9. Ibid., pp. 406, 410, 577, 579, 589, 1014.
10. Ibid., pp. 943, 939, 1012–13, 724, 728.
11. Morgenthau Diary: China, prepared by the Senate Internal Security subcommittee, February 5, 1965, pp. 1463, 1948, 1134.
12. Ibid., p. 1462.
13. Amerasia Papers, p. 592. FBI Amerasia file, Section 34.
14. Amerasia Papers, p. 94.
15. Morgenthau Diary: China, p. 1052.
16. Amerasia Papers, pp. 113, 112.
17. Morgenthau Diary: China, pp. 1996 et seq.
18. Albert C. Wedemeyer, Wedemeyer Reports (Holt, 1958), p. 285.
19. Maochun Yu, OSS in China, op cit., pp. 236, 221–22.
20. Jung Chang and Jan Halliday, Mao (Knopf, 2005), pp. 204–05.
21. Amerasia Papers, p. 583.
22. Ibid., pp. 1014 et seq.
Chapter 9: Reds, Lies, and Audiotape
1. FBI report, November 27, 1945, p. 46 (also p. 33); see also “The Comintern Apparatus” (summary), March 5, 1946, p. 14.
2. The doings of Max and Grace Granich, their connections in the United States and China, and their linkage to John Service would be explored in hearings of the House Committee on Un-American Activities early in 1952. When asked if he knew Service, Max said he didn’t, but Grace, when asked the identical question, took the Fifth Amendment. The House Committee was apparently in possession of information, obtained by the FBI, that Service had met with Grace, Tung Pi-Wu, and other Chinese Communists at a later date in Washington, D.C. Hearings of the House Committee on Un-American Activities, January 16 and 17, 1952, pp. 2265, 2299.
3. Tydings appendix, p. 2051.
4. FBI Amerasia file, Sections 34, 39.
5. Ibid., Section 18.
6. Ibid., Section 52.
7. Ibid., Section 34.
8. Ibid., Section 3.
9. Ibid., Section 33.
10. The transcript of the Jaffe trial is reproduced in the Tydings appendix, pp. 1933–37.
11. Congressional Record, May 25, 1950, p. 7451.
12. Ibid., p. 7452.
13. The wiretap logs appear in the Bureau Amerasia file at several places. These quotes are taken from a 1986 FBI release of this material, with cover memo summarizing key aspects, from D. M. Ladd to Director Hoover, June 30, 1952.
Chapter 10: When Parallels Converged
1. The FBI made extensive efforts to check out the bona fides of Bentley, which would be challenged when she went public with her testimony in 1948. FBI comments on her credibility include: “A studied attempt has been made to establish the basic truth or falsity of Gregory’s [Bentley’s] information…Gregory has mentioned over 150 names and in no instance has investigation indicated that a nonexistent person was mentioned…Gregory has reported with a high degree of accuracy situations within United States government policy which were known only within the government itself…In few instances has Gregory reported information which could not either directly or circumstantially be verified. A high degree of accuracy has prevailed throughout the revelations made by Gregory.” FBI Silvermaster file, Vol. 82.
2. FBI Silvermaster file, Vol. 15; also appears in Vol. 54.
3. FBI Silvermaster file, Vol. 37.
4. Information about all these cases is strewn throughout the Bureau’s Silvermaster file and, as indicated in Chapter 11, numerous reports that summarize the findings of the investigation. In these reports, the same names occur repeatedly, albeit with new cases and data added as the probe unfolded. The references here are chiefly taken from the report of October 21, 1946, “Underground Espionage Organization (NKVD) in Agencies of the United States Government,” among the most thorough of the compilations, amplified in places by other data from Bureau records.
5. “Underground Espionage Organization (NKVD) in Agencies of the United States Government,” October 21, 1946, FBI Silvermaster file, Vol. 82, pp. 131–32.
6. Ibid., pp. 143 et seq. A further extensive discussion of Miller’s contacts appears in the Silvermaster file, Vol. 56.
7. “Underground Espionage Organization,” loc. cit., pp. 160 et seq.
8. Hiss and Charles Kramer are discussed in this report as members of the Perlo group identified by Bentley. See discussion of Schwarzwalder in Vols. 18 and 58, Appleby in Vol. 42, Blaisdell in Vol. 64. Hiss himself is of course discussed much more extensively in the Bureau file devoted to the Hiss-Chambers case. Considerable information on Hiss would show up also in the internal records of the State Department. See Chapter 12.
9. “Underground Espionage Organization,” loc. cit., pp. 43, 52, 69, 163, 176.
10. Ibid., pp. 259 et seq. Still more information on the Keeneys is provided in Silvermaster file, Vols. 55, 64, 65, and others.
11. FBI Silvermaster file, Vols. 25, 54.
12. “Underground Espionage Organization,” loc. cit., pp. 78 et seq.
Chapter 11: What Hoover Told Truman
1. William E. Odom, “Break Up the FBI,” Wall Street Journal, June 12, 2002.
2. This report, though overlapping in many places with the Gregory-Silvermaster probe, obviously predated it and must be requested under the specific heading “the Comintern Apparatus” report, two volumes, December 1944.
3. FBI Amerasia file, Section 11.
4. Document in possession of the author. Copy found in McCarthy papers III, but report is also available in other files, including those of the House Committee on Un-American Activities.
5. FBI Silvermaster file, Vol. 25.
6. Ibid., Vol. 23.
7. Must be specifically requested as “Comintern Apparatus/Communist Infiltration” summaries, March 5, 1946. (Documents bound together.)
8. FBI Silvermaster file, Vol. 16.
9. FBI Remington file, Section 1, July 29, 1948, and August 6, 1948. Contains a detailed summary of case, results of investigation, and lengthy recitation of dissemination of reports to high officials.
Chapter 12: Inside the State Department
1. Hearings of the House Committee on Un-American Activities, August 30, 1948, p. 1296. Though Berle would later make ambiguous comments about Hiss, it’s noteworthy that he reemphasized his statement as to Acheson’s position at this era. E.g., “…I explained that Hiss was in favor of a much more complacent policy towards the Soviet Union than I was, therein following the lead of his immediate superior, Dean Acheson, but that honest men might differ on this subject and did…” And: “I testified before the House Committee that Acheson was one of the leaders of the ‘appeasement’ group at that time…” Adolf Berle, Navigating the Rapids (Harcourt Brace, 1973), pp. 584, 586.
2. Numerous Panuch-to-Russell memos on this subject, including several intensely critical of the OSS group and its designated leader at State (Col. Alfred McCormack, a transferee from Army G-2), may be found in the papers of J. Anthony Panuch, Boxes 7 and 8, Truman Library, Independence, Mo.
3. “Survey of Departmental Personnel Security Investigations,” S. Klaus, August 3, 1946. This is the document that went missing from the Tydings subcommittee records and the State Department archive. A complete copy was found in the FBI McCarthy file. A further copy may be found in Tydings’s personal papers, where numerous other missing data from the subcommittee archives also came to rest. The portion quoted here is identical in relevant parts to that read by McCarthy into the Congressional Record for June 6, 1950, with the exception that Robert Bannerman’s name was not given by McCarthy.
4. FBI McCarthy file, Section 5.
5. FBI Silvermaster file, Vol. 78.
6. Papers of Samuel Klaus, NARA, RG 59, Box 95.
7. FBI Silvermaster file, Vol. 149, p. 20.
8. There are several sources for this Bannerman memo on Miller, including the executive files of the House Committee on Un-American Activities. The copy quoted here is from McCarthy papers I.
9. The same is true of this memorandum on William Stone. The copy quoted here is from documentation presented by McCarthy to the Gillette subcommittee of the Senate R
ules Committee, July 3, 1952. See Chapter 32.
Chapter 13: Acts of Congress
1. Extension of remarks of Rep. Paul Shafer of Michigan, Congressional Record, November 6, 1945, pp. A5091–93 and Rep. Carl Curtis of Nebraska, November 28, 1945, p. A5537.
2. “Soviet ‘Situation’ Halts House Bill,” New York Times, March 15, 1946.
3. Memorandum to Donald Russell, July 19, 1946, J. Anthony Panuch Papers, Truman Library.
4. Panuch discussed his ouster in testimony to the Senate Internal Security subcommittee, June 28, 1953, pp. 907, 908. Acheson would give his version of the same episode in his memoir, Present at the Creation (Norton, 1969), p. 214.
5. Klaus memo, “Instructions for Mr. Wilson,” February 3, 1947, papers of Samuel Klaus, NARA, RG 59, Box 95.
6. Ibid.
7. Klaus to Hamilton Robinson, February 24, 1947, ibid. (See also Box 103.)
8. Untitled Memorandum, February 11, 1947, ibid.
9. “Memorandum for the file,” February 12, 1947, ibid.
10. “Memorandum for the file,” April 11, 1947, ibid.
11. Klaus to John Peurifoy, “Inquiry from Congressman Stefan,” March 21, 1947, ibid.
12. Remarksof Rep.FredBusbeyof Illinois, Congressional Record, May 14, 1947, p. 5398.
13. Peurifoy memo, “To Whom It May Concern,” March 21, 1947, Papers of Samuel Klaus, loc. cit.
14. “Rees Bill Asks FBI to Aid in Loyalty Check,” Washington Times Herald, April 11, 1947.
15. This meeting with Marshall would be described by Sen. Homer Ferguson of Michigan in remarks before the Senate, July 24, 1950, pp. 10805 et seq.
16. The details of this campaign and its results are set forth by Bert Andrews in Washington Witch Hunt (Random House, 1948). This book, written from the standpoint of the ousted employees and their attorneys, Arnold, Fortas and Porter, indicates that the dismissals were caused by congressional pressure.
17. The text of the Truman order, available in many places, is here cited from the Report of the House Interstate and Foreign Commerce Committee, “Directing the Secretary of Commerce to Transmit to the House of Representatives a Certain Letter with Respect to Dr. Edward U. Condon,” April 15, 1948.
18. Ibid. 19. Interim Report of the House Committee on Un-American Activities, August 28, 1948, pp. 10–11.
20. Remarks of Sen. Homer Ferguson of Michigan, Congressional Record, August 7, 1948, pp. 10272–77.
Chapter 14: Wheeling, 1950
1. “McCarthy Charges Reds Hold U.S. Jobs,” Wheeling Intelligencer, February 10,1950.
2. See Tydings appendix, pp. 1756 et seq.
3. “Report of Preliminary Investigation of Senator William Benton’s Charges Against Senator Joseph McCarthy, Relating to Senate Resolution 187,” Subcommittee on Privileges and Elections, Senate Rules Committee (the Gillette subcommittee), January 1952. Papers of Sen. Robert Hendrickson, Syracuse University.
4. Ibid., pp. 6–7.
5. Ibid., pp. 30–32.
6. Ibid., p. 28.
7. Ibid., p. 32.
8. Ibid., p. 28.
9. Ibid., p. 31.
10. Interview with the author, March 2,2000.
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid.
13. “Senator Joe McCarthy’s Visit to Valley Area,” Wheeling Intelligencer, February 11,1950.
14. “Excerpts from Senator McCarthy’s Address Before Ohio Valley Women’s GOP Clubs,” Wheeling Intelligencer, February 10,1950.
15. Denver Post, February 11, 1950.
16. Salt Lake Tribune, February 11, 1950; Salt Lake Telegram, February 11, 1950; Gillette subcommittee memo, p. 9.
17. McCarthy speeches, p. 10.
18. “McCarthy Blasts State Department,” Nevada State Journal, February 12, 1950.
19. “McCarthy’s Attack on Reds Here Now Collector’s Item,” Wheeling Intelligencer, July 6, 1950.
20. Benton papers, Box 4.
Chapter 15: Discourse on Method
1. Washington Times Herald, February 19,1950.
2. Washington Sunday Star, February 19,1950.
3. McCarthy speeches, p. 6.
4. Ibid., pp.8–9.
5. Ibid., p. 12.
6. Ibid. 7. Ibid., p. 17.
8. Ibid., p. 21–22.
9. Ibid., p. 30.
10. Ibid., p. 52.
11. Ibid., pp. 34, 37, 39.
12. Ibid., p. 51.
13. Ibid., pp. 34, 36.
14. Ibid., pp. 36, 38.
15. Ibid., p. 54.
16. Ibid., p. 48.
17. Ibid., p. 11.
18. Ibid., pp. 18–19, 24, 46.
19. Ibid., p. 17.
20. Ibid., p. 34.
21. Ibid., pp. 35–36.
22. Ibid., pp. 44–45.
23. Ibid., p. 49.
24. Ibid., p. 46.
25. Congressional Record, April 5, 1950, p. 4958.
26. Tydings hearings, pp. 17–18.
Chapter 16: The Tydings Version
1. Tydings hearings, p. 1.
2. Lately Thomas, op. cit. p. 124.
3. Tydings hearings, p. 6.
4. Ibid., p. 11.
5. Ibid., pp. 47, 40.
6. Ibid., p. 47.
7. Ibid., p. 70.
8. Ibid., p. 25.
9. Ibid., p. 780.
10. Ibid., p. 28.
11. Ibid., p. 257.
12. Ibid.
13. Ibid., pp. 272–73.
14. Testimony of Owen Lattimore, IPR hearings, February 28, 1952, p. 3085.
15. Tydings hearings, p. 417.
16. Ibid., p. 429.
17. Ibid., pp. 490–95.
18. Ibid., p. 491.
19. Ibid., p. 628.
20. Ibid., p. 685.
21. Ibid., p. 698.
22. Ibid., p. 702.
23. Ibid. 24. Ibid., p. 706.
25. Ibid., pp. 2519, 2521.
26. Ibid., p. 2522.v
27. Transcript of trial, United States of America v. Earl Russell Browder, March 8,1951.
28. Ibid.
Chapter 17: Eve of Destruction
1. Tydings papers, Series V, Box 3.
2. Tydings papers, Series V, Box 2.
3. Benton papers, Box 4.
4. This letter and a similar one to Edward Connors appear in Tydings papers, Series V, Box 12.
5. Tydings appendix, p. 1754.
6. Correspondence of Edward Connors to John P. Moore, Chief Counsel, Gillette subcommittee, April 24, 1952. Document in possession of the author.
7. Tydings papers, Series V, Box 12.
8. Tydings papers, Series V, Box 9.
9. Tydings papers, Series V, Box 12.
10. Gillette subcommittee memo, loc. cit., p. 24.
11. Tydings papers, Series V, Box 7.
12. Tydings papers, Series V, Box 6.
13. Eben A. Ayers, Truman in the White House (University of Missouri Press, 1990), p. 348.
14. “War on McCarthy,” Newsweek, May 15, 1950.
15. Congressional Record, May 1, 1950, pp. 6108 et seq.
16. “Statement of Deputy Under Secretary John E. Peurifoy,” State Department press release, May 2, 1950.
17. Congressional Record, May 3, 1950, p. 6247.
18. Ibid., p. 6248.
19. Ibid., pp. 6257, 6254.
20. “Memorandum for Mr. Dawson, Subject: Continuing the Counter-Offensive Against McCarthy,” May 8, 1950, Truman papers, Official File, Truman Library.
Chapter 18: A Fraud and a Hoax
1. Congressional Record, July 24, 1950, pp. 10813–14.
2. Ibid., p. 10813.
3. The omitted pages are printed in the Congressional Record, July 24, 1950, pp. 10815–19.
4. Tydings hearings, pp. 2523–25.
5. Congressional Record, July 17, 1950, p. 10397; and July 20, 1950, p. 10698.
6. Congressional Record, July 20, 1950, p. 10697.
7. Ibid., p. 10686.
8. Congressional Record, July 21, 1950,
pp. 10783, 10785.
9. Tydings report, pp. 149, 150, 151, 152,167.
10. Ibid., p. 150.
11. Ibid., p. 167.
12. Ibid., p. 153.
13. Congressional Record, July 24, 1950, pp. 10805–15.
14. Ibid., p. 10701.
15. Tydings report, p. 124.
16. Ibid., pp. 93, 148.
17. Ibid., p. 73.
18. Ibid., p. 149.
19. Congressional Record, July 20, 1950, pp. 10704–05.
20. Congressional Record, July 17, 1950, p. 10396.
21. Congressional Record, July 20, 1950, p. 10699.
22. Congressional Record, July 24, 1950, p. 10815.
23. Congressional Record, July 20, 1950, p. 10714.
24. Ibid., pp. 10708–09, 10716.
25. Depositions of Millard E. Tydings and Edward P. Morgan, U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia, September 3, 1952, p. 80. Tydings’s explanation was that he hadn’t actually said he had a recording of the Wheeling speech—which he hadn’t, merely implying it in every possible way.
Chapter 19: Of Names and Numbers
1. This version of the matter is set forth repeatedly in the Tydings report and in comments of the State Department. Conspicuous examples may be found in the Tydings subcommittee findings on “The Story of the ‘81 Cases’” and a lengthy State Department press release reprinted in its entirety by Tydings (Tydings report, pp. 6–9; 14–17).
2. McCarthy speeches, p. 29.
3. Ibid., pp. 33, 31, 21, 82.
4. Ibid., p. 30.
5. Ibid., p. 57.
6. Ibid., p. 21.
7. Ibid., p. 53.
8. McCarthy letter to Tydings, March 18, 1950; supplementary names provided, March 14, 1950. Documents in possession of the author. (McCarthy papers I.)
9. This comparative table appears in the Tydings appendix, beginning at p. 1814.
10. Tydings hearings, p. 731.
11. Tydings appendix, p. 1817. (Fishburn-Washburn was McCarthy’s case #80.)
12. The calculations concerning the State Department employees are based on the department’s personnel listings for February 1950, Foreign Service listings for April 1950, and Biographic Register for 1951.
13. Tydings report, p. 15.
14. Alfred Friendly, “The Noble Crusade of Senator McCarthy,” Harper’s, August 1950.
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