by Andrew Farah
31. Hemingway, The Sun Also Rises, 192.
Chapter 3 | Giant Killer
1. Hotchner, Papa Hemingway, 5.
2. Trimble, The Soul in the Brain, 217.
3. Gooch, Flannery O’Connor, 2464–70 (digital).
4. Donaldson, Hemingway vs. Fitzgerald, 241.
5. Baker, Selected Letters, 20.
6. Baker, Selected Letters, 25.
7. Baker, Selected Letters, 690.
8. Donaldson, Hemingway vs. Fitzgerald, 243.
9. Lynn, Hemingway, 122.
10. Baker, Selected Letters, 20.
11. Baker, Selected Letters, 302.
12. Donaldson, Hemingway vs. Fitzgerald, 245.
13. Lynn, Hemingway, 553
14. Baker, Selected Letters, 661. A collection of Lord Byron’s letters sold at auction for just over $459,000 in October 2009.
15. Baker, Letters, 667. Hemingway did reference other young Italian ladies in a 1950 letter: “Adriana and I talk English and sometimes Spanish; also French. With Contessa Valeria de Lisca I talk French. With Giovanna Tofani I talk English. She talks it much better than I do.” According to the Hemingway researcher Jobst C. Knigge, “Before Hemingway left Italy for Cuba in 1950, he invited Adriana and her friend Giovanna Tofani to see him at the Finca Vigía. Gio, as Hemingway called her, had already the permission of her mother to leave for Cuba. But in summer 1950, while holidaying in Capri together with Adriana she met her future husband, industrialist Giuseppe Fiorentini. He talked her out [of going] to Cuba and pushed for an immediate marriage, that took place in September.”
16. Lynn, Hemingway, 534.
17. Letter of Mary Hemingway to Ernest Hemingway, May 6, 1950, JFK Library; also in Burwell, Hemingway, 49.
18. Knigge, “Hemingway’s Venetian Muse,” 56.
19. Reynolds, Hemingway: Final Years, 309.
20. Reynolds, Hemingway: Final Years, 350. In a 1952 letter to Harvey Breit, he discussed his use of vitamins, particularly B1, and further observed: “Then if you are really run down and fatigued and gloomy there is no reason why you shouldn’t take Methyltestosterone. You don’t have to take it as a shot in the ass. And it is not to make you fornicate more. Paul explained to me that it was good for the head and for the whole general system.… I explained to him that I had no need for any sexual stimulation and didn’t want to take anything that would get me into any more trouble than I got into already. But he explained that this was something that kept your head in good shape and counter-acted the gloominess everybody gets.”
21. Arnold, The Idaho Hemingway, 232–38.
22. Karl, William Faulkner, 1026. While Hemingway was busy boxing, getting blown up, dodging bullets, or climbing into doomed aircraft, Faulkner’s preferred method of trauma seemed to be falling off his horse. He even suffered from discrete episodes of amnesia, which seemed independent of alcoholic blackouts. Such micro-episodes of profound amnesia are harbingers of Alzheimer’s—yet he did not live long enough for this form of dementia to fully manifest.
23. The New Yorker, November 20, 1926, p. 38. Iris March was a character in the 1924 novel The Green Hat, which in 1925was made into a Broadway play starring Katherine Cornell. It also played in London’s West End with Tallulah Bankhead taking the lead, and Greta Garbo was the star of the 1928 silent movie version.
Chapter 4 | Dementia, Disinhibition, and Delusion
1. Arnold, The Idaho Hemingway, 211–12.
2. Baker, Hemingway: A Life Story, 469–70; Mellow, Hemingway, 553.
3. Baker, Hemingway: A Life Story, 469.
4. Baker, Selected Letters, 699–700.
5. Kert, The Hemingway Women, 477.
6. Baker, Hemingway: A Life Story, 476–77. Hemingway described Cantwell in a letter of October 1949 to Buck Lanham as a conflation of three individuals: “the hero is a combination of Charlie Sweeny, who used to command a regiment in the Foreign Legion, me, who never could command my way out of a wet bunch of willows, and you.”
7. Baker, Hemingway: A Life Story, 472.
8. Meyers, Hemingway, 442. The information on Gianfranco is largely taken from Meyers’s biography (pp. 442–43), as his book details the most information on Adriana’s brother. He also indicated that Gianfranco married a Cuban girl, “Cristina Sandoval, whom Hemingway disliked. But after they returned to Italy, she fell in love with the more glamorous Nanyuki Franchetti and left Gianfranco.”
9. Burwell, Hemingway, 221.
10. Burwell, Hemingway, 221.
11. Baker, Hemingway: A Life Story, 492.
12. Meyers, Hemingway, 445.
13. Kert, The Hemingway Women, 477
14. Kert, The Hemingway Women, 478–79.
15. Meyers, Hemingway, 618, note 32.
16. Baker, Hemingway: A Life Story, 517.
17. Baker, Hemingway: A Life Story, 518.
18. True at First Light, 281,
19. Baker, Hemingway: A Life Story, 519,
20. Hotchner, Papa Hemingway, xv. Hemingway expressed frustration in his “African Journal” when her vigilant mother prevented them from sleeping together: “on the day in my life which offered the most chances of happiness.” Jeffrey Meyers, “Review of True at First Light,” September 18, 1999.
21. JFK Library, “African Journal.”
22. True at First Light, 31–32.
23. Burwell, Hemingway, 143.
24. Meyers, Hemingway, 502.
25. Burwell, Hemingway, 143. In a 1957 letter to Harvey Breit, he curiously wrote of Debba in a literary context. It is not clear how much Breit knew about the Debba situation, but Hemingway anticipated the possibility that Debba would one day be discussed in criticism: “… Carlos Baker really baffles me. Do you suppose he can con himself into thinking I would put a symbol into anything on purpose? It’s hard enough to just make a paragraph. What sort of symbol is Debba, my Wakamba fiancée? She must be a dark symbol.”
26. Burwell, Hemingway, 48.
27. Under Kilimanjaro, 174.
28. True at First Light, 35.
29. Meyers, Hemingway, 508.
30. Lynn, Hemingway, 570.
31. Reynolds, Hemingway: Final Years, 298.
32. Lynn, Hemingway, 449. Hemingway was listed as a member of the board of directors of the League of American Writers during the summer of 1939 (FBI file, “Subject : Ernest Hemingway”).
33. FBI file, “Subject: Ernest Hemingway.”
34. Meyers, Hemingway, 518–19.
35. Leicester Hemingway, My Brother Ernest Hemingway, 136.
36. Montale, Satura, 183 (poem translated by the author).
Chapter 5 | Free Fall
1. Baker, Hemingway: A Life Story, 535.
2. Meyers, Hemingway, 513–15. The Baroja works he owned in Spanish were: La busca, La decandence de la cortesia y otros ensayos, Locuros de Carnaval, Memorias, and El pais vasco. He also owned, in English translation, The Lord of Labraz and Red Dawn. See also Baker, Hemingway: A Life Story, 535.
3. Baker, Selected Letters, 873–74.
4. Baker, Hemingway: A Life Story, 536.
5. Davis, “A Very Moveable Meal,” 5.
6. Baker, Selected Letters, 396.
7. Reynolds, Hemingway: Final Years, 300.
8. Baker, Hemingway: A Life Story, 537.
9. Voss, Picturing Hemingway, 42.
10. Voss, Picturing Hemingway, 45.
11. Reynolds, Hemingway: Final Years, 310.
12. Baker, Hemingway: A Life Story, 541.
13. Voss, Picturing Hemingway, 47.
14. Baker, Hemingway: A Life Story, 545.
15. Baker, Hemingway: A Life Story, 545.
16. Baker, Hemingway: A Life Story, 549.
17. Baker, Hemingway: A Life Story, 550. Turnbull also earned a Ph.D. in European history in 1954. He taught humanities at MIT, then American literature at Brown. In addition to writing about Scott Fitzgerald, he edited two collections of Fitzgerald’s letters and in 1967 published a well-received biography of Thomas Wolfe. Like Fitzgerald and He
mingway before him, he suffered from depression, and in 1970 he committed suicide.
18. Meyers, Hemingway, 420–21.
19. Meyers, Hemingway, 541.
20. Baker, Hemingway: A Life Story, 553.
21. Mellow, Hemingway, 600.
22. Burwell, Hemingway, 183.
23. Meyers, Hemingway, 542; Valerie Hemingway, Running with the Bulls, 142.
24. Mellow, Hemingway, 600–601.
25. Swann Auction Galleries, sale 2211, lot 198. http://catalogue.swanngalleries.com/asp/fullCatalogue.asp?salelot=2211+++++198+&refno=++631102&saletype.
26. Lynn, Hemingway, 583.
Chapter 6 | Stigma
1. Complete Short Stories, 310.
2. Baker, Selected Letters, 628.
3. Baker, Selected Letters, 314.
4. Donaldson, Archibald MacLeish, 198.
5. Turnbull, Letters of F. Scott Fitzgerald, 312.
6. Meyers, Hemingway, 545.
7. Mellow, Hemingway, 549.
8. Lynn, Hemingway, 161
9. Baker, Selected Letters, 789.
10. Ellmann, James Joyce, 676–78.
11. Lynn, Hemingway, 136–37.
12. Baker, Selected Letters, 206.
13. Baker, Selected Letters, 240.
14. Baker, Selected Letters, 802, 862.
15. Reynolds, Young Hemingway, 69.
16. A Moveable Feast, 207.
17. Hahn, Masson, 6–7. Masson would paint his delirious vision of the “torso of light” in 1925 and titled it Armor. It shows an abstracted and beautiful feminine torso. In his sketch of a harsh landscape, meant as a reference to the Spanish Civil War, land morphs into skeletal claw and skull—and just to the right of the exact center of the drawing, one fist rises from the earth defiant.
18. Item #186 at the JFK Library.
19. Mellow, Hemingway, 443.
20. Meyers, Hemingway, 244.
21. Hilary Hemingway, Hemingway in Cuba, 19.
22. Mellow, Hemingway, 425.
23. Meyers, Hemingway, 246. A Cuban newspaper reported that Jane was “shot by revolutionaries” and thus fell from her balcony. There has also been speculation that she was under the influence of painkillers prescribed after her car wreck, and the authors of Hemingway in Cuba claim that Jane was actually sneaking out of her art studio for another date with Ernest when she slipped and fell. Yet, her husband certainly didn’t express this theory and felt it necessary for her to receive psychiatric treatment.
24. Kert, The Hemingway Women, 250.
25. Meyers, Hemingway, 249–50.
26. Mellow, Hemingway, 459.
27. Baker, Selected Letters, 550.
28. Tryphonopoulos and Adams, Ezra Pound Encyclopedia, 144.
29. Carpenter, Ezra Pound, 654
30. Baker, Hemingway: A Life Story, 537.
31. Cornell, The Trial of Ezra Pound, 161. Ezra Pound’s lawyer has been criticized for not realizing the possibility that his client’s insanity defense would lead to his indefinite incarceration. However, Cornell did file a petition for a writ of habeas corpus in 1948 seeking Pound’s release, and he planned an appeal when the petition was refused. Yet it was Dorothy Pound who wrote to Cornell: “Please withdraw the appeal at once. My husband is not fit to appear in court and must still be kept as quiet as possible; the least thing shakes his nerves up terribly.” For reasons that remain obscure, Pound’s wife sealed his fate.
32. Baker, Selected Letters, 544–45.
33. Baker, Selected Letters, 548–49.
34. Turnbull, F. Scott Fitzgerald, 193.
35. Baker, Selected Letters, 553–54
36. Spanier and Trogdon, The Letters of Ernest Hemingway, 364.
37. Lynn, Hemingway, 428.
38. Donaldson, Hemingway vs. Fitzgerald, 230.
39. Donaldson, Hemingway vs. Fitzgerald, 231.
40. Turnbull, F. Scott Fitzgerald, 323
41. Cline, Her Voice in Paradise, 359. About 20 percent of psychotic patients treated with insulin comas had seizures (depending on how quickly the blood glucose dropped), which may have conveyed some benefit for that small percentage. But the efficacy of coma therapy was being questioned by the early 1950s. In 1953 a British psychiatrist published “The Insulin Myth” in Lancet, and in 1957 the results of a study in which patients were given either insulin coma treatment or identical treatment but with sedation produced by infusing a barbiturate showed that there was no difference in outcome between the two groups. When Dr. Max Fink published a study in the Journal of the American Medical Association in 1958 in which he showed that chlorpromazine (Thorazine) was just as effective as insulin coma in treating psychosis but had far fewer side effects, he helped end the era of insulin coma and ushered in the age of pharmacotherapy.
42. Burwell, Hemingway, 232.
43. Brideshead Revisited quotation from film version, Granada Television, episode 2, “Home and Abroad.”
44. Burwell, Hemingway, 232.
45. Baker, Selected Letters, 437–38.
46. Burwell, Hemingway, 151, 225.
47. Turnbull, F. Scott Fitzgerald, 279–80.
48. Turnbull, Letters of F. Scott Fitzgerald, 544–45.
49. Turnbull, Letters of F. Scott Fitzgerald, 545.
50. Turnbull, Letters of F. Scott Fitzgerald, 426–27. Scott repeatedly incorporated private matters into his fiction. He violated Zelda’s fragile trust terribly with the publication of Tender is the Night in 1934, in which he excerpted sections of her most troubled letters and assigned them to the equally troubled Nicole Diver. The year following his forced supervision by an RN, Fitzgerald wrote “An Alcoholic Case,” a story involving a nurse who feels duty-bound to stay with her patient, an alcoholic cartoonist. Such thinly veiled self-pity or “public whining” was not what Hemingway was encouraging, particularly since the story also appeared in Esquire.
Chapter 7 | Mayo
1. Meyers, Hemingway, 545.
2. Hotchner, Papa Hemingway, 275.
3. Reynolds, Hemingway: Final Years, 349.
4. Baker, Selected Letters, 909.
5. Wagner-Martin, ed., Hemingway, Seven Decades of Criticism, 375.
6. Cecil, Textbook of Medicine, 657.
7. Cecil, Textbook of Medicine, 1659–60.
8. Norman, Ezra Pound, 257.
9. A Moveable Feast, 11.
10. Baker, Selected Letters, 916–18.
11. Reynolds, Hemingway: Final Years, 354.
12. Meyers, Hemingway, 559.
13. Arnold, The Idaho Hemingway, 227.
14. Baker, Selected Letters, 921.
Chapter 8 | The Body Electric
1. A Farewell to Arms, 54–56.
2. Hotchner, Papa Hemingway, 280.
3. Kert, The Hemingway Women, 461–62.
4. Baker, Selected Letters, 910.
5. FBI file, Subject: Ernest Hemingway.
6. Kert, The Hemingway Women, 503.
7. Reynolds, Hemingway: Final Years, 351.
8. Baker, Hemingway: A Life Story, 563.
9. Arnold, The Idaho Hemingway, 228
10. Howard Rome to Mary Hemingway, November 1, 1961.
Chapter 9 | Working Man
1. Stevens and Swan, De Kooning, 209.
2. Stevens and Swann, De Kooning, 567.
3. Stevens and Swann, De Kooning, 593.
4. Stevens and Swann, De Kooning, 599.
5. Stevens and Swann, De Kooning, 602.
6. A Moveable Feast, 23.
7. Lynn, Hemingway, 68.
8. Donaldson, Cambridge Companion to Hemingway, 130.
9. Reynolds, Young Hemingway, 49.
10. Parker, “The Artist’s Reward,” 28.
11. Baker, Selected Letters, 200.
12. Kert, The Hemingway Women, 432.
13. Kert, The Hemingway Women, 456–57. One need only frame the opposite of her assessment to see her true desires: “I am not boring, do not overdrink and lay in hotel rooms, i.e., am not promiscuous, and you love me, don’
t you?”
14. Donaldson, Cambridge Companion to Hemingway, 129. An unlikely champion of Across the River was Evelyn Waugh, who believed the critics so harsh because Hemingway displayed “something they find quite unforgivable—Decent Feeling” (Lynn, Hemingway, 558.)
15. Burwell, Hemingway, 48.
16. Burwell, Hemingway, 95–97.
17. Kert, The Hemingway Women, 374.
18. Wagner-Martin (ed.), Hemingway: Seven Decades of Criticism, 365.
19. Kert, The Hemingway Women, 198.
20. Baker, Hemingway: A Life Story, 461
21. Burwell, Hemingway, 211.
22. Burwell, Hemingway, 211.
23. Burwell, Hemingway, 145.
24. Valerie Hemingway, Running with the Bulls, 213.
25. Lynn, Hemingway, 477.
26. Mellow, Hemingway, 590.
27. Hotchner, Papa Hemingway, 242.
28. A Moveable Feast, 230.
Chapter 10 | A Moveable Feast
1. Hotchner, Papa Hemingway, 57. Hemingway was having no luck with his title search. He chose “The Eye and the Ear,” an imitation of his former work. Like the title The Sun Also Rises, it was derived from Ecclesiastes: “All things are full of labour; man cannot utter it: the eye is not satisfied with seeing, nor the ear filled with hearing.”
2. A Moveable Feast, xiii.
3. Burwell, Hemingway, 234–35.
4. Tavernier-Courbin, Hemingway’s A Moveable Feast, 37.
5. Tavernier-Courbin, Hemingway’s A Moveable Feast, 26.
6. A Moveable Feast, xiv.
7. Baker, Hemingway: A Life Story, 540.
8. Tavernier-Courbin, Hemingway’s A Moveable Feast, 105.
9. Singh, Montale: Selected Essays, 137. I have translated Montale’s quotation slightly differently than Singh, substituting “costly” for “precious.”
10. A Moveable Feast, 4.
11. A Moveable Feast, 125–26.
12. Lynn, Hemingway, 280.
13. Lynn, Hemingway, 282. Ernest had hoped to learn from a “successful writer” on the trip, but the disaster that ensued left no room for tutoring. And after reading Scott’s suggestions on his manuscript of A Farewell to Arms in 1929, Hemingway wrote “Kiss my a—.” on Fitzgerald’s nine page holograph memo about the novel, but there is evidence that he took some of Scott’s suggestions when he revised the novel in proof.
14. A Moveable Feast, 138.
15. Lynn, Hemingway, 282.
16. A Moveable Feast, 141. Attacking Scott Fitzgerald was almost a hobby. The first printing of “The Snows of Kilimanjaro” (in 1936) included the lines “He remembered poor Scott Fitzgerald and his romantic awe of them and how he had started a story once that began, ‘The very rich are different from you and me.’ And how someone had said to Scott, Yes, they have more money. But that was not humorous to Scott. He thought they were a special glamorous race and when he found they weren’t it wrecked him just as much as any other thing that wrecked him.” In subsequent printings, Scott becomes “Julian,” as Fitzgerald asked Hemingway to remove his name, but the damage was done. Some months later Hemingway would explain he was trying to give Fitzgerald a “jolt” that would be good for him, a warning shot across the bow to help a friend. This is a pretty weak excuse for the lines that were published in Esquire and considering that the “other things that wrecked” Scott could mean only alcohol and Zelda. Perhaps he believed what Oscar Wilde had said, that a “true friend will stab you in the front.” Furthermore, there is evidence that Hemingway, not Fitzgerald, was the one informed that the rich “have more money” by the Irish literary critic Mary Colum (Lynn, Hemingway, 438).
