The Crusades- Islamic Perspectives
Page 73
armour, 463
chivalric values, 355
conversion, 377
Crusader religious orders, 335
Crusader-Muslim contact, 401
Franks, 334, 336, 343, 345, 349, 552, 553
Holy Lance, 314
knowledge of Christianity, 308
warfare, 432
Ibn al-Azraq, prisoners in captivity, 553
Ibn al-Dāwadārī, 75, 304, 305
Ibn al-Faqīh, 162
Ibn al-Firqa (writer), 163
Ibn al-Furāt (chronicler), 231, 232, 237, 238, 240, 286, 296
Crusader-Muslim contact, 398
Frankish fortifications, 470
Frankish leaders, 337, 339, 340
images, 308
Muslims in captivity, 549
navy and, 574
siege defenders, 532
Ibn al-Jawzī (historian), 65, 78, 179, 305
Ibn al-Khashshāb, Abu’l-Fadl, 108–9, 110
Oriental Christians and, 412, 413
Ibn al-Khayyāţ (poet), 32, 69–71
Ibn al-Mawşilāyā (scholar), 165
Ibn al-Miqāt, 414
Ibn al-Mubārak (writer), 165
Ibn al-Mukarram, on Frankish prisoners in captivity, 555
Ibn al-Nabīh (Ayyubid poet), 306, 308
Ibn al-Nadīm, 435
Ibn al-Qalānisī (Syrian writer), 10, 32, 46, 51, 54, 55, 57, 59, 64, 69, 75, 79, 81, 82, 83, 133, 303, 305, 411
archery, 514
conduct of war, 578
Crusader religious orders, 335
Frankish leaders, 336
Muslims under Crusader rule, 359
navy, 563
Ibn al-Qaysarānī (poet), 75, 114, 115, 150–1, 166
Frankish women, 347
Muslims under Crusader rule, 358
Ibn al-Shihna, 386, 491
Ibn al-Zayn, warfare and, 541
Ibn Barzan, see Baldwin of Ibelin
Ibn Baţţa, 120, 179
Ibn Fadlān, 272
Ibn Hawqal (Arab geographer), 103
Ibn Jubayr (Spanish traveller), 162, 182–3, 262–3, 292, 294, 363, 364–5, 378, 478, 483–4, 495, 550
appropriation of monuments, 371
conversion, 377
Crusader-Muslim contact, 399, 402
Franks, 343, 350, 351, 470
Holy Land, 302
on lack of cleanliness, 276
Oriental Christians, 413–14
pilgrims, 367
travellers, 370
Ibn Kathīr, 613
Ibn Khaldun (historian), 226
Muslim navy and, 558, 570, 577
Ibn Khallikān (Muslim biographer), 43, 189, 260
Crusader-Muslim contact, 398
Ibn Lukmān, 233–5
Ibn Munīr (poet), 114, 115, 150, 166
Muslims under Crusader rule, 358
Ibn Murajja al-Maqdisī, Musharraf, 162–3
Ibn Muyassar, 45, 66, 75, 366
Assassin castles, 500–1
navy, 563
Ibn Nazīf al-Hamawī, difference in Franks, 334
Ibn Nubāta al-Fāriqī (preacher), 101–2, 109, 165
sermons of, 238
Ibn Qudāma, Ahmad b.
Muhammad (legist), 99, 179, 223
Muslims under Crusader rule, 361
Ibn Qudāma, Muwaffaq al-Dīn, 120
Ibn Sana al-Mulk (poet), 179–80
Ibn Shaddād, Bahā’ al-Dīn (biographer), 59, 72, 166, 171, 180–2, 185, 189, 194, 237
Acre, 536–7
cross-breaking, 305
Crusader fleets, 565, 566
Crusader-Muslim contact, 401
Franks, 336, 342, 344, 346, 349, 471, 472
Greek fire and, 529
Muslims, 309, 310, 473, 491, 550
navy, 559
Oriental Christians, 412
religious buildings and their appropriation, 373
siege towers, 527
Ibn Shamlūţ, Lūka, 294
Ibn Sharafī, 414
Ibn Shāwār, 378
Ibn Taghribirdī (Mamluk historian), 33, 58, 66, 71, 238
Holy Lance and, 314
Ibn Taymiyya (Hanbalite scholar), 99, 141, 246
Frankish Christianity, 312, 321
Frankish prisoners in captivity, 555
jihād, 241–3
Muslims in captivity, 550
Oriental Christians, 417
Ibn Ţulūn (writer), Muslims under Crusader rule, 359
Ibn Wāşil (historian), 115, 204, 217, 222, 290–1, 298
Crusader religious orders, 335
Frankish leaders, 336, 338, 339, 340
Frankish prisoners in captivity, 555
knowledge of Christianity, 308
navy, 559
Papacy, 319
Ibn Zāfir (chronicler), 45, 77
Ibn Zakī, 189, 190, 195, 301, 315
sermons of, 316
Iconium (Konya), 18
al-Idrīsī (writer), 271 Īl-Ghāzī, Najm al-Dīn (ruler of Mardin), 79, 81, 440 ‘Imād al-Dīn al-Işfahānī, 113, 135–7, 152–6, 166, 171, 182, 183, 185, 189, 191, 193, 293, 289–90, 293, 295, 298, 300–1, 310, 364, 378
Acre, 536
appropriation of monuments, 372
chivalry, 357
conduct of war, 578
Crusader religious orders, 335
Franks, 321, 342, 345, 347, 348, 349, 350
Holy Sepulchre, 318
lance, 451
Muslims, 310, 359, 361, 549
navy, 569
sieges, 534
warfare, 434
images, Christians and, 308
imāms, Shi‘ite Ismā’īlī Fāţimid, 94
Inab, battle of, 117, 134
India, 250
infidel, definition of, 303
Innocent IV, Pope, Frankish leaders and, 339
interpreters, language barrier and, 333
Islam/Islamic
art, cultural exchange and, 381–91
artworks, warfare and, 540–4
chivalry, military manuals and, 437
early period, jihād and, 92–4
heartlands, trade and hajj
routes, 400(fig.)
Jerusalem in, 141–50
lands, on eve of First Crusade, 47–8
monuments, Franks and, 370–2
sacred space, Frankish defilement of, 284–5
sources on conduct of war, 578–81
warfare and, 432–3
space, purification of, 298–301
theory of jihād, 94–7
Islamic Jihād against the
Crusaders and Mongols in the Mamlūk Period, The (’Āshūr), 4
Islamic Liberation Party (ILB) (Hizb al-tahrīr al-Islāmī), 602–5
Ismā’īlī Amirate, map of, 503(fig.)
Ismā’īlīs, 303, 498
Israel, 603, 605
Crusader/modern comparison, 605–9
Italian fleets, 561
Italian maritime states, 204
Italian textiles, 405–6
Iznik, 20
‘Izz al-Dīn Aydemir, 577
Jabra, Jabra I., 606
Jaffa, 204
sieges and, 533
al-Jāhiz, archery, 513
Jāmi‘ al-Nūrī, Hamā, Syria, 125(plate), 129(fig.), colour plate 16
inscriptions, 125(plate), 126(plate)
inscription on capital, 212(plate)
minaret, 140(plate)
minbar detail, 157–9(plates)
riparian façade, 151 (plate)
Jāmi‘ al-Nūrī, Mosul, Iraq alabaster
mihrāb of, 124(fig.)
blue marble columns in, 178, 315(plates) dome
over mihrāb, 177(plate)
exterior view, 174(plate)
inscription, 161 (plate)
mihrāb, 176(plate)
minaret, 269(plate)
window-frame, 175, 305(plates)
Jāmi‘ of Imām Muhsin, Mosul, Iraq, 215(pla
te)
marble intarsia, 217(plate)
Jawālī Saqao (ruler of Mosul), 82
al-Jazīra, Muslim fortifications, 473
Jerusalem, 26, 215–16, 246, 302, 613
Aqşā Mosque, see Aqşā Mosque, Jerusalem
in Ayyūbid period, 211–23, 224
church of St Anne in, 331
city walls, 477(plate)
conquest of, 63–6
in Counter-Crusade, 150–61
cultural exchange, 382
destruction of Holy Sepulchre, 15–17
destruction of religious monuments, 380
on eve of First Crusade, 48–9
Khwārazmians and, 222
in medieval Muslim world, 141–50
mosaic with map, 148(fig.)
Muslim fortifications, 476
names for, 301
recapture of, 186
reconquest of, 24
Saladin and, 172, 186, 188–92, 316–17
siege of, 45
Jews, in First Crusade, 66–8
jihād, 89–166
Acre and, 238–41
after death of Nūr al-Dīn, 171–251
in Ayyūbid period, 204–11, 224–5
Baybars and, 235–7
before fall of Acre, 171–251
classical Islamic theory of, 94–9
classical theory modified, 98–9
in Crusader times, 103–8
Damascus and, 223
as defensive, 246
definition of, 89–92
in early Islamic period, 92–4
in early Mamlūk period, 237–8
Greater Jihād, 97
Ibn Taymiyya and, 241–3
lack of, in Levant, 103
literature in Nūr al-Dīn period, 161–6
Mamlūks and, 243–6
Muslim chroniclers on Saladin’s, 180–3
poetry on, 166
prayers and sermons in, 165
pre-Crusade realities, 100
preaching in, 223–4
propaganda in time of Saladin, 175–80
recent times, 250
revival of, 108–12, 411
Saladin and, 183, 185–6
Second Crusade and, 116–17
special books on, 165–6
spiritual, 97
titulature, of Mamlūks, 230–5
John Paul II, Pope, 602
Joscelin (Frankish leader), 412
Frankish prisoners in captivity, 554, 555
justice, Frankish, 365–6
Juwaynī, Sa’d al-Dīn, Frankish leaders and, 337
Ka’ba, 145(fig.)
in jeopardy, 296
Kafarţāb
Greek fire and, 528
sapping, 531
al-Kāmil, al-Malik (Ayyūbid sultan, son of al-’Ādil),), 25, 26, 201, 204, 216–21, 608
death of, 222
Frankish leaders and, 339
al-Kanjī (writer), 238
al-Karak (fortress), 172, 238, 291–3
Crusader-Muslim contact, 399
siege of, 534–5
Kemal, Namik, 593
Khālid ibn al-Walīd, 230, 232
Khalīl ibn Qalāwūn, 231
Khān al-’Arūs, Syria, plan and perspectival view, 368(fig.)
Khān al-Inqirāta, Syria, plan and perspectival view, 369(fig.)
Khartpert, destruction of religious monuments in, 380
al-Khaznadārī, Qirtay al-‘Izzī, 492
Khudavand Muzaffar al-Dawla wa’l-Dīn, warfare and, 544
Khumaynī, Āyatallāh, 600
al-Khwārazmī (scholar), 269
Khwārazmians, 204, 222, 306
destruction of religious monuments by, 380
al-Kilābī, Rāfi‘, armour and, 463
al-Kindī (writer), 454
military manuals and, 438
Kipchak Turks, see Khwārazmians, 235
Kirbogha (ruler of Mosul), 56–8
Kitāb al-jihād (al-Sulamī)
navy and, 561
title page, 106(fig.)
Kitāb al-muqaffa’ (al-Maqrīzī), Frankish leaders and, 341
Kitāb al-tanbīh (al-Shīrāzī), 409
Kitbogha Noyan (Mongol leader), 225
Kizil Kule, Alanya, Turkey, 475(fig.)
Knights Hospitaller
Frankish prisoners in captivity, 554
Muslims on, 334–5
Knights Templar, 288, 300, 333
Frankish prisoners in captivity, 554
Muslims on, 334–5
Köhler, M. A., theories of, 248–50
Krak des Chevaliers, 29, 166, 498
Crusader religious orders, 335
siege of, 531, 538–9
Kufic inscription, Hijāz, Arabia, 293(fig.)
L’la Yamina, 265, 267(fig.)
Lājīn (Mamluk sultan), 242
lance, 451–3
landscape, of Frankish occupation, 330–1
languages
as barrier, 331–3
Crusader-Muslim contact, 397
lateen-rigged boat, Almohad glazed ceramic dish, 560(plate)
leadership, Muslims on, 336–47
Lepanto, Greek fire and, 528
Lessing G. E., 593
Levant
fortifications in, 467–504
life in, 329–420
Levantine ports, 204
Libyan propaganda, 609–11
literature
‘Frankish filth’ in, 294
folk, Franks in, 273
later medieval, Franks in, 271–3
on jihād, 161–6
Louis IV, 26
Louis VII, 23
Louis IX, 571
Lucca, 405
Lūka ibn Shamlūţ, 294
Ma’arrat al-Nu’mān, 75, 258, 277, 305
fall of, 59–63
Ma’arrat al-Nu’mān, Syria, Great Mosque, see Great Mosque, Ma’arrat al-Nu’man maces, 456
madhhabs (legal schools), 99
Madrasa al-’Ādiliyya, Damascus, 196(fig.)
Madrasa al-Halawiyya, Aleppo, Syria, 123, 374(plate), 386–7
prayer hall, 375(plate)
wooden mihrāb, 376(plate)
Madrasa al-Nahwiyya, Jerusalem, 213, 384, 425
Madrasa al-Rukniyya, Damascus, 198(fig.)
Madrasa al-Shibliyya, Damascus, 214(fig.)
Madrasa al-Shu’aybiyya, Aleppo, 127
Madrasa al-Sultāniyya, Aleppo, 197(fig.)
Madrasa-Mausoleum of Sultan al-Nāşir Muhammad, Cairo, 386(píate)
madrasas (religious colleges), in Damascus, 211
maghāriba, Fāţimid armies and, 444
Malāzgird, see Manzikert
Mālik b. Salīm, lord of Qal‘at Ja’bar, conversion and, 377
Mālikites, 99
Malikshāh (Seljuq sultan), 19, 33
death of, 38
Mālīs, king, 265–6
Mamlūks, 26–9
army of, 445–6
banner, 518(plate), 519(plate)
blazons, 261(fig.)
charges, 275(fig.)
correspondence of 320
Crusader navy and, 572–3
Crusader-Muslim contact, 392
Frankish Christianity and, 311–12
history as rallying cry, 4
jihād, 243–6
in early period, 237–8
titulature of, 230–5
mangonels and, 524
military arts and, 448–50
military manuals and, 437
navy and, 571
on conduct of war, 580
Oriental Christians and, 414–17
river boat with archers, 573(fig.)
siege warfare/navy link, 573–4
trade, 403–7
until fall of Acre, 225–7
Manfred of Sicily
knowledge of Christianity, 308–9
Muslims on, 340–1
mangonel (manjanīq), 523–4, 536(fig.), 539(fig.)
al-Manşura, 26
Manzikert, battle of, 18, 20, 40
al-Maqrīzī, 233
Frankish leaders and, 341
military manuals and, 515
navy and, 570
Oriental Christians and, 415
Maragha, 161
Maraqiyya, fortifications and, 469
marble intarsia work, Mosul, Iraq, 209–10, 215, 217(plates)
Mārdīn, Muslim fortifications, 473
māristān of Nūr al-Dīn, Damascus, Syria, 130–1(figs), 132(plate)
interior, 133–5(plates), colour plate 14
portal, 136(plate)
Marqab, 29
siege of, 539–40
marriage, Frankish women, 350–1
Marvazī, Sharaf al-Zamān Tâhir, 441–2
al-Mas’ūdī (‘Abbāsid writer), 270, 272
mashāriqa, Fāţimid armies and, 444
Mashhad ‘Awn al-Dīn, Mosul, Iraq, alabaster portal, 220(plate)
Mashhad Imām Yahyā b. al-Qāsim, Mosul, Iraq, 218(plate)
façade, 216(plate)
Masjid al-Hasanayn, 94(plate)
maşlaha (public interest), 99
al-Matwī (writer), 5
Mawdūd (governor of Mosul), 21, 79, 108
maydān, role of, 447–8
Mayyāfâriqīn, 101–2
Mecca, 262
Frankish threat to pilgrimage, 291–3
medicine, 352–3
medieval Muslim sources
accessibility of, 10
nature of, 9–10
medieval views, Franks in, 271–3
Medina, 131, 145(fig.)
Frankish threat to pilgrimage, 291–3
Meisami, 161
Memoirs (Usāma), 259–62
Memory for Forgetfulness (Darwīsh), 613
Merits of Damascus literature, 162
Merits of Jerusalem literature (Fadāïl al-Quds), 162–5, 175–9, 189–90, 238
metalwork, with Christian imagery, 388–91
mihrāb, 300–1
al-Miknasī (writer), 238
military classes, jihād in early Mamluk period, 237–8
military education, 446
military historians, 577–8
military manuals, Muslims and, 435–8
military strategy, Muslim, 511–16
minarets, in Syria, 129
minbar, in Aqsa mosque, 151–61
Mirrors for Princes literature, 161–2, 439
military manuals and, 515
Mongols
attacks by, 225
Baybars and, 227
Frankish Christianity and, 313
Montferrat, Boniface de, 24
Monuments of the Countries and the History of the Inhabitants (al-Qazwīnī), 271–2
monuments, religious, destruction of, 380–1
mosque lamp, 239(fig.)
Mosque of …, see also Great Mosque…
Mosque of al-Hākim, Cairo, 51
minaret, 16(fig.), 246(fig.)
Mosque of Baybars, Cairo, 233(fig.), 236(fig.)
portal, 234(plate), 235(plate)
Mosque of the Prophet, Medina, 145(fig.)
Mount Hermon, Muslim castles, 496
al-Mu‘azzam, al-Malik (Ayyūbid prince), 207, 213, 215, 217, 224
al-Mu‘azzamiyya madrasas, 213