37 Nelson to Hamilton 20, 22. and 23.7.1798; Nicolas III pp. 42–7
38 Nelson to St Vincent 3.8.1798; Nicolas III pp. 58–61
39 Mornington to Grenville 18.11.1798; cited on Mackesy p. 43
40 Nelson to Spencer 9.8.1798; Nicolas III pp. 98–9
41 Nelson to Wife 11.8.1798; Naish p. 399
42 Nelson to Nepean 16.8.1798 and to St Vincent 19 and 26.8.1798; Nicolas III pp.105–7
CHAPTER IX
1 Barry Unsworth’s Losing Nelson confronts this issue with imagination. The scale of the debate should not disguise the poverty of hard evidence. The case against Nelson would not stand in a court of law, being wholly based on hearsay and innuendo.
2 Touchette, L-A. ‘Sir William Hamilton’s “Pantomime Mistress”: Emma Hamilton and Her Attitudes.’ In Hornsby, C. ed. The Impact of Italy; The Grand Tour and Beyond, London, 2000, pp. 123–46: an excellent illustrated account of her art.
3 Winifred Guerin’s account in Horatia Nelson, Oxford, 1981, is the most hostile on this score.
4 Hamilton to Nelson 8.9.1798; Nicolas III pp. 71–2
5 Hamilton to Nelson 1.8.1798; Morrison, A. The Hamilton and Nelson Papers. Volume II. London 1894 privately printed pp. 15–17
6 Acton to Nelson 9.9.1798; Nicolas III p. 118. Nelson to Spencer 16.9.1799; Nicolas III pp. 126–7
7 Paret and Moran eds. Carl von Clausewitz: Historical and Political Writings, p. 246 as quoted in Gooch, J. The Politics of Strategy’, War in History 4 (2003), p. 424
8 Rodger, The War of the Second Coalition, 1798 to 1801: A Strategic Commentary is the leading source for this analysis. It has been widely, and uncritically adopted.
9 Nelson to Father 25.9.1798; Nicolas III p. 131
10 Nelson to St Vincent 27.9.1798; Nicolas III p. 132
11 St Vincent to Nelson 27.9.1798; Nicolas III pp. 84–5
12 Admiralty to St Vincent 3.10.1798; Nicolas III pp. 143–4
13 Nelson to Captain Hood 13.9.1798; Nicolas III pp. 121–2
14 Nelson to St Vincent 30.9.1799; Nicolas III p. 138
15 Nelson to St Vincent 4.10.1798; Nicolas VII p. clxiv
16 Nelson to Pitt 4.10.1798; PRO 30/8/367 ff. 42–3
17 Nelson to St Vincent 4.10.1798; Nicolas VII clxiv
18 Nelson to Spencer 9.10.1798; Nicolas III pp. 146–7
19 Hamilton to Nelson 16.10.1798. Morrison II. pp. 23–4. Nelson to St Vincent 22.10.1798; Nicolas IE pp. 150–1
20 Testa, C. The French in Malta 1798–1800. Valletta 1997
21 Nelson to St Vincent 7.11.1798; Nicolas III p. 166
22 Mackesy, Statesmen at War: The Strategy of Overthrow 1798–17 99. London pp. 54–6
23 Nelson to St Vincent 30–31.12.1798: Nicolas pp. 213–15
24 Nelson to Spencer 1.1.1799; Nicolas III pp. 217–18
25 Nelson to Pitt 4.10.1799; PRO 30/8/367 ff. 42–3
26 Nelson to Wife 17.1.1799; Naish pp. 480–1
27 Acton, H. The Bourbons of Naples. London 1956 pp. 314–334. While Acton dismisses the pro-Jacobin effusions of the Neapolitan historians, he goes on to mistake the role of Nelson and the Hamiltons on very limited evidence.
28 Nelson to General Sir Charles Stuart 7.1.1799; Nicolas III pp. 227–8
29 Acton, pp. 337–8.
30 Nelson to Howe 8.1.1799; Nicolas III pp. 230–1
31 Walker pp. 88–90
32 Nelson to St Vincent 17.1.1799: Nicolas VII p. clxx. Nelson to Minto 19.1.1799: Nicolas III pp 235–690
33 Nelson to Ball 21.1.1799; Nicolas III pp. 236–8
34 Nelson to St Vincent 1.2.1799; Nicolas III p. 239
35 Nelson to Lady Parker 1.2.1799; Nicolas III pp. 248–9. Nelson to Davison 2.2.1799; Nicolas VII p. clxxii
36 Nelson to St Vincent 1, 2 and 3.2.1799; Nelson to Ball 4.2.1799; Nelson to Acton 2.2.1799; Nelson to Niza 1.2.1799; Nicolas III pp. 249–56
37 Nelson to Commissioner Coffin at Port Mahon 5.2.1799; Nicolas III p. 258
38 Nelson to Spencer 17.2.1799; Nicolas VII p. clxxv. Nelson to Stuart 16.2.1799; Nelson to Troubridge 18.2.1799; Nicolas III pp. 267–9
39 Nelson to Spencer 7.2.1799; Nicolas VII p. clxxii
40 Nelson to Ball 28.2.1799; Nicolas III pp. 272–3
41 Nelson to Ball 8.3.1799; Nicolas III pp. 286–7
42 Nelson to St Vincent 20.3.1799; Nicolas III pp. 297–9
43 Nelson to Oushakov 23.3.1799; Nicolas II p. 304
44 Nelson to St Vincent 20.3.1799; Nicolas III pp. 297–9
45 Lloyd, C. ed. The Keith Papers II. London, Navy Records Society 1950. pp. 36–51
46 King to Ruffo 11.4.1799; Gutteridge, ed. Nelson and the Neapolitan Jacobins, pp. 38–41
47 King to Ruffo. 1.5.1799; Gutteridge p. 45
48 Nelson to Troubridge 30.3.1799; Nicolas III p. 310
49 Nelson to Ball 9.4.1799; Nicolas III p. 319
50 Nelson to Spencer 6.4.1799; Nicolas VII pp. clxxvii–iii
51 Hamilton to Charles Greville 8.4.1799; Morrison II pp. 40–1
52 Mackesy, p. 98 is a typical modern example.
53 Lord Keith to Sister 19.4.1799; Keith II p. 37. Typically this is a piece of second-hand reportage, based on an unknown source, by someone who had not met Nelson for a year.
54 Nelson to St Vincent 8.3.1799: Nicolas III pp. 285–6
55 Nelson to Ball 21.4.1799; Nicolas III pp. 332–3
56 Nelson to Troubridge 25.4. and to Stuart 28.4.1799; Nicolas III pp. 333–7
57 Nelson to St Vincent 9.5.1799; Nicolas VII clxxxi
58 De la Graviere, Sketches of the Last Naval War. London 1848, Vol. I pp. 224–31
59 Rodger, The War of the Second Coalition 1798 to 1801; A Strategic Commentary is widely cited, but repeats several important errors, and adds a few new ones. Rodger underrates the importance of Naples and Sicily, while over-valuing Minorca and Malta.
60 St Vincent to Nelson 6.5.1799; Gutteridge p. xxxvii
61 Nelson to various 12.5.1799; Nicolas III pp. 352–4
62 Nelson to St Vincent 28.5.1799; Nicolas III p. 367
63 Nelson to St Vincent 23.5.1799; Nicolas III pp. 364–5
64 Hallowell to Nelson 23.5.1799; in Beresford, Lord C. and Wilson, H. W. Nelson and his Times 1897 p. 123
65 Lambert, ‘Cornwallis’
66 Nelson to Emma 22 and 24.5.1799; Nicolas VII p. clxxxiii
67 Nelson to Wife 24.5.1799; Naish p. 484
68 Nelson to Emma 19.5.1799; Nicolas III p. 362
69 Nelson to St Vincent 30.5.1799; Nicolas III pp. 368–9
70 Foote to Nelson 28.5.1799; Nicolas III p. 360
71 Nelson to Wife 5.6.1799; Naish p. 485
Nelson to St Vincent 5.6.1799; Nicolas III pp. 374–5
72 Nelson to St Vincent 6.6.1799; Nicolas VII p. clxxxiv.
73 Nelson to St Vincent 10 and 12.6.1799; St Vincent to Nelson 11.6.1799; Nicolas III pp. 377–9
74 Keith to Sister 30.3.1799; Keith II pp. 36–7. On the evidence of this letter Keith was a better judge of service politics than enemy intentions.
75 Collingwood reports that Keith was in sight of the enemy before he abandoned the chase to secure Minorca. Collingwood to Edward Collingwood 17.8.1799; Duffy, M. ed. The Naval Miscellany VI. Aldershot 2003 pp. 168–9
76 Keith to Nelson 6.6.1799; Nicolas III pp. 379–80
77 Nelson to Keith 16.6.1799, and to St Vincent 16.6. and to Wife 17.6.1799; Nicolas III pp. 379–81 and Naish pp. 485–6
78 Nelson to Hamilton 21.6.1799; Gutteridge p. 144
79 Nelson to Keith 27.6.1799; Gutteridge p. 264
80 Acton to Hamilton 19 and 20.6.1799; Nicolas III pp. 391–2. Nelson to Magra 20.6.1799; 6c to Hamilton 20.6.1799; Nicolas III pp. 382–3 and VII p. clxxxv.
81 Nelson to Keith 27.6.1799; Nicolas III pp. 390–2
82 Nelson to Duckworth 21.6.1799; Nicolas III p. 384
83 Nelson to Admiralty 27.6.1799; Nicolas III p. 389
84 Gutteridge p. xci
85 Pakenham, T. The Y
ear of Liberty London 1969 p. 327
86 Nelson to Acton 29.6.1799; Gutteridge p. 279
87 Queen to Ruffo 17.5. and 19.6.1799; Gutteridge pp. 55 and 135. King to Ruffo 20.6.1799; Gutteridge p. 141
88 Nelson to Troubridge 26.6.1799; Nicolas III pp. 388–9
89 Acton to Nelson 30.6 and 2.7.1799; Croker MS, NMM CRK/17.
90 Acton p.409.
91 Nelson to Hood 4.7.1799; Nelson to Keith 13.7.1799; Nicolas III p. 400, 403–4
92 Nelson to Spencer 13.7.1799; Nicolas III pp. 406–7
93 Nelson to Keith 13.7.1799; Nicolas III pp. 407–8
94 Keith to Nelson 9.7.1799; Nelson to Keith and Admiralty 19.7.1799; Nicolas III pp. 414–16. Nelson to Spencer 19.7.1799; Nicolas VII pp. clxxxv–vi
95 Nelson to Sidney Smith 20 and 22.7.1799; Nicolas III pp. 416–18
96 Collingwood to Edward Colllingwood 17.8.1799; Owen in Duffy, Naval Miscellany VI pp. 168–9
97 Nelson to Duckworth 22.7.1799; Nicolas III pp. 418–9. Nelson to Spencer 23.7.1799; Nicolas VII p. clxxxvii.
98 Nelson to Admiralty; to Spencer; to Keith 1.8.1799; Nicolas III pp. 425–9
99 Nelson to Ball 14.8.1799; Nicolas III p. 440
100 Sermonetta, Duchess The Locks of Norbury. London 1940.PP. 151–201. The author/editor of the volume was a member of the Caracciolo family, and does not try to hide her bias. This problem is compounded by errors of fact. See pp. 166–70 for the Caracciolo story, and the family connection. Nelson to Lock 23.7.1799; to memorandum 24.7.1799. Nicolas III pp. 420–1. See also Nicolas IV pp. 101 and 129 for further correspondence on this issue. Russell, J. Nelson and the Hamiltons. 1969 pp. 88–90. Acton, pp. 337–9, 405–6, 413–14.
101 Acton, pp. 428–30.
102 Nelson to King Ferdinand 13.8.1799; to Father 15.8.1799; Nicolas III pp. 438–9,441
103 Nelson to Duckworth 16.8. to Suvarov 16.8. and to Oushakov 18.8.1799; Nicolas III pp. 446–9
104 Nelson to Duckworth 20.8. to Troubridge/Martin 22.8.1799; Nicolas III PP. 453–9
105 Nelson to Ball 21.8.1799; Nicolas III pp. 456–7
106 Admiralty to Nelson 20.8.1799; Morrison II pp. 64–5
107 Nelson to Davison c.23.8.1799; Nicolas III pp. 460–1. Nelson to Wife 23.8.1799; Naish pp. 488–9
108 Nelson to Wife 23.8.1799; Naish p. 488. Nelson to Admiralty 24.8.1799; to Troubridge 31.8.1799; Nicolas III pp. 462, 469–70
109 Nelson to Minto 20.8.1799; Nicolas III p. 452
CHAPTER X
1 Admiralty to Nelson 20.8.1799; Spencer IV p. 30
2 Nelson to Admiralty 20–21.9.1799; Nicolas IV pp. 23–7
3 Nelson to Spencer 5.9.1799; Nicolas IV p. 3
4 Nelson to Davison 23.9.1799; Nicolas VII pp. cxci–ii
5 Nelson to Oushakoff 25.9.1799; to Spencer 26.9.1799; to Ball 27.9.1799; Nicolas III pp. 29–31
6 Nelson to Admiralty and Troubridge 1.10.1799; Nicolas IV pp. 34–5
7 Nelson to Troubridge and Admiralty 1.10.1799; to Acton, and Troubridge 2.10.1799; to Ball and Graham 3.10.1799; Nicolas IV pp. 34–42. Quotes from letters to Troubridge.
8 Nelson Standing Orders 10.11.1799; to Erskine 11.10.1799; to Duckworth 14.10.1799; Nicolas IV pp. 46–52. Nelson to Hamilton 11 and 13.10.1799; Morrison II pp. 71–2. Nelson to Admiralty 15.10.1799; Nicolas IV pp. 53–5
9 Nelson to Admiralty 3.11.1799; to Spencer 6.11.1799; Nicolas IV pp. 85–91
10 Nelson to Wife 7.11.1799; Naish pp. 491–2
11 Nelson to Admiralty 9.11.1799; Nicolas IV p. 94
12 Nelson to Victualling Board 14.11.1799; – Lock 15.11.1799; Nicolas IV pp. 100–1. Sermonetta has Lock’s correspondence.
13 Nelson to Admiralty and Lock 4.12.1799; – Victualling Board 5.12.1799; Nicolas IV pp. 128–9
14 Nelson to Admiralty 11.11.1799; to Erskine 12.11.1799; to Wyndham 26.11.1799; Nicolas IV pp. 96–9, and 111. Testa. C. The French in Malta for these developments.
15 Nelson to Troubridge 25 and 28.11.1799; to Graham 25.11.1799; to Niza 15, 17 and 24.11.1799; Nicolas IV pp. 102–3, 107, 109–10, 119
16 Nelson to Niza 18.12.1799; Nicolas IV p. 144
17 Nelson to Admiralty 26.11.1799; Nicolas IV p. no
18 Nelson to Duckworth 27.11.1799; Nicolas IV pp. 113–14
19 Nelson to Lord William Bentinck 22.11.1799; to Wyndham 2 and 13.12.1799; Nicolas IV pp. 106, 125–6, 135–6
20 Nelson to Troubridge and Blackwood 16.12.1799; Nicolas IV pp. 142–4
21 Nelson to Udney (Consul at Leghorn) 26.9.1799: Nicolas IV p.30
22 Nelson to dockyard officers, Port Mahon 14.12.1799: Nicolas IV pp. 138–9
23 Nelson to Troubridge 16.12.1799: Nicolas IV 142–3
24 Nelson to Lord Elgin (Minister to the Sublime Porte) 21.12.1799: Nicolas IV pp. 158–60
25 Nelson to Davison 19.12.1799: Nicolas VII p. cxciii
26 Nelson to Troubridge 22.12.1799; Nicolas IV pp. 155–6
27 Nelson to Graham 22.12.1799; to Admiralty and Spencer 23.12.1799; Nicolas IV pp. 15 8–60
28 Keith to Spencer 23.12.1799; Spencer IV p. 105
29 Troubridge to Nelson 1, 5, 7 and 8.1.1800; Nelson to Troubridge 29.12.1799,1, 5 and 8.1.1800; Nelson to Graham 7.1.1800; Nicolas IV pp. 166–73
30 Nelson to Troubridge 14.1.1800; Nicolas IV pp. 176–7
31 Troubridge to Emma 14.1.1800; Morrison II pp. 79–80
32 Nelson to Keith 7.1.1800; Nicolas IV pp. 170–2; Nelson to Wife 9.1.1800; Naish pp. 493–4
33 Hamilton to Charles Greville 25.1.1800; Morrison II pp. 82–3
34 Nelson to Emma and Hamilton 3.2.1800; Nicolas IV pp. 185–6, Morrison II p. 84
35 Nelson to St Vincent 1 and 6.2.1800; Nicolas IV pp. 184–5
36 Keith to Spencer 9.2.1800; Spencer IV pp. 108–9
37 Le Genereux was rated by ther British as an 80-gun ship with 24-pounders on her main deck.
38 The battle ensign of Le Genereux has recently been re-discovered in the Norwich Museum. A vast tricolour, 60 feet long and 20 feet deep, it hung in St Andrew’s Hall, close by Sir William Beechey’s portrait and a Spanish admiral’s sword, taken at Cape St Vincent.
39 Nelson to Keith 18.2.1800; to Maurice 20.2.1800; Nicolas IV pp. 188–90. Nelson to Hamilton 18 and 20.2.1800; Morrison pp. 86–7
40 Nelson to Maurice 27.2.1800; Nicolas VII pp. cxciii–iv
41 Keith to Nelson 24.2.1800; Nicolas III p. 191
42 Nelson to Keith 24.2.1800 [public and private letters]; Nicolas IV pp. 191–2
43 Nelson to Hamilton 25.2.1800; Morrison II p. 88
44 Hamilton to Minto 3.3.1800; Naish pp. 521–2. Ball to Emma 10.3.1800; Morrison II p. 90
45 Nelson to Admiral Goodall 11.3.1800; Nicolas IV pp. 204–6
46 Nelson to Spencer 10.3.1800; Phillips Collection, NMM 15
47 Pugh, Nelson and his Surgeons, p. 5
48 Nelson to Troubridge and Keith 20.3.1800; Nicolas IV pp. 206–8
49 Guillaume Tell was taken into the Royal Navy as HMS Malta, serving for the next fifteen years.
50 Berry to Nelson 30.3.1800; Nicolas IV p. 218
51 Ball to Emma 31.3.1800; Morrison II p. 97. Nelson to Berry 5.4.1800; Nicolas III pp. 219–20
52 Nelson to Spencer 8.4.1800; Nicolas IV pp. 224–5
53 Nelson –Blackwood 5.4.1800; Nicolas VII p. lxcv
54 Nelson to Admiralty 4.4.1800; Nicolas IV pp. 218–19
55 Nelson to Davison 9.5.1800; Nicolas IV p. 232
56 Nelson to Wife 20.6.1800; Naish p. 493
57 Ball to Emma 19 and 26.5.1800; Morrison II pp. 99–100
58 Spencer to Keith 25.4.1800, 9.5.1800; Naish p. 525
59 Spencer to Nelson 9.5.1800; Nicolas IV p. 242
60 Nelson to Spencer 20.6.1800; Nicolas VII p. cxcviii. The target of this Shakespearian flourish was, once again, Sidney Smith.
61 Nelson to Keith 12.5.1800; Nicolas IV p. 236
62 Ehrman, Pitt III pp. 360–5. Rodger, Second Coalition pp. 209–11.
63 Nelson to Berry 21.6
.1800; to Commodore Saraiva, Portuguese Navy 25–6.6.1800; Nicolas IV 258–6–62.
64 Robbins–Landon, H., Haydn; The Years of The Creation’, 1796–1800, pp. 327–85 433, 557–65. Indeed Haydn later supplied her with piano accompaniments for the Nelson songs that she sang with the noted soprano Brigida Banti.
65 For example; Bougard, The Little Sea Torch; or, True Guide for Coasting Pilots. London 1801. Nelson was a subscriber to this English edition of a richly illustrated French volume with over a hundred views of key locations from England to the Barbary coast and through the Mediterranean.
66 Many years later the Duke of Wellington would be more discreet in setting aside his wife, and less constant in his subsequent amours.
67 Nelson to Admiralty 6.11.1800; Nicolas IV p. 267
68 Young to Keith 10.11.1800; Keith II p. 146
69 St Vincent to Spencer 30.11.1800; Spencer IV p. 21
70 Spencer to St Vincent 28.11.1800; Spencer IV pp. 273–4
71 Navy Board to Nelson 1.12.1800; Add. 34,934 f15
72 Baring, Windham Diary p. 434
73 The Times 11.11.1800
74 Walker, R. The Nelson Portraits. Portsmouth 1998 pp. 30–55
75 Wife to Nelson 6.5.1798; Naish p. 429
76 Czisnik, ‘Nelson and the Nile: The Creation of Admiral Nelson’s Public Image’, 2002, contains a full overview of this process.
77 Colley, L., Britons: Forging the Nation, 1707–1837, 1992, is the key text on this period.
78 Robert Smirke’s 1803 engraving of Nelson and his Nile captains.
79 Admiralty to Nelson 1.1.1801; BL Add. 34,934 fl8
80 Czisnik, pp. 50–2.
81 Hilliard, G. S. ed. Life, Letters and Journals of George Ticknor, Boston, 1876, vol. I p. 63, cited in McNairn, A, Behold the Hero: General Wolfe and the Arts in the Eighteenth Century, Liverpool, 1997, p. 182
82 Walker, pp. 120–1.
83 Greig, J. ed. The Farington Diary I. London 1923 entry for 13.2.1801 at p.300.
84 White ‘The Wife’s Tale’ makes the break-up altogether more businesslike than previous accounts, and suggests a great deal more forethought on Nelson’s part. This would be more like the man.
CHAPTER XI
1 Spencer to St Vincent 28.11.1800; Morriss, R. ed. The Channel Fleet and the Blockade of Brest 1793–1801, Aldershot, Navy Records Society, 2001, p. 590.
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