death of, 325
and IWW founding, 264
in jail, 306, 307
Lucy appears with, 285
supports Bolsheviks, 324
and WFM trial, 276–277
Heinemann, Henry E. O. (reporter), 132, 133, 152
Hill, Joe (labor radical), 307, 344
Hill, Romeo (freedman, schoolteacher), 36
Hoan, Daniel (Waukesha socialist), 140, 164, 215
Holmes, Lizzie Swank. See Swank, Lizzie May (or Mary) Hunt
Holmes, William (labor radical, Swank’s husband), 91
at Board of Trade building protest, 97
on charity, 224
death of, 325
encourages Albert not to ask for clemency, 200
on Geneva IL, 139
in Labor Enquirer, 92, 93
in Life of Albert, 227
lives in Colorado, 236, 286
marriage to Lizzie Swank, 112–113
Honey v. Clark (1872), 37–38
Houston Union/Tri-Weekly Union, 34
Houston Weekly/Daily Telegraph, 23, 26
Hugo, Victor (writer), 100
Hull, Lucy Ella (alias of Lucy Parsons), 88
Hull House, 224, 240, 256, 294–296
Humphries, John E. (judge), 293–294
Hunt, Hannah (Lizzie Swank’s mother), 73
If Christ Came to Chicago! (Stead), 239
ignorance of the masses, xii, 69, 76, 107, 275
Illinois State Journal, 105, 345
Illinois Supreme Court, 163, 166, 185, 193
immigrant vs native-born, 52, 54, 84–85, 165, 189, 271, 300
immigrants, in Chicago
and labor radicalism, 52, 118–119
neighborhood of, 86–87
replace skilled workers, 268
and socialism, 47, 84–85
See also German Americans
Industrial Worker (paper), 275, 289, 323
Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)
attacks on, 310
and cannery strike, 292–293
of Chicago, 298
founding of, 264–266, 267
free-speech campaigns, 282–283
infighting in, 268–269, 320
Lucy’s distance from, 275, 282, 298, 326
membership of, 305, 323
responds to WWI, 304–307
and SLNA, 287
infighting in radical movements, 288–289, 326
anarchists, 211–212
Communist Party, 320, 328
IWW, 268–269, 320
socialists, 51, 83–84
See also feuds among radicals
Intermountain Catholic (paper), 284
Internal Revenue Service (IRS), 21, 31, 37
International Association of Bridge and Structural Iron Workers, 281–282
International Brewers and Maltsters Union, 192
International Brotherhood of Teamsters (IBT), 267
International Labor Defense (ILD), 334–335
Lucy associated with, 316, 320, 326, 327, 328, 333
International Publishers, 341
International Socialist Review (paper), 259
International Working People’s Association (IWPA)
American Group of, 111, 112, 131–133, 150, 151–152
Defense Association of, 204
and eight-hour-day movement, 99
ideals of, 92, 121–124
meetings of, 129
membership of, 90, 118
sponsors speaking tours, 93–94, 113–116, 168
and undercover detectives, 95–96, 98
women’s roles in, 109–110, 111
interracial relationships, in Reconstruction Texas, 3, 5, 18, 37–38
Inter-State Industrial Exposition (Chicago fair, 1873), 40
Irish Republican Brotherhood (Fenians), 105–106
Isaak, Abe (editor of Free Society), 245, 246, 254, 257, 259
Italian anarchists, 282, 316, 319, 327
Italy, assassination in, 255
IWPA. See International Working People’s Association
IWW. See Industrial Workers of the World
Jackson, Amos (alias of Albert Parsons), 140
James, C. L. (anarchist), 269
Jasinski, Eugene (Lucy’s neighbor), 337
Jaxon, Honoré (labor radical), 236–237, 249, 295–296, 323
Jefferson, Thomas (American president), 92, 121, 164
Johnson, James (freedman), 30
Jones, Jack (proprietor of Dil Pickle Club), 320–321
Jones, Jenkin Lloyd (minister), 258
Jones, Mary “Mother” (labor radical), 279
on anarchists’ tactics, 124
on communists, 318
death of, 325–326
and IWW, 264, 268
on poverty in Chicago, 49
jury, prejudiced
in Haymarket trial, 143–144, 154–155, 235
in Sacco and Vanzetti case, 327
in textile workers’ strike trial, 328
Kansas City Star, 159
Kansas City Times, 179
Kerr, Charles H. (founder of International Socialist Review), 259
Kinnard, David C. (minister), 31
Kipling, Rudyard (writer), 239
Klemencic, Andrew “Al” (labor organizer), 269
Knights of Labor
Chicago local assemblies, 59, 88, 188, 189
criticisms of, 83, 129
decline of, 212–213
focus of, 53
growth of, 99, 125–126
and Haymarket events, 131, 147–148, 165, 204
race in, 178
and religious affiliation, 122
sponsors speaking tours, 114, 168
Terence Powderly (leader), 92, 147, 165, 187, 191, 242
Knights of Labor (paper), 87, 147, 187, 189
Kropotkin, Peter (Russian anarchist), 216, 256–257
Ku Klux Klan, 13, 309, 317
Labor Agitator: The Story of Albert R. Parsons (Calmer), 341
Labor Assembly #1 (Albert R. Parsons Assembly), 214
Labor Day, 118, 298
Labor Defender (paper, later Equal Justice), 328
Labor Enquirer (paper), 92–93, 102, 129, 136, 145, 186
labor movement
effects of economic depression of 1873 on, 80
and executions of Haymarket anarchists, 209–210
happenings in Chicago 1886–1887, 188–189
Lucy hinders cause of, 228–229
race in, 178
reconfigurations of in response to Haymarket trial, 164–165
See also specific labor unions
labor of blacks, after Civil War, 13–14, 17, 20
Lacher, Martin Robert (Lucy’s “boarder,” lover), 217–219, 221, 223, 227, 232, 337
Ladies Federal Labor Union (LFLU), 225
Larkin, Jim (communist), 322
Lassalle, Ferdinand (German thinker), 58
Latimer, W. H. (NJ hall proprietor), 175
law enforcement officials
anarchists’ symbiotic relationship with, 95–96, 98, 108, 120
Chicago police chiefs, 63, 70, 217, 218–219, 228, 231, 280–281 (See also Bonfield, John)
and Great Railroad Strike, 60, 63–65
and Haymarket events, 130, 133, 134, 135–136, 141, 145, 235
protect private-property interests, 53
respond to IWW antiwar effort, 305–307
silence Lucy, xiii, 228–229, 243, 244
surveillance by, 59, 169, 183–184
violence by, 130, 255–256, 292, 333, 350
See also Schaak, Michael J. (detective)
Lease, Mary Ellen (Populist speaker), 238–239, 242
legal defense funding
for Haymarket trial, 144, 164, 166, 179–180
ILD, 316, 320, 326, 327, 328, 333
Lehr und Wehr Verein (Education and Defense Society), 65, 81, 83, 85
Leland, Oscar H. (IRS officer, Waco), 21
Lenin,
Vladimir, 328–329
Leonard, Cynthia H. Van Name (suffragist), 168–169, 171
Lewis, John L. (CIO leader), 334
Liberator (IWW paper), 269–274, 270, 275, 276, 283
libertarianism, 211, 245–246
Liberty (paper), 245
Life of Albert R. Parsons, with Brief History of the Labor Movement in America (Parsons, L.)
copies damaged by fire, 251
and Martin Lacher, 218, 223
pieces included in, 226–227, 231–232
publications of, 221, 226–227, 259
sales of, 250, 269, 325
Lingg, Louis (anarchist)
death of, 201
in Haymarket trial, 141, 146, 148, 149, 154
in novelization of Haymarket, 278
Little, Frank (IWW organizer), 305, 307
Lloyd, J. William (anarchist), 211
London, Jack (writer), 284, 301
Looking Backward (Bellamy), 228
Lucifer the Lightbearer (paper), 245, 246, 247
Lucy Ella Gonzales Parsons park (Chicago), 346–347
Lucy Parsons: An American Revolutionary (Ashbaugh), xiv
Lucy Parsons Labs, 350
Lum, Dyer (Albert’s friend)
background of, 78
bigotry of, 301
contributes to Anarchism, 205
death of, 236
as editor of Alarm, 186, 227
and eight-hour day movement, 78
reports on Lulu’s illness, 186
urges Albert to die, 200
lynching, 65, 240, 241–242, 301, 330
Mages, Bernard W. (attorney), 345–346
Magón, Cipriano Ricardo Flores (Mexican revolutionary), 286, 303, 307, 323
Magón, Enrique Flores (Mexican revolutionary), 286, 303–304, 307
Magruder, John B. (Confederate general), 9
manhood/masculinity
Albert appeals to, 62, 116
Lucy appeals to, 104, 105, 175, 198
Markstall, George (Lucy’s partner)
arrested in connection with domestic terrorism, 309
background of, 289–290
death of, 342
estate of, 345
life with Lucy, 298, 311, 332, 338
memorial service for, 343–344
occupation of, 311, 332
marriage
critiques of, 74, 247–248, 284
interracial, 3, 5, 37–38
Martí, José (Cuban freedom fighter), 303
martyrdom, 144–145, 147, 202–203, 209–210, 235, 283
Marx, Karl (German thinker), 51, 54, 58, 329
Matson, Canute R. (deputy sheriff), 187, 206
May Day parades, 129–130, 229, 335–336, 339, 341
McCormick, Cyrus (farm machinery magnate), 49
McCormick, Cyrus Jr. (son of above), 130, 141
McCormick Reaper strike (1885), 126, 129, 130
McCulloch, Champe C. (Albert’s neighbor), 29, 31
McIntosh, John (Lucy’s boarder), 251
McKinley, William (American president), 257
McLennan County, Texas
banking crisis in, 41
lawlessness in, 4–5, 12–13, 19
slaveholders migrate to, 11
votes for secession, 8
See also Waco, Texas
McNamara, James (union member), 281–282, 307
McNamara, John (union member), 281–282, 307
meatpacking industry
blacks in, 300, 301, 329
clashes between workers, 267–268
and unemployment, 242
working conditions, 50, 70–71, 130, 188
mechanization
anarchists’ understanding of, 119
effects of on Chicago’s workers, 50, 101
and skilled tradespeople, 55
and socialism, 51
as strategy for dealing with workers, 125, 130
media. See press and publicity; radical papers; specific papers
Medill, Joseph (Chicago Tribune editor), 61, 63, 66
Meier, Christian (socialist), 84
Memorial Day massacre (1937), 333
“Message to the Rich and Poor” (Hugo), 100
Mexican Americans
in Chicago, 160, 316–317
as strikebreakers, 310, 316
in Texas, 7
Mexican heritage, Lucy’s story of, xiii, 26, 138, 158, 159–160, 167, 171, 176, 216, 254, 323, 343, 345
Mexican Liberal Defense League, 285–286
Mexico, revolutionaries in, 285–286, 303, 308–309
Michel, Louise (“Red Virgin” of Paris Commune), 109, 157
middle class
anarchism and morality of, 297
in black community, 241
cultural tourism by, 322
erosion of, xv, 50–51, 124, 196, 272–273
growth of, 212
and jury bias in Haymarket trial, 144
and labor unions, 88
upward mobility, 119
See also reform movement; respectability
military
Confederate troops, 8–9, 11
and execution of Haymarket martyrs, 201
mobilized in Great Railroad Strike, 61, 64–65
See also antiwar movement
militia groups, 36, 65, 81, 83, 84–85
Miller, Kelly (black activist and intellectual), 240
Milwaukee Evening Wisconsin, 170
miners, 249, 305
Western Federation of Miners, 264, 269, 276, 281
monster picnics. See pleasure outings, large
Montgomery, Olen (black youth), 334
Montgomery, Viola (mother of jailed youth), 334
Mooney, Mary (mother of labor leader), 333–334
Mooney, Thomas (socialist), 307, 316, 333–334
Morgan, Elizabeth (labor radical), 54, 72–73, 84, 225, 239
Morgan, Thomas J. (“Tommy”) (labor radical)
background of, 56–57, 72–73
and blacks, 240
death of, 286
detective singles out, 59
eulogy for Albert, 205
on Haymarket trial, 188
as leader of ULP, 165
opposes eight-hour movement, 83
respectability of, 192–193, 195, 229, 236
Morris, William (English socialist), 215, 216, 343
Moses, Patsy (former slave), 10
Most, Johann (German anarchist)
on children used for publicity, 222
with Lucy, 236, 244
and McKinley assassination, 257
memorial service for, 275
position on violence, 90, 107, 211–212
The Science of Revolutionary War, 149
speaks at Turner Hall with Albert, 93
visits Chicago, 91
Mother Earth (paper), 275, 278, 282, 299, 303, 307
Moyer, Charles (WFM president), 276
Mullins, Shep (freedman), 33
aids in purchase of schoolhouse, 17
Albert associates with, 24
death of, 38
as delegate to TX Constitutional Convention, 19, 22–23
elected to office, 26
Murphy, Lizzie (freedwoman), 30
NAACP, 302, 329, 330
name changes
and freedom, 16, 42, 139–140
names used by Lucy, 37, 41–42, 77–78, 88, 323, 346
of organizations, 70, 288–289
National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry (the Grange), 53
National Police Gazette (magazine), 175
National Typographical Union (NTU), 114
Local No. 16 of, 48, 63, 72, 85, 99, 120–121, 339
National Urban League, 329, 330
Native Americans, 4, 303. See also Mexican heritage, Lucy’s story of
native-born workers
anarchists lack understanding of, 119–120
distance from violent rhetoric, 118
prejudices of, 119, 121–122
See also immigrant vs native-born
“Necktie Party” held by Liberator group, 270
Neebe, Oscar (AZ office manager)
at Board of Trade building protest, 96
in Haymarket trial, 141, 149, 154, 163, 200, 235
on police raid of AZ office, 135–136
Nelson, Steve (communist), 335
New Century Club, 236, 257–258
“New Slavery, The” (Morgan, E.), 225, 239
New York Evening Journal, 168
New York Star, 168
New York Sun, 168
New York Times, 158
Albert in, 115, 203
on Haymarket events, 141
Lucy in, 106, 166, 168, 176, 177, 190, 275
New York Tribune, 168
New York World, 168, 174, 194, 226
Newcomb, James P. (newspaper editor), 33, 186–187
Nold, Carl (Detroit anarchist), 257, 285, 337
Office of Public Instruction (OPI), 35
Oglesby, Richard (IL governor), 185, 193, 199
Oliver, John W. (judge), 32, 37, 38
Omaha Republican, 179
One Big Union Monthly (IWW paper), 341
Orchard, Harry (WFM member), 276
Oregon Packing Company, 292–293
“‘Ostler Joe” (poem), 157
Ovington, Mary White (NAACP leader), 302
Owen, Edgar E. (reporter), 132, 152
Owen, William C. (editor of Regeneración), 288
Owens, Gordon (black nationalist), 321
Paine, Thomas (American revolutionary), 121
Palmer, A. Mitchell (US Attorney General), 308, 309
Palmer, Potter (hotel magnate), 49
Paris Commune (1871), 54, 109, 157
Parsons, Albert Jr. (Lucy and Albert’s son)
ashes of, 310, 337, 344
birth, 77–78
cared for by others, 88, 113, 161, 163–164, 186, 194, 217, 220
death, 310
decides to join the army, 251–252
groomed to carry on the fight, 210, 221–222
and Haymarket events, 132, 135, 197, 202, 235
at Haymarket meeting, 150, 153, 163, 170, 199–200, 344, 349
Lucy avoids mentioning, 338
sent to insane asylum, 252
Parsons, Albert R.
autobiography, 147, 187
birth and childhood, 6
death, ix, 201, 202–203, 204–205, 206
disavows promotion of violence, 140, 153, 187, 193
family, 6, 148, 149, 194 (See also Parsons, Albert Jr.; Parsons, Lulu Eda; Parsons, William H.)
is called a drunkard, 253
leaves Waco for Chicago, 3, 39, 41–42, 48
physical appearance, 4, 108, 114–115, 139–140
promotes violence, 71–72, 96, 97–98, 99, 106, 349
rejects electoral system, 71, 80–82
self-confidence, 22, 24–25, 41
See also Life of Albert R. Parsons
Parsons, Albert R., and Haymarket events
activities leading up to, 130, 131–135, 148, 149–153, 162–163
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