phenotype, 15, 17, 25

  philosophy, in martial arts, 126, 129, 135, 139, 151–53, 156

  physical activity/exercise: body clock and, 201–2

  bone remodeling and, 8, 66, 70–71

  energy systems, 88–89, 91–95

  expired gas measurement, 92–93

  homeostasis, 194–98

  jet lag and, 206–8

  physical fitness: aging and, 248–49, 257–59

  genetics, 25–26

  physical space, in martial arts, 130–32, 244

  physical training: becoming Batman, 260–61

  body hardening, 180–91

  gendered response, 240–46

  genetic predisposition and, 22–26

  metabolic rate, 94–95

  milestones, xvi, xviii, 265

  movement time and, 112

  response to, 8, 10–11, 23, 59

  severe, for self-defense, 180–91

  specificity, 59–60, 67, 118

  physical traits, inheritance of, 15–17, 24

  blood types and, 17–18

  physics, in martial arts, 164, 167, 175

  Physics of Superheroes (Kakalios), xi, 265, 269

  physiology: of aging, 248–50, 254–55

  of jet lag, 205–6

  of muscle function, 46–52, 104–5, 107

  of pain perception, 179, 185–87

  of shock, 32, 234

  of sleep, 212–13

  of stress response, 30–40, 46, 55–56, 212, 261. See also exercise

  physiology

  pineal gland, 35, 39, 200–201

  pitching, biomechanics of, 163–64

  pituitary gland, 35–36, 39–40

  plasticity, 113

  adaptive, 118

  police: armor, 193

  procedural tasks, 120

  reality-based training, 149

  shift work, 205, 209

  use of force, 154–56

  postconcussion syndrome, 223, 225–26

  dementia in, 252–54

  posture, in judo, 170–71

  potassium: head trauma and, 224–25

  metabolic functions, 13, 81, 83

  potential (stored) energy, 84–85, 87, 91

  conversion of, 78–79

  standing, 172–74

  power: adaptations, 96–97, 244

  explosive, 162–65

  strength vs., 45, 58

  power training: CNS adaptations, 118–19

  muscle adaptations, 52, 118

  principles, 59–62

  stress response, 53–56

  practice: in martial arts, 126–27, 137

  in motor learning, 118–20, 122

  practice mind, 141, 143

  premotor area, of cerebral cortex, 104–6

  pressure: mental, 145–50

  surface area and, 165, 175

  weak points and, 178–79

  pressure points, of human body, 176–77

  procedural skills, in motor learning, 119–20

  projectile weapons, 134, 136, 152, 243

  proprioception, 53, 108–10

  protective clothing, x, 153–55, 191–94

  proteins: biological role, 19–20

  connective tissue, 68

  contractile, in muscles, 50–51, 56–57

  elements, 20, 80–81

  energy content, 85–87

  essential, 81

  intake recommendations, 79–80

  metabolism, 84–85, 87

  neurodegenerative disease, 252–53

  RNA synthesis, 20, 57, 237

  psychotropic drugs, 156

  “punch drunk” syndrome, 226, 252–53

  punches/punching: anticipating, 139–40

  biomechanics, 162–65, 168–70

  in conditioning, 182–83, 189

  gender and, 244

  in martial arts, 126, 131

  push-ups, knuckle, 184, 190

  reaction time, 111, 212–13

  reality-based training, 149–50

  recovery, from injuries, x–xi, 220, 233–35

  technology for, 192

  reflexes: attacks on, 178

  automatic, 101–2, 109

  feedback concept, 109–12

  instant, 112

  pain perception, 186

  spinal cord, body clock and, 202–3

  rehabilitation, for injuries, 192, 233–34

  relative motion, 163

  repetition, in motor learning, 118–20, 122

  repetition maximum (RM), 60–61

  repetitive combat, cumulative effects, 248, 252–54

  repetitive loading, on bone, 66, 70–71

  injuries with, 230–31

  repetitive strain injury, 230–31

  resistance-training program, 59–62

  respiration. See cellular respiration response to training, 8, 10–11, 23, 59

  continuous/discrete, 119–20, 122

  stressed, 33–34, 41, 57–58, 198

  rest, sleep vs., 215

  retirement, 248–49, 258

  Richard Dragon Kung–Fu Fighter #5 (1976), 270

  Riddler, xiv

  rigidity, in collisions, 164–65

  RNA (ribonucleic acid): messenger, 20, 57, 237

  in nucleus, 14

  Robin, 60, 115, 126, 136, 142, 154, 221, 223, 233, 259

  robotics, in rehabilitation, 192

  rock climbers, bone adaptations, 72, 74–75

  runners: bone mineral density, 73, 75

  conditioning, 184

  energy systems, 88, 95

  gender and, 240–42

  Ruth, Babe, 168

  Ryukyu Kobujutsu, 132

  safety, during attacks, 140, 156

  samurai, 128, 132, 135, 139, 143, 272

  satellite cell, 56

  scaling buildings: bone adaptations, 72–73

  energy expenditure, 94

  gear for, 134–35

  scare tactics, for fighting, 155–56

  Schwarzenegger, Arnold, 7

  The Science of Superheroes (Gresh and Weinberg), 269

  Seagal, Steven, 132–33

  secondary impact syndrome, 225–26, 229, 252

  seizures, 46, 116, 225

  selective attention, 149

  self-confidence, 156

  self-defense: batsuit for, 180, 191–98

  body hardening for, 180–91

  martial arts as, 124, 129–30, 134

  Selye, Hans, 32–33, 41, 212, 215

  senescence, 248

  sensory feedback, in movement production, 102–4, 106, 108–9, 141

  seoi-nage, 173–74

  sexes, battle of the, 239–46

  The Shadow, ix–x, xvi

  shadow boxing, 125

  The Shadow Magazine (Tinsley/Grant), x

  Shaolin martial arts, 150–51, 181

  shearing, physiologic response, 71, 184

  Sherrington, Charles, 48, 108

  shift work: body cycle and, 200, 205, 209–10

  sleep-wake cycle and, 210–12.

  See also nighttime missions

  Shito-ryu karate, 133

  shock, physiology, 32, 234

  Shotokan karate, 128, 133

  shuko, 134

  signaling cascades, chemical, in training response, 57–58

  skeletal muscle tissue, 40–41, 53

  energy sources, 88

  stress response, 56–57

  skeleton: batsuit as, 191–93

  external, 191–93, 249. See also bones

  skin cells, mechanical stress response, 41

  skin conditioning, 183–85, 190

  sleep: physiology, 212–13

  regulation, 200, 211

  requirements, 199, 211–12

  rest vs., 215

  sleep debt/deprivation: chronic, 211–12

  performance and, 213–14

  sleeping cycle, 200–202, 206, 210

 
sleep-wake cycles: hormone production, 200–201, 203

  jet lag and, 205–6

  shift work and, 210–12

  slow (type I) motor units, 52

  sodium, and cellular function, 13, 224–25

  somatostatin, 38

  somatotopy, 8

  specificity, in stimulus-response model, 59–60, 67, 118

  speed: of movements, 109, 112, 164, 166

  in strength/power, 45, 58

  spinal cord: excitability, body clock and, 202–3

  injuries, 192, 229, 233–34

  motor learning, 113–14, 118

  movement production, 104–5, 108–10

  nervous system role, 102–4, 178

  pain perception, 186–87

  sprains, pathophysiology, 221, 229–31

  spying, in ninjutsu, 134–35

  squishing (bone response), 70

  stability: in judo, 171–73

  weak point attacks and, 178

  staff, long, xiii, 128, 136–37, 243

  standing, potential energy with, 172–74

  starvation, 84–85

  Star Wars: Episode III—The Revenge of the Sith (2005 movie), 151, 272

  star weapons, 134

  stem cells, 14, 56

  steroid hormones, 36–37, 40, 237. See also anabolic-androgenic steroids (AASs)

  steroids: for cord injury, 234–35

  creams, for itchy skin, 234

  stimulus-response: in GAS, 33–34, 41–42, 46

  homeostasis, 261

  in overload, 59, 118–20

  pain perception, 186

  in reflexes, 109–12

  specificity, 59–60, 67, 118

  strains, 219–20

  bone response, 65–67, 70–71

  pathophysiology, 221, 229–31

  strength, muscular: absolute, gendered, 242, 245

  aging and, 255–56

  genetics, 25–26

  physiology, 46, 51–52

  power vs., 45, 58

  steroids and, 237

  strength training: bone adaptations, 67

  CNS adaptations, 118–19

  gendered response, 240, 242

  influence of, x–xi, 45, 97

  muscle adaptations, 45–46, 51–52, 57, 118

  principles, 59–62

  stress response, 53–56

  time course of gains in, 61

  stress response: aging and, 250–51, 256

  motor learning and, 121–22

  physiology, 30–40, 46, 55–56, 212, 261

  stress/stressors: adaptations, xi, 24, 30–40, 96

  becoming Batman, 260–61

  body clock and, 201

  bone structure and, 65–67, 70–71

  concepts, 31–32

  environmental, 145–46

  and life span, 31, 40–42, 256

  mechanical, 41–42, 53, 57

  muscle stretch, 109–10

  performance impacts, 145–50

  physical, weakening with, 219–20

  sleep deprivation, 211–12

  training, 33–34, 40–41, 46, 57, 61

  stretch reflex, 111–12, 202

  stretch/stretching. See muscle contractions

  strikes/striking: biomechanics, 162, 165

  for body hardening, 181–83, 190

 

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