by Drury, Bob
they mocked their Brule cousins: Hyde, Red Cloud’s Folk, p. 22.
Chapter Three: The Black Hills and Beyond
“And do you know why”: Author visit to Pine Ridge Reservation, August 2011.
Thus it seems to “exhale”: Ostler, The Lakotas and the Black Hills, p. 4.
Sensing a captive and untapped market: Cohen, Conquered into Liberty, p. 26.
Succeeding iterations grew: Black Hills Visitors Center.
the fleet Spanish mustang traced its lineage: Hispanic American Historical Review 23 (November 1943).
Within two decades: Gwynne, Empire of the Summer Moon, p. 29.
Describing a buffalo hunt, Coronado wrote: The Journey of Coronado, pp. 111–12.
Once New Mexico was cleared: Humanities 23, No. 6 (November–December 2002).
“Great Horse Dispersal”: Fehrenbach, Comanches, p. 87.
They were the first tribe to perfect: Gwynne, pp. 28–36.
“arrogance born of successful conquest”: Hassrick, The Sioux, p. 71.
and by 1803 had cleared the Kiowa: Hyde, Red Cloud’s Folk, p. 23.
In recognition of the horse’s transformation: Paul, Autobiography of Red Cloud, p. 122.
In other words, the arrival: The Works of Hubert Howe Bancroft, Vol. 1, p. 595.
“a reclining female figure”: Brown, Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee, p. 4.
Yet the Lakotas seemed to tolerate: Larson, Red Cloud, p. 21.
Although thoroughly outgunned: Denig, Five Indian Tribes of the Upper Missouri, p. 145.
Contemporaneous accounts, however: Ibid., p. 155.
Following a parley: Hyde, p. 29.
At this time the Northern Plains: Larson, p. 25.
Chapter Four: “Red Cloud Comes!”
This was probably an undercount: Larson, Red Cloud, p. 23.
“the future residence of these people”: La Vere, Contrary Neighbors, p. 55.
Red Cloud may have witnessed his father: Robinson, “The Education of Red Cloud,” p. 158.
Red Cloud abhorred: Paul, Autobiography of Red Cloud, p. 156.
He recognized her as a “sister”: Robinson, p. 156.
“unusually headstrong impulses”: Larson, p. 36.
Young males were continually showered: Ambrose, Crazy Horse and Custer, p. 15.
This ensured that each male: Hassrick, The Sioux, p. 319.
Its owner would train it: Walker, Lakota Society, p. 80.
“They could hit a button”: Brown, The Fetterman Massacre, p. 45.
This philosophy of security: Paul, p. 24.
“When I was young”: New York Times, June 11, 1870.
“Red Cloud comes!”: Paul, p. 35.
Chapter Five: Counting Coup
Red Cloud, true to his word: Paul, Autobiography of Red Cloud, p. 103.
Some whites who observed: Hassrick, The Sioux, p. 294.
As medicine men uttered prayers: Ewers, Indian Life on the Upper Missouri, pp. 152–53.
Chapter Six: “Print the Legend”
“Do you see that high blue ridge”: Paul, Autobiography of Red Cloud, p. 58.
The Indians were not sticklers: Ibid., p. 64.
“You are the cause of this”: Ibid., p. 69.
Part II: The Invasion
Chapter Seven: Old Gabe
A charcoal-hued pictograph: Hassrick, The Sioux, p. 349.
The Indians, equally cynical: W. K. Powers, Oglala Religion, p. 99.
as many as 400 million beavers: Ferry, “Leave It to Beavers,” p. 24.
“rough and violent”: Hafen, Mountain Men and Fur Traders of the Far West, p. 255.
“that one would back water”: Spring, Caspar Collins, p. 148.
He wore his mop of long brown hair: Dodge, “Biographical Sketch of Jim Bridger,” pp. 5–6.
They had the scalp of a Blackfoot: Hafen and Young, Fort Laramie and the Pageant of the West, pp. 54–56.
By this time Bridger was a legend: Parkman, The Oregon Trail, p. 103.
“extracted an iron arrow”: Parker, “Journal of an Exploring Tour Beyond the Rocky Mountains,” pp. 80–81.
Meanwhile Fitzpatrick and his men: Bonner, The Life and Adventures of James P. Beckwourth, pp. 60–61.
According to the well-traveled: Father De Smet: Life, Letters and Travels of Father Pierre-Jean De Smet, pp. 210–13.
“promises fairly”: Hafen, p. 261.
“with one third of the continent”: American Spectator, March 15, 2004.
Chapter Eight: The Glory Road
made famous by Kit Carson: Sides, Blood and Thunder, p. 1.
So great was their thirst: Hyde, Red Cloud’s Folk, p. 61.
“The ax, pick, saw, and trowel”: New York Times, November 11, 2010 (op-ed).
When the soldiers: U.S. Department of the Interior, Fort Laramie Historic Site.
From 1849 to 1851: Ibid.
The whites refused and stood by: Dary, The Oregon Trail, p. 146.
The sullen “savages”: Hafen, Mountain Men and Fur Traders, p. 247.
names such as McQuiery: Wagon Box Fight Historic Site.
Chapter Nine: Pretty Owl and Pine Leaf
Red Cloud’s “unexcelled”: Hassrick, The Sioux, 14.
He looked over the ponies casually: Paul, Autobiography of Red Cloud, p. 80.
“You are mine”: Parkman, The Oregon Trail, p. 90.
The two retired to their lodge: Paul, p. 82.
Red Cloud fathered five children: Larson, Red Cloud, p. 43.
But many other Sioux bands were decimated: Dary, The Oregon Trail, p. 245.
On one of his surveying expeditions: Larson, p. 63.
Red Cloud is reported: Hyde, Red Cloud’s Folk, p. 64.
“ugly as Macbeth’s witches”: Parkman, p. 90.
“The whites had one truth”: Marshall, The Journey of Crazy Horse, p. 63.
He knew well that aside: Ambrose, Crazy Horse and Custer, p. 55.
Chapter Ten: A Blood-Tinged Season
All were awaiting delivery: Hyde, Red Cloud’s Folk, p. 70.
“quarrelsome and predatory” factions: Denig, Five Indian Tribes of the Upper Missouri, p. 24.
“The Indians no more look smiling”: Hyde, p. 71.
“most terrible butcheries”: J. B. Weston, testimony to the Sanborn Commission, 1867.
One of the soldiers who fell: “Disunion,” New York Times, April 2, 2012.
He became a constant drinking partner: Hyde, p. 72.
A provision of the Horse Creek Treaty: Ibid., p. 73.
He eyed the clusters: Paul, Autobiography of Red Cloud, p. 4.
Still, on nearing the Miniconjou camp: Hyde, p. 74.
He later died from his wounds: Council Bluffs Bugle, p. 1.
The rest were engulfed: Bray, Crazy Horse, p. 32.
Odds are Red Cloud killed: Robinson, “Education of Red Cloud,” p. 164.
One of them was the fair-skinned: Ambrose, Crazy Horse and Custer, p. 65.
“calling him a squaw”: Council Bluffs Bugle.
The raiders were led by a half-Brule: Hyde, p. 77.
clean out the “savage” menace: Ostler, The Lakotas and the Black Hills, p. 44.
Chapter Eleven: A Lone Stranger
to serve as an “altar”: Paul, Autobiography of Red Cloud, p. 109.
During the melee: Hafen and Young, Fort Laramie and the Pageant of the West, pp. 238–39.
He himself had escaped: Bliss letter, Briscoe Center for American History.
The resultant embarrassment: Ibid.
Twiss’s first official proclamation: Hyde, Red Cloud’s Folk, p. 78.
His final instructions to his men: Adams, General William S. Harney, p. 118.
“the heart-rending sight—”: Wyomingtalesandtrails.com.
The soldiers, bent on revenge: Ambrose, Crazy Horse and Custer, p. 73.
When the abandoned Indian campsite: Utley, Frontiersmen in Blue, p. 117.
a popular Army marching song: Hyde, p. 80.
“s
hared out among the soldiers”: W. K. Powers, Oglala Religion, p. 100.
He stated that when he moved: Hyde, p. 79.
As word of Harney’s testimony: Larson, Red Cloud, p. 69.
“They are split into different factions”: Denig, Five Indian Tribes of the Upper Missouri, p. 22.
Gradually the dark speck: Johnson and Smith, Tribes of the Sioux Nation, p. 43.
Chapter Twelve: Samuel Colt’s Invention
By some estimates as many as 10,000: Ostler, The Lakotas and the Black Hills, p. 60.
Soon enough, in mid-July: Utley, Frontiersmen in Blue, p. 122.
“Thus,” writes the Sioux historian: Larson, Red Cloud, p. 75.
Chapter Thirteen: A Brief Respite
White settlers had converted: Hyde, Red Cloud’s Folk, p. 83.
No longer could he afford: Paul, Autobiography of Red Cloud, p. 141.
The area around Pikes Peak: Ostler, The Lakotas and the Black Hills, p. 48.
by 1860 the newly formed Pony Express: Hafen and Young, Fort Laramie and the Pageant of the West, p. 270.
The buffalo had disappeared: Price, The Oglala People, 1841–1879, p. 30.
“a swath of stinking refuge”: Ibid.
As late as 1852 Jim Bridger had been sighted: Alter, Jim Bridger, p. 262.
“Old Gabe” was tried: Ibid., p. 263.
Marcy recorded that among: Ibid.
It took six wagons: Algier, The Crow and the Eagle, p. 132.
Though greenhorn Army officers: Robinson, “The Education of Red Cloud,” p. 165.
Chapter Fourteen: The Dakotas Rise
“the frontier army suddenly ceased”: Utley, Frontiersmen in Blue, pp. 212–13.
Even the detachment at Fort Laramie: Hafen and Young, Fort Laramie and the Pageant of the West, p. 303.
In addition, the Dakotas agreed: Monnett, Where a Hundred Soldiers Were Killed, p. 6.
the advocacy of a local Episcopal bishop: Carley, The Dakota War of 1862, p. 4.
“inefficiency and fraud”: Price, The Oglala People, 1841–1879, p. 51.
A merchant named Andrew Myrick: Carley, p. 6.
Also at the Baker homestead: Anderson and Woolworth, Through Dakota Eyes, p. 36.
“The white men are like locusts”: Ibid.
The Dakotas claimed they were promised: Ibid.
His tanned scalp, skull, and wrist bones: Brown, The American West, p. 83.
A short, wiry man: Paul, Autobiography of Red Cloud, p. 13.
The ruddy-faced Deon: St. Paul (Minnesota) Press, January 4, 1863.
Red Cloud was fresh from: Monnett, p. 6.
“The Lost Children”: Paul, The Autobiography of Red Cloud, p. 165.
the Indians’ “lifeless bodies”: St. Paul (Minn.) Press, January 4, 1863.
It was the largest mass execution: Ibid.
Part III: The Resistance
Chapter Fifteen: Strong Hearts
The last anyone saw: Hyde, Red Cloud’s Folk, p. 125.
“I am not a coward”: Soule, Wild West Magazine, December 1996.
Bears Ribs’s 250 ragged followers: Price, The Oglala People, 1841–1879, p. 49.
One relief party of troops: Hafen and Young, Fort Laramie and the Pageant of the West, p. 336.
“We know Crazy Horse better”: Bray, Crazy Horse, p. 72.
His fellow fighters were also struck: Ambrose, Crazy Horse and Custer, p. 134.
“[He] was good for nothing”: Bray, p. 84.
“gave permission for the women”: Hyde, Red Cloud’s Folk, p. 115.
Chapter Sixteen: An Army in Shambles
when he applied in 1853: Smith, Give Me Eighty Men, p. 19.
“refinement, gentlemanly manners”: M. Carrington, Absaraka, p. 244.
despite suffering more casualties: McDermott, Portraits of Fort Phil Kearny, p. 81.
“courageous,” “daring,” and “relentless”: Ibid.
“great gallantry and spirit”: Ibid.
“Captain Fetterman’s command marched”: Ibid.
“defence agst. foreign danger”: Madison, Notes of the Debates of the Federal Convention, 1787.
The Founders instead envisioned: Ibid.
“became a major focus”: Dominic Tierney, New York Times, November 11, 2010.
“Were armies to be raised”: Jefferson, Sixth Annual Message to Congress.
“Winnibigoshish Sioux”: Hyde, Red Cloud’s Folk, p. 103.
The transformation was hastened: McGinniss, Counting Coups and Cutting Horses, p. 101.
One unintended consequence: Alter, Jim Bridger, p. 311.
“The boy hit one of the scamps”: Ibid, p. 299.
One of Lieutenant Collins’s letters: Spring, Caspar Collins, p. 124.
The interpreter introduced: Bray, Crazy Horse, p. 74.
“You are going into our country”: Johnson, The Bloody Bozeman, p. 63.
Chapter Seventeen: Blood on the Ice
“A cold wind blew”: Geist, Buffalo Nation, p. 101.
The most serious of these involved: Bray, Crazy Horse, p. 46.
The raids continued throughout: Ibid., p. 74.
Dog Soldiers ambushed the troop: Grinnell, The Fighting Cheyennes, pp. 134–36.
“Mr. Chivington was not as steady”: Haynes, History of the Methodist Episcopal Church in Omaha and Suburbs, p. 44.
One exhibition included: Hafen and Young, Fort Laramie and the Pageant of the West, p. 319.
The Rocky Mountain News called: Ibid., p. 324.
The governor also issued: Report of the Committee on the Conduct of the War on the Massacre of Cheyenne Indians, U.S. House of Representatives, January 10, 1865.
Colonel Chivington eagerly answered: Sides, Blood and Thunder, p. 369.
There, these volunteers would strike: Ibid., p. 374.
“should they repair at once”: Report of the Committee on the Conduct of the War.
Infants and children were butchered: Sides, p. 470.
“Such, it is to be hoped”: Ibid.
Chapter Eighteen: The Great Escape
A place of honor: Ostler, The Lakotas and the Black Hills, p. 50.
Over the next month: Larson, Red Cloud, p. 82.
Although Colonel Chivington had resigned: Ibid., p. 81.
In the meantime the southern tribes: Encyclopedia of Indian Wars, p. 165.
James Regan described watching three Lakotas: Wyomingtalesandtrails.com.
The northerners gathered goggle-eyed: Ambrose, Crazy House and Custer, p. 146.
Crazy Horse in particular was reported: Bray, Crazy Horse, p. 84.
Although each tribe kept its own laws: Matthiessen, In the Spirit of Crazy Horse, p. 94.
“The Great Spirit raised”: U.S. Commission of Indian Affairs 1871 Report, p. 439.
A few nights later Crazy Horse: Ambrose, p. 157.
Moonlight vowed never again to enter: Encyclopedia of Indian Wars, p. 177.
Chapter Nineteen: Bloody Bridge Station
There were even reports: Ambrose, Crazy House and Custer, p. 147.
“I never saw so many men”: Spring, Caspar Collins, p. 115.
Connor spotted Collins apparently idling: Monnett, Where a Hundred Soldiers Were Killed, p. 2.
“Are you a coward?”: Soule, Wild West Magazine, December 1996.
But, taking a lesson: Bray, Crazy Horse, p. 79.
The Cheyenne recruited: Hyde, Red Cloud’s Folk, p. 124.
Earlier that morning: Soule, Wild West Magazine, December 1996.
“to remember him by”: Ibid.
The unwieldly carbines: Utley, Frontiersmen in Blue, p. 320.
“seeming to spring”: Ibid.
Chapter Twenty: The Hunt for Red Cloud
In June 1865, he issued: Monnett, Where a Hundred Soldiers Were Killed, p. 9.
By the time Sully arrived: Utley, Frontiersmen in Blue, p. 322.
The Arapaho, however, surprised him: Matthiessen, In the Spirit of Crazy Horse, p. 108.
“Blanket” was his Arapaho ni
ckname: Ibid., p. 109.
Although Connor captured a third: Ibid.
Some of the braves wore: Ibid., p. 104.
Chapter Twenty-One: Burn the Bodies; Eat the Horses
Through four days and nights: Matthiessen, In the Spirit of Crazy Horse, p. 112.
The Indians slipped away: Hyde, Red Cloud’s Folk, p. 132.
“would lead to dreadful consequences”: Alter, Jim Bridger, p. 310.
Further, the general found: Ibid., p. 313.
“I cannot say as we killed one”: Utley, Frontiersmen in Blue, p. 332.
a line of “tramps”: Hyde, p. 133.
“seldom before equaled”: Utley, p. 332.
Part IV: The War
Chapter Twenty-Two: War Is Peace
Memory is like riding a trail: Marshall, The Journey of Crazy Horse, p. 57 (Part IV epigram).
He had also gained: Smith, Give Me Eighty Men, p. 20.
“two feet of snow”: M. Carrington, Absaraka, p. 37.
study the “Indian Problem”: Gwynne, Empire of the Summer Moon, p. 223.
Sand Creek was a favorite: Utley, Frontiersmen in Blue, p. 309.
“It is time that the authorities”: Ibid., p. 313.
Indian agents sent runners: Price, The Oglala People, 1841–1879, p. 59.
“was rather like looking”: Moten, Between War and Peace, p. 143.
“an explicit understanding”: Army and Navy Journal and Gazette of the Regular and Volunteer Forces, April 1864.
“All I ask is comparative quiet”: Ambrose, Crazy Horse and Custer, p. 228.
These included hay mowers: Brown, The Fetterman Massacre, p. 21.
“commissary and quartermaster supplies: Colonel Henry Carrington testimony, 1867 hearings, U.S. Senate, p. 2.
“a domestic cast”: Brown, The Fetterman Massacre, p. 21.
