51 See the article on Yiddish, by Nathaniel Buchwald, in the Cambridge History of American Literature, Vol. IV, p. 598, and the bibliography following, p. 822 ff, and also Curiosities of Yiddish Literature, by A. A. Roback; New York, 1933.
52 See Notes on Yiddish, by H. B. Wells, American Speech, Oct., 1928, p. 63 ff.
53 Language, March, 1928, p. 43.
54 Speech Mixture in French Canada, American Journal of Philology, Vol. X, No. 2, 1889, p. 143.
55 Quebec, 1909. This work is a lexicon running to 671 pp.
56 Montreal, 1894.
57 For these I am indebted to Lieut. Col. E. L. M. Burns of Ottawa.
58 Ottawa, 1916, p. 22.
59 Dominion French Discovered, New York Sun, June 30, 1927. The literature of Canadian French, by native philologians, is extensive. There is a bibliography of it, down to 1908, in A Study of an Acadian-French Dialect Spoken on the North Shore of the Baie-des-Chaleurs, by James Geddes, Jr., Halle, 1908, and there are many references to later writings in the appendix to Louvigny de Montigny’s La langue française au Canada, above cited. A Société du Parler Français au Canada was founded at Quebec in 1902 under the auspices of Laval University, and on June 29, 1912 the first Congres de la Langue Française au Canada was held at Quebec. Its proceedings were published the same year. See also Dialect Research in Canada, by A. F. Chamberlain, Dialect Notes, Vol. I, Pt. II, 1890, which contains a bibliography running to 1890. The earliest American writer on the subject was the late Dr. A. Marshall Elliott (1844–1910), professor of Romance languages at the Johns Hopkins University, and founder of the Modern Language Association (1883) and Modern Language Notes (1886). His pioneer paper, Contributions to a History of the French Language in Canada appeared in the American Journal of Philology, Vol. VI, Pt. II, 1885. He followed it with four papers on Speech Mixture in French Canada in the same journal, Vol. VII, Pt. II, 1886; Vol. VIII, Pts. II and III, 1887; and Vol. X, Pt. II, 1889.
60 Louisiana-French, Louisiana State University Studies, No. 5, 1931. This is a work of 253 pages, and is full of valuable material, especially on loan-words.
61 An account of it is in Louisiana Gumbo, by Edward Laroque Tinker, Yale Review, Spring, 1932.
62 Notes on Louisiana-French, Language, Dec., 1934.
63 Edward J. Fortier, in the Cambridge History of American Literature; New York, 1921, Vol. IV, p. 591. A bibliography is appended, p. 820 ff.
64 There is a bibliography of Louisiana-French in Dr. Read’s monograph, above cited, and another in The Survival of French in the Old District of Sainte Genevieve [Missouri], by W. A. Dorrance, University of Missouri Studies, Vol. X, No. 2, 1935.
65 L’Esthétique de la langue Française; Paris, 1899.
66 Vol. IX, No. 2, April–June, 1918, p. 206 if.
67 Of especial value are two articles on Italian Dialects in the United States, by Herbert H. Vaughn, professor of Italian at the University of California, American Speech, May and October, 1926; Piedmontese Dialects in the United States, by A. G. Zallio of Sacramento Junior College, American Speech, Sept., 1927; and The Speech of Little Italy, by Anthony M. Turano, an Italian-American lawyer of Reno, Nev., American Mercury, July, 1932.
68 For example, Un Italiano in America, by Adolfo Rossi; Treviso, 1907, and Incontro col Nord America, by Franco Ciarlantini; Milan, 1929. A translation of Signor Ciar-lantini’s chapter, The Italian Language in the United States, was published in Atlantica (New York), March, 1930, p. 15.
69 It is to be found in his Poesie, Vol. II; Bologna, 1897; 5th ed., 1912. There is an account of it in La Merica Sanemagogna, by Dr. Livingston, who says that it was inspired by Pascoli’s “contact with Italian emigrants returning to the Tuscan hills.” It is also described and discussed in Italienisch-Amerikanisches, by Walther Fischer, Neuere Sprachen, Sept., 1920, p. 164 ff.
70 Still alive in 1936, but long since retired.
71 It is to be found in Columbus (New York), March, 1935.
72 Zarathustra (New York), May 15, 1926, p. 24. To the text is appended a glossary, as follows: bricchellieri corrisponde a bricklayers; ghenga, gang; ruffo, roof; basamento, basements; grinoni, greenhorns; mis-tecca, mistake; floro, floor; ghinni, guinea; dego, dago; ponte, pound; bosso, boss.
73 The Speech of Little Italy, American Mercury, July, 1932, p. 357.
74 I take these from Un Italiano in America, by Adolfo Rossi; Treviso, 1907, pp. 85–88.
75 Italian and Its Dialects as Spoken in the United States, by Herbert H. Vaughan, American Speech, May, 1926, p. 433.
76 This list is based on one included in Mr. Vaughan’s Italian and Its Dialects as Spoken in the United States, just cited, but there are additions from The Speech of Little Italy, by Mr. Turano, American Mercury, July, 1932, and Dr. Livingston’s La Merica Sanemagogna. I have also made use of material kindly sent to me by Mr. Giuseppe Cautela.
77 The plural is cestenozzi. That of pinotto (peanut) is pinozzi.
78 Dr. Livingston borrows sanema-gogna from a macchietta by Fer-razzone. Mr. Turano thinks that the form should be sanimagogna. He says: “The component parts of the word are obviously s-anima-gogna. The first is a contraction of questa, which becomes sta in frequent semi-standard usage, and sa or ssa in most of the Southern Italian dialects. The second part means soul, and the third designates an iron collar once worn by Italian criminals. The result is this degraded soul, that villainous or criminal soul, or something equally opprobrious. The same operation is applied to a stronger American phrase. The result is sanimabiggia, meaning this gray-colored soul. My father had a pet variant that he used in milder cases, to wit, sani-mapicciula, meaning, in the Cala-brian dialect, this small soul.” (Private communication, Jan. 29, 1935.)
79 In addition to the authors and correspondents already mentioned, I am indebted to Miss Adelina Ri-naldi, business manager of Atlantica (New York), and to Mr. Giovanni Schiavo, author of The Italians in America Before the Civil War.
80 His first, devoted to phonology, appeared in 1909; his second, dealing with morphology, in 1911, 1912 and 1913; and his third, discussing the English elements in the dialect, in 1914.
81 Buenos Aires, 1930.
82 They include Cuentitos Populares Nuevmejicanos y su Transcripción Fonética, Bulletin de Dialectologie Romane, Dec., 1912; Nombres de Bautismo Nuevomejicanos, Revue de Dialectologie Romane, Dec., 1913; Palabras Españolas e Inglesas, Hispania, Oct., 1922; and Aounta-ciones para un Diccionario de Nuevomejicanismos, in Homenaje a Bonilla y San Martin, Vol. II; Madrid, 1930. His publications in English include The Spanish Language in New Mexico and Southern Colorado, Publications of the Historical Society of New Mexico, May, 1911; Speech-Mixture in New Mexico, in The Pacific Ocean in History, edited by H. M. Stephens and H. E. Botton; New York, 1917; Syllabic Consonants in New-Mexican Spanish, Language, Dec., 1925; The Language of the Cuentos Populares Españoles, Language, Sept., 1927, and June, 1928.
83 Southern Arizona Spanish Phonology, Bulletin of the University of Arizona, Vol. V, No. 1, 1934.
84 Bilingual Porto Rico, Fleur de Lis (St. Louis University), Dec., 1931.
85 I am indebted here to Mr. Hugh Morrison.
86 Tradiciones y Cantares de Panamá, by Narcisco Garay; Brussels, 1933.
87 I have mentioned the numerous studies of these dialects by native philologians. Some of them are listed in my 3rd ed., 1923, pp. 460–61. Others are listed in Espinosa’s Estudios Sobre el Español de Neuvo Méjico; Buenos Aires, 1930, p. 24 ff. When Spanish talkies for the Latin-American trade were first made in Hollywood, the movie magnates employed a Spanish actor to supervise their diction, and he ordained that the precise Cas-tilian of the Madrid stage be used. This brought a protest from the Mexican actors, who argued that their own Spanish was the purest on earth. The matter was finally left to the Spanish Royal Academy, and there ensued a row at Madrid, with the result that the actors and authors of fourteen Latin-American countries renounced the Academy’s authority. See Those Sensitive Latin-Americans, by Arthur Con-stantine,
New York World, July 13, 1930.
88 H. E. McKinstry, in The American Language in Mexico, American Mercury, March, 1930.
89 See also A Dictionary of Spanish Terms in English, by Harold W. Bentley; New York, 1932, p. 5.2
90 Richard F. O’Toole, in Sports Slang in Latin America, American Mercury, Nov., 1930.
91 These notes were kindly made by Mr. A. S. Branco, secretary-general of the União Portuguesa Continental dos Estados Unidos da America, and forwarded to me through Mr. Rocha.
92 I am indebted here to Mr. Arthur R. Coelho of New York, a native of Brazil.
93 I have followed the United States Geographic Board in omitting the o in Rumania, but the America, Roumanian News retains it. (The name of the journal is as I give it.) The Rumanians pronounce Rumania with the first syllable rhyming with home. They spell it România.
94 The Bohemian Language in America, Part I, American Speech, April, 1927; Part II, August, 1927; The Czech Language in America, American Mercury, June, 1925; Czech Surnames in America, American Mercury, Nov., 1925; The Americanization of Czech Surnames, American Speech, Dec., 1925; Czech-American Names, Czecho-Slovak Student Life, April, 1928; The Americanization of Czech Given-Names, American Speech, Oct., 1925.
95 The Czech Language in America, American Mercury, June, 1925, pp. 205–6.
96 From Monsignor Dudek’s MS.
97 Hollywood’s Czech Language Puzzles the Czechs, Baltimore Evening Sun, April 15, 1935.
98 I am also indebted to Miss Rose Zettel, of Cincinnati, and to the editors of the Daily Svornost, Chicago. The best recent treatise on the Czech language is Jazyk, edited by Oldrich Hujer; Prague, 1935. It is an exhaustive work to which all the leading Czech philologians have contributed, and it includes chapters on the changes undergone by German, Hungarian, Ruthenian and other languages in Czechoslovakia.
99 N. B. Jopson, reader in comparative Slavonic philology, University of London, in the Encyclopaedia Britannica, 14th ed.; Vol. XX, p. 788.
100 2nd ed.; Wilkes-Barre, Pa., 1924.
101 The Russian Language in the United States, American Mercury, April, 1932. Mr. Wells is a native of New Jersey and a Harvard graduate. He is interested in Slavic languages, and studied at the Caroline University of Prague, 1929–30.
102 I have adopted Mr. Wells’s system of transliteration, which he explains in a footnote to his paper. The business of rendering Russian in the English alphabet is full of difficulties. The system adopted by the United States Geographic Board is described and discussed in First Report on Foreign Geographic Names; Washington, 1932, and that of the Permanent Committee on Geographical Names For British Official Use is set forth in Alphabets of Foreign Languages, by Lord Edward Gleichen and John H. Reynolds; London, 1933.
103 I am indebted for material and suggestions to Mr. Peter Stephanovsky of Chicago, to Miss Helen P. Kirk-patrick, executive secretary of the American Russian Institute, New York, to Mr. Mark Weinbaum, editor of the Novoye Russkaye Slovo of New York and to Messrs. E. Moravesky of Chicago and Sergei Senykoff of Detroit.
104 Ukrainian Poetry in Canada, by Watson Kirkconnell, Slavonic Review, July, 1934.
105 I am indebted also to Mr. Vladimir Geeza, editor of the New Life of Olyphant, Pa.
106 The Yugoslav Speech in America, American Mercury, Nov., 1927. Mr. Adamic is a native of Carniola in what was Austrian territory at the time of his birth but is now part of Jugoslavia. He came to this country at the age of fourteen, and has become well known as a writer in English.
107 It has just been cited.
108 I am indebted here to Miss Louise S. Ivey, of Wanwatosa, Wis., and to Mr. Stephen Stephanchev, of Chicago, whose interest was enlisted by Mr. Adamic.
109 I am indebted here to Dr. J. W. Mally, of Cleveland, O.
110 Einiges aus der Sprache der Amerika-Litauer, Studi Baltici, Vol. II, 1932, p. 35 ff.
111 See The Daina: an Anthology of Lithuanian and Latvian Folk-Songs, by Uriah Katzenelenbogen; Chicago, 1931, p. 38.
112 This account of American-Lithuanian is based upon Dr. Senn’s monograph, before mentioned. I am indebted, too, to his Kleine lit-auische Sprachlehre; Heidelberg, 1929, and to his great kindness in answering questions. He is, of course, not responsible for anything I have here written. I am also in debt to Mr. Pius Grigaitis, editor of Naujienos, the Lithuanian daily of Chicago.
113 I am indebted here to Mr. A. E. Ruszkiewicz of the Dziennik Dla Wszystkichy, buffalo.
114 I am indebted also to Mr. Paul Klimowicz, of Gwiazda Polarna, Stevens Point, Wis.; to Dr. C. H. Wachtel, formerly editor of Dzien-nik Chicagoski, and to Mr. Ernest Lilien, of Stevens Point, Wis.
115 Private communication, April 18, 1935.
116 I am indebted here, and for much of what follows, to Mr. Reino W. Suojanen, editor of Walwoja, Calumet, Mich.
117 The omission of hän would put the verb into the imperative mood.
118 In addition to the two Finnish-American editors already mentioned, I am greatly indebted to Mr. Ivar Vapaa, editor of Indus-trialisti, Duluth, Minn.
119 I am indebted to Dr. József Balassa of Budapest; Dr. Nicholas M. Alter, of Jersey City, N. J.; Mr. A. Des-sewffy, editor of Otthon (At Home), Chicago; Mr. Paul Na-danyi, managing editor of Ameri-canai Magyar Népszava, New York; Mr. Joseph Yartin, of New York; Mr. Hugo Kormor, editor of the Magyar Herald, New Brunswick, N. J.; Dr. Joseph Reményi, of Western Reserve University; Mr. John Bencze, supreme secretary of the Verhovay Segély Egylet, Pittsburgh; Mr. George Kemeny, of Detroit; Dr. E. H. Bol-gar, of Cleveland; and Mr. Anthony J. Orosz, editor of Függetlenség, Trenton, N. J.
120 Scottish Gaelic in Canada, Edinburgh Scotsman, Jan. 30, 1933. Mr. Campbell has also written a more elaborate paper, Scottish Gaelic in Canada: it is still unpublished, but he has courteously given me access to it.
121 The Syrians in America; New York, 1924, p. 67. Dr. Hitti is associate professor of Oriental languages at Princeton. I am much indebted to him for his courteous aid.
122 I am indebted also to Mr. S. Bad-dour, editor of Al-Bayan, New York.
123 American Greek, American Speech, March, 1926, p. 307.
124 The Greek is parataxis.
125 To Mr. Lontos’s list I have added some examples supplied by Mr. T. D. Curculakis of Athens, to whom I am greatly indebted.
126 Private communication, July 11, 1934.
127 On Chinese Borrowings From English and French, in The Basic Vocabulary, by C. K. Ogden; London, 1930, p. 92 ff.
128 I am indebted here to Dr. Verne Dyson, director of the Institute of Chinese Studies, New York.
129 The Little Critic, by Lin Yutang, China Critic (Shanghai), April 2, 1931.
130 I am indebted to Mr. Arthur A. Young, editor of the Chinese Christian Student, New York; Mr. Y. E. Hsiao, general secretary of the Chinese Students’ Christian Association in North America; Mrs. Elsie Clark Krug, of Baltimore; Mr. Su Chen Ho, of the Brooklyn Museum; Dr. W. W. Pettus, president of the College of Chinese Studies of California College in China, Peiping; Dr. James Stinchcomb, of the University of Pittsburgh; Mr. S. H. Abramson, of Montreal; Dr. A. Kaiming Chin, of the Chinese-Japanese Library, Harvard University; Mr. John E. Reinecke of Honokaa, Hawaii; Miss Rosalie Yee Quil, of the Pittsburgh Carnegie Library; Miss Grace Yee Quil, of Pittsburgh; Dr. Nancy Lee Swann, curator of the Gest Chinese Research Library, McGill University, Montreal; Mr. Ben Robertson, of the Associated Press, and Mr. Harold Coffin, of the Hawaii Tourist Bureau.
131 All these are from Japanese Borrowings of English Words, by H. Sato, Notes and Queries, May 25, 1929.
132 I am indebted here to Anglicized Japanese, by Frederick W. Brown, Quarterly Journal of Speech Education, Feb., 1927. See also The Pronunciation of Japanese, by Masatoshi Gensen Mori; Tokyo, 1929, Japanized English, by Sawbay Arakawa, 4th ed.; Tokyo, 1930, and English Influence on Japanese, by Sanki Ichikawa, Studies in English Literature (Tokyo), April, 1928. The last lists 1397 words.
133 For the statistics of publications throughout this Appendix I
am indebted to N. W. Ayer & Sons Directory of Newspapers and Periodicals; Philadelphia, annually. The population figures are from Fifteenth Census of the United States, 1930: Population, Vol. II; Washington, 1933.
134 The First Book in Hawaiian; Honolulu, 1930.
135 November, 1903.
136 In The Hawaiian Language: Its Modern History as a Means of Communication, kindly placed at my disposal by the author.
137 For the loan-words and the sentences I am indebted to the Rev. Henry P. Judd, associate secretary of the Board of the Hawaiian Evangelical Association. I also owe thanks to Professor N. B. Beck, of the University of Hawaii, and to Mr. Carl S. Carlsmith, of Hilo.
138 The best account of it is to be found in The Dialect of the English Gypsies, by B. C. Smart and H. T. Crofton, 2nd ed.; London, 1875.
139 I take this from The English Gypsies and Their Language, by Charles G. Leland, 4th ed.; London, 1893, p. 208.
140 The Language of the Pennsylvania German Gypsies, by Henry W.
LIST OF WORDS AND PHRASES
Because they are so seldom encountered in publications in English, the non-English terms listed in the Appendix are here omitted. But non-English proper names are included. Verbs are indicated by the preposition of the infinitive. In virtually every other case the character of the word is obvious.
a, 320, 334, 335, 336, 337, 338, 339, 340, 343, 344, 346, 348, 351, 359, 366, 367, 368, 369, 371, 377, 381, 383, 389, 390, 391, 402, 404, 405, 441, 446, 468, 471, 613; -a, 347, 549; a-, 161; ä, 490; à, 382; å, 490
A 1, 208
A.A.A., 209
Aaron, 535
Abalina, 512
Abarbanel, 501
Abbott, 496
Abbud, 496
Abe, 519
Abednego, 515
aber nit, 157, 566
Abolena, 524
abolitionist, 148
about, 468
about to go, 201
above, 399
Abraham, 496, 507, 508, 535
absorbable, 118
absquatulate, to, 145
American Language Page 97
