by Alex Beam
Weston, William. Letters, 1844–1845. Manuscript Collection, Newberry Library, Chicago.
Whitman, Omer, and James Varner. “Sheriff Jacob Backenstos, ‘Defender of the Saints.’” Journal of Mormon History 29 (1) (2004).
Whitney, Helen Mar. Why We Practice Plural Marriage. Salt Lake City: Office of the Juvenile Instructor, 1884.
Wicks, Robert, and Fred Foister. Junius and Joseph: Presidential Politics and the Assassination of the First Mormon Prophet. Logan: Utah State University Press, 2005.
Williams, Mentor. “A Tour of Illinois in 1842.” Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society 42 (3) (September 1949).
Woods, Fred E. “Gathering to Nauvoo: Mormon Immigration 1840–46.” Mormon Historical Studies, Nauvoo Journal (Fall 1999).
Woods, Colonel J. W. “The Mormon Prophet: A True Version of His Martyrdom.” Ottawa Democrat, May 13, 1885.
Wyl, William. Mormon Portraits. Salt Lake City: Tribune Printing, 1886.
Young, Brigham. Journal of Discourses, vol. 4. Liverpool and London: F. D. and S. W. Richards, 1854. Available online at http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/cdm/compoundobject/collection/JournalOfDiscourses3/id/9599/rec/1.
INDEX
Abercrombie, Nancy, 270
Abiff, Hiram, 27
Abolitionism, abolitionists, 41, 119
Abraham, 52, 84, 246
Adam, 7, 20, 119
Adams, John, 25, 250
Adams, John Quincy, 250
Adultery, 94, 97, 105, 117, 146, 233
African Americans, 52
Alaska, 33
Alcohol use, 6, 39, 46, 60
Aldrich, Mark, 66, 70, 76, 77, 175, 176, 211, 214, 215, 217, 222, 264
Allen, Nathan, 208
Alton Observer, 119
Anti-Mormon party, 66, 70
Anti-Polygamy Society, 94
Anti-slavery movement, 41
Apostles, 20, 31, 69, 74, 83, 87, 90, 104, 133, 198, 232, 234, 235, 239, 242, 245, 252, 253
See also Quorum of Twelve Apostles
Babylon, 36, 241
Backenstos, Jacob, 176, 207, 263, 267–268
Baldwin, Eudocia, 52, 147, 178, 189
Baldwin, William, 57
Banking, 8, 30, 36, 40, 67, 244
Bankruptcy, 40, 47, 76, 77, 138, 161, 252
Baptism
of converts, 19, 79
of the dead, 21, 25, 56, 83
mass, 25
Baptists, 15, 139
Barnes, Thomas, 185–186
Baum, Jacob, 267
Belnap, Gilbert, 141
Belton, James, 263
Bennett, James Gordon, 32, 44, 199
Bennett, John C., 14, 102
Bennett, Samuel, 189
Bernhisel, John, 147
Bettisworth, David, 124–125, 162–163
Bible, 7, 15, 19, 70
Book of Mormon and, 18, 19
King James version of, 18
New Testament, 7, 18, 19, 20, 83–84, 86, 116
Old Testament, 7, 18, 83–85, 116, 132–133, 246
polygamy and, 83–87, 99
Bidamon, Lewis, 270, 272–273
Bills, John, 56
Blackstone, William, 120–121, 165
Blasphemy, 14, 29, 97, 116, 133
Bloom, Harold, 15
Boggs, Lillburn, 2, 36–37, 67, 81, 210, 218
Bogus making, 73–74, 307
Bonney, Edward, 73–74
Book of Doctrine and Covenants, 19, 84, 87, 98, 133, 232, 244, 259, 260
Book of Mormon, 57, 72, 79–80, 83–84
Bible and, 18, 19
criticism of, 18–19
golden tablets and, 4, 17–18, 89, 272–273
plagiarizing of, 13–14
polygamy and, 86
printing of, 18, 81
publishing of, 13–14
secret societies and, 26
translation of, 3–4, 7, 17–18, 246, 272–273
“witnesses” of, 18
as word of God, 21
Book of Revelation, 129, 131
Book of the Law of the Lord, 246, 249
Brackenbury, Benjamin, 223–224, 225
Brewster, James Colin, 243–244
Brewsterism, 244
British Isles, 21, 55
Brodie, Fawn, 91n
Brotherton, Martha, 48, 114–115
Brown, Samuel, 206
Brown, Uriah, 33, 33n
Browning, Orville H., 76, 173, 210–211, 215–216, 220–221, 223, 224, 226, 265
Bryant, William Cullen, 261
Bullock, Thomas, 185
Burton, Sir Richard, 3, 268, 276
Byron, Lord, 250
Cahoon, Reynolds, 149, 150, 152
Calhoun, John C., 31, 148–149
Calhoun, John C., Jr., 149
California, 3, 32, 33, 34
Campbell, Alexander, 19
Campbellites, 7
Canaanites, 52
Carthage, Illinois, 45, 66, 75, 105, 124, 139
Expositor affair in, 138–150
Smith, Joseph surrender and, 151–168
Carthage Greys militia, 125, 146
Carthage jailhouse lynching and, 171–172, 175–176, 178, 179, 183, 216, 220, 222, 227
Smith, Joseph surrender and, 157, 159–160, 161, 165, 167
Carthage jailhouse lynching
aftermath of, 189–206, 231–257
Carthage Greys militia and, 171–172, 175–176, 178, 179, 183, 216, 220, 222, 227
Ford, Thomas and, 170–173, 175, 183–185, 207, 209, 214, 217, 227
news of, 199–201
response to, 201–203
Richards, Willard and, 177–178, 179, 181, 182–183, 185–187, 208
Smith, Hyrum and, 173, 176, 177, 179, 180, 183, 185
Taylor, John and, 176–182, 186, 190–191, 208, 274–277
trials for, 207–227
vengeance and, 196–199
See also Nauvoo Expositor
Carthagenian newspaper, 139
Caswall, Henry, 51
Celestial marriage, 86, 91, 93
See also Polygamy
Celibacy, 15
Chicago Democrat, 44
Christensen, C. C., 181fig
Christianity, 19
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
eleventh birthday celebration of, 55–59
First Presidency of, 24
formation of, 19–21, 35
Smith, Joseph, death of and, 202
See also Mormonism, Mormons
The City of the Saints (Burton), 276
Civil War, U.S., 260–261, 266
Clay, Henry, 31
Clayton, Lucy, 163
Clayton, William, 87–88, 97, 150, 163, 194, 195, 207, 208, 233, 247, 252, 263
Cochran, Jacob, 86
Cochranites, 86
Columbus, Christopher, 25
Commentaries on the Laws of England (Blackstone), 120
Commerce, Ill., 38–39
See also Nauvoo, Illinois
Communism, 20
Compton, Todd, 91n
Congregationalists, 41, 139
Congress, U.S., 5, 37–38
Constitution, U.S., 45, 120, 145, 147–148
Conversion, converts, 19, 21, 79, 84
“Correct Account of the Murder of Generals Joseph Smith and Hyrum Smith at Carthage, on the 27th Day of June, 1844” (Daniels), 216–222
Council of Fifty, 5, 32–33, 69, 73–74, 111, 232, 236
Councils. See Council of Fifty; Quorum of the Anointed; Quorum of Twelve Apostles
Counterfeiting, 73–74
Cowdery, Oliver, 18, 19, 232, 272
Cowles, Austin, 115, 117, 118, 123
Cowles, Elvira, 115
Creation story, 20, 27
Cromwell, Oliver, 250
Cutler, Alpheus, 149
Daniels, William, 216–222, 224, 226
Danite guerrilla force, 2, 14, 36, 43, 64, 178–179, 183
David, King, 84, 8
5
Davis, George T. M., 158–159, 189
Davis, Jacob, 211–212, 217, 222–223, 225, 264
Death on the Pale Horse (West), 128–130, 129fig
Declaration of Independence, 25, 113
Deming, Minor, 159, 160, 171, 174, 190, 224
Democratic Party, 30, 66–67, 69, 70, 71, 135
Deseret, 275
Divorce, 88, 94
Doctrine of eternal progression, 29
Douglas, Stephen, 44, 67, 76, 135–136, 138, 210, 211, 254–255, 261–262
Douglass, Charley, a.k.a. Elvira Field, 250
Dreams, 130–131, 137, 164, 169–170
Driscoll, John, 137
Duncan, Joseph, 138
Dunham, Jonathan, 121, 143, 155
Dunn, James, 155–156, 157–158, 160, 174, 175
Eagle, John, 176
Eaton, Marinus, 74
Eden, Garden of, 27, 35, 48, 119
Election of 1844, 6, 8, 30–33
Elijah, 15
Elijah, Prophet, 56
Emmons, Sylvester, 110, 111–112, 117
End Times, 59
England. See Great Britain
Enoch, 20
Esdras, 244
Eternal life, 5, 20, 28, 82
Evangelicalism, 19, 20
Eve, 20, 119
Evening and the Morning Star newspaper, 119
Excommunication, 24, 73, 94, 103, 123, 234, 239, 245, 251
Expositor affair. See Nauvoo Expositor
Extermination Order of 1838, 2, 36–37, 67, 81
Fate of the Persecutors of the Prophet Joseph Smith (Lundwall), 262
Fausett, Lynn, 256fig
Federal government, 31
Federalist Party, Federalists, 67
Female Relief Society, 233
Field, Elvira, a.k.a. Charley Douglass, 250
Fielding, Joseph, 77
Finney, Charles Grandison, 7
First Amendment, 9, 120
First Presidency, 24, 103, 236
Follett, King, 28–29, 83, 116
Ford, Thomas, 9, 40–41, 43, 71, 266–267
Carthage jailhouse lynching and, 170–173, 175, 183–185, 207, 209, 214, 217, 227
Expositor affair and, 134, 145–149
Illinois governorship and, 135–139
Mormon-hating and, 74
Smith, Joseph, death of and, 203–204
Smith, Joseph surrender and, 152, 155–156, 158, 159, 160, 161, 164, 165–166
Fordham, Elijah, 184–185
Foster, Charles, 101, 121, 124
Expositor affair and, 109–111, 113, 117, 118
Foster, Robert, 95, 99–101, 103, 130
Expositor affair and, 109–111, 113, 117, 118, 122
Fraim, William, 140
France, 14, 33, 34
Franklin, Benjamin, 25
Freedom of press, 9
Freemasonry, 9, 25–28, 83
Fremont, John C., 255
Fullmer, John, 161, 167, 173
Gallagher, William, 208, 223
Galland, Isaac, 37–39, 40, 139
Geddes, Thomas, 165–166
Genesis, 7, 20, 27, 52, 130
Gentiles, 20, 36, 55, 73, 83, 95, 246
Gilbert, Sidney, 79
God
Book of Mormon and, 18, 21
humanity of, 29, 116
Kingdom of, 6, 8, 28, 32, 82, 239
will of, 19, 70
Gods, plurality of, 29, 83, 116, 132
Golden Bible. See Book of Mormon
Golden tablets, 4, 17–18, 89, 232, 246, 272–273
Gospel of John, 19
Government
federal, 31, 66, 148, 260, 261
in Nauvoo, Illinois, 44, 75, 110
opposition to Mormonism of U.S., 8.93, 275
world’s, 5, 26, 28, 32–33
Graham, Eliza, 222, 224, 225
Grant, Jedediah, 236
Grant, Ulysses S., 5
Great Britain, 14, 33, 92, 239
Greeley, Horace, 200
Greene, John, 121, 155, 163, 186
Gregg, Thomas, 37, 61–62, 72, 109, 146
Grover, William, 66, 141–142, 175, 176, 212, 222–223, 225, 264
Halcyon Order of Illuminati, 249
Hale, Emma. See Smith, Emma
Hale, Isaac, 16
Hamilton, Alexander, 67
Hamilton, Artois, 139, 140, 145, 157, 176–177, 186, 190, 191
Hamilton, William, 178, 179, 183, 212
Hamilton House, 139, 158, 159, 161, 162
Hancock, Levi, 195–196
Hancock, Mosiah, 195–196
Hancock County, Illinois, 42, 66–68, 71–75, 105, 124, 125, 138–143, 145, 159, 161, 175, 184, 197, 198, 207, 215, 231, 236, 246, 253, 257, 267, 274
Harmony, Pennsylvania, 16, 19
Harris, Dennison, 103
Harris, George, 194
Harris, Lucinda Morgan, 194
Harris, Martin, 18, 81, 248
Harrison, William Henry, 67, 136
Hartford Courant, 200
Haven, Charlotte, 23, 25, 51–52, 98–99
Hay, John, 59–60, 171, 174–175, 216, 226
Heaven, 21, 24, 90, 113, 270
Higbee, Chauncey, 101–102, 121, 130, 166, 264
Carthage jailhouse lynching and, 172–173
Expositor affair and, 109–111, 117, 118
Higbee, Elias, 102
Higbee, Francis, 101, 104, 109, 124
Expositor affair and, 109–111, 117, 118
High Priesthood, 6, 24
Hinckley, Gordon B., 266–267
Hiram, Ohio, 8
History of Illinois (Ford), 40–41, 71, 136, 137, 185, 202
The History of the Saints: or, An Exposé of Joe Smith and Mormonism (Bennett), 14
Hodge, Abram, 156, 157
Hoge, Joseph, 69, 70
Hone, Philip, 42
Houston, Sam, 32
Howe, Eber, 13–14
Huntington, Dimick, 111, 155, 192–193, 195, 203, 204, 205
Huntington, Oliver B., 143
Hyde, Orson, 24, 73, 75, 86, 237, 240, 241, 248
Illinois, 1, 8
anti-Mormon activity in, 42, 43, 137
economy of, 41
politics in, 66–71
rule of law in, 41–43
Illinois Constitution, 120, 159
Illusions of Masonry (Morgan), 26
Independence, Mo., 270
Indians, 19, 38, 71, 84
Iowa, 1, 9, 28, 38, 40, 59, 141, 150, 151, 198, 252, 255, 257, 262
Iowa Territory, 1
Isaac, 52
Islam, 8
Israel, 6, 18, 34, 36
Jack-Mormons, 125, 159, 175, 176, 207, 224, 308
Jackson, Andrew, 41–42, 66, 135, 261
Jackson, Joseph, 33n, 74, 118
Jacob, 84
Jacobs, Norton, 57, 61
Jefferson, Thomas, 25
Jerusalem, 19, 47
Jesus Christ, 7, 8, 177
appearances to Joseph Smith of, 15–16, 56
Book of Mormon and, 19
Passion of, 166
Second Coming of, 15, 19, 20, 28, 32, 83, 91, 97, 232, 249
John, Gospel writer, 8
John, Gospel of, 19
John the Baptist, 6, 19
Johnson, Andrew, 265
Johnson, Benjamin, 241
Jones, Dan, 155, 164, 165, 166, 168, 169, 170, 172, 179, 194–195
Jordon, William, 153
Joshua the Jewish Minister, 86, 243
Keokuk, Chief, 57, 59, 61
Kimball, Heber, 25, 26, 28, 33, 92–93, 114, 152, 186, 199, 251, 256, 260
Kimball, Hiram, 152
Kimball, Vilate, 25, 92, 93, 152
King, William M., 71
Kingdom of God, 6, 8, 28, 32, 82, 239
Kinney, William, 136
Kirtland, Ohio, 20, 22, 35, 36, 40, 51, 56, 79, 86, 169, 243
Kirtland Safety Society Anti-Banking Company, 36, 24
4
Knight, Martha, 105
Lafayette, Marquis de, 25
Lamanites, 18, 71, 84
Lamborn, Josiah, 209–210, 213–222, 225, 227
Law, Jane Silverthorn, 94–95, 103, 117–118, 264
Law, Richard, 98
Law, William, 130, 239, 264–265
appearance of, 94
breakaway church of, 29, 103–104
Carthage jailhouse lynching and, 208
excommunication of, 123
Expositor affair and, 109–111, 113, 117–118, 122
Nauvoo inner circle and, 95–96
plurality of gods and, 29
politics and, 69–70
polygamy and, 29, 94–98, 99–100, 103, 105
priesthood endowment ritual and, 26
Smith, Joseph succession and, 236
Smith, Joseph surrender and, 156
Law, Wilson, 56, 95, 100, 130, 239, 264
excommunication of, 123
Expositor affair and, 109–111, 113, 117–118
Nauvoo inner circle and, 96
polygamy and, 103, 105
Lawrence, Sarah and Maria, 48, 88, 105
Lee, Ann, 15, 239
Lee, John D., 241
Lee, Robert E., 76
Legionnaires. See Nauvoo Legion
Liberty, Mo., 38, 89
Lightner, Adam, 81, 83
Lightner, Mary Rollins, 221n
Lincoln, Abraham, 42, 43–44, 59–60, 136, 140, 210, 227, 262, 265
Linder, Usher, 227
Little, Sidney, 44
Littlefield, Lyman, 219–222
Lomax, Robert, 262, 263
Lovejoy, Elijah, 119
Luke, Gospel writer, 7
Lundwall, N. B., 262
The Lyceum. See Council of Fifty
Lyon, Windsor, 91–92
Mace, Wandle, 37, 57, 152
MacKenzie, William Lyon, 95
MacKenzieites, 95
Macomber, John, 186
Madison, Phoebe, 102, 112
Maid of Iowa, 155, 164
Manchou, Rajah, 246
Manning, Jane, 48
Markham, Stephen, 152, 163, 176, 180
Marks, William, 97, 192–193, 232, 233–234, 235, 236, 248, 250, 251
Masonry. See Freemasonry
Massachusetts, 4, 123, 156n, 199, 213
Matthews, D. W., 142
Matthews, Robert, 86, 243
McDonough County, 44, 146, 171
McDonough County Union Dragoons, 155, 158–160, 163, 174, 175
Methodism, Methodists, 15, 19, 139
Mexico, 32, 33
Militarism, 63, 64
Militias. See Carthage Greys militia; McDonough county Union Dragoons; Nauvoo Legion
Miller, George, 45
Miller, Reuben, 247
Miller, William, 15
Millerites, 7
Missionary work, 21
Missouri, 1, 2, 8, 35, 36, 45, 55
anti-Mormon activity in, 36–37, 49, 71–74, 115–120, 127–128, 141, 197–198, 236, 274
